Homosexuality and religion

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Biblical Prince Jonathan and King David (c. 1300 AD). Contrary to the general tradition in Judaism and Christianity, the two are described as male lovers in some historical texts. In the book Life of Edward II (c. 1326 AD) it says:
“Indeed, I remember hearing that a man loved so much. Jonathan valued David, Achilles loved Patroclus . "

The relationship between homosexuality and religion is a topic of discussion in many religions .

Abrahamic Religions

In the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Baha'i) the only recognized view of male homosexuality was condemnation as sin or abomination until the twentieth century . In addition to commandments in the scriptures, the traditional interpretation of the fall of Sodom and Gomorrah , a story mentioned in the scriptures of the three great monotheistic religions , also plays a role. Lesbian sexuality, on the other hand, is not mentioned in the Tanakh . In the second half of the twentieth century, some Christian and Jewish authors came to controversial new assessments on the basis of sexual science findings and under the influence of the lesbian and gay movement.

Influences in the story

Religious mindsets also found their way into legal regulations and influenced the criminality of homosexuality and the type of punishment . In the Roman Empire, male same-sex sexuality was not always approved, but a general and clear penal provision was not introduced until 326 under Constantine the Great , who promoted Christianity. It was given concrete form in 390 by Valentinian II with the exact death penalty, which was also included in the Codex Theodosianus in 438 . Emperor Justinian I wrote the previously established connection between male same-sex sexuality with Sodom and Gomorrah and the resulting divine punishments for the general public as a justification in his novellas 77 (538 AD) and 141 (559 AD) for Corpus iuris civilis , emphasizing in the latter that he was taught by the scriptures.

At the Council of Nablus in 1120, the unchaste way of life of the faithful was made responsible for natural disasters and Saracen incursions, and death by flames was demanded for homosexual acts. One of the first medieval state law books , the Las Siete Partidas ("Seven Law Books") issued by Alfonso X of Castile in 1256 and converted into land law in 1501 refer explicitly to Sodom and Gomorrah. The "sins against nature" are not only a danger for the individual, but a danger for the entire country, since God sends hunger, plague, storms "and innumerable other evils" over the country as punishment. In the Republic of Venice in the 15th century, the rulers feared the same-sex activities of the sailors, as God punished this with the sinking of the ships or flood disasters.

Today's statements

Responsibility for specific disasters

Fornication and especially same-sex male sexuality have been blamed for various catastrophes over the centuries. The 2004 seaquake in the Indian Ocean and the subsequent tsunami (around 230,000 fatalities) were assessed as a punishment for the immorality at Christmas by the Saudi Sheikh Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan, professor of Islamic law at Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University In Patong Beach on Phuket , however, only two scene addresses by the sea were affected. The scene center in the Paradise complex was spared. Gerhard Maria Wagner , Roman Catholic pastor in Windischgarsten , who almost became auxiliary bishop in the diocese of Linz in 2009 , stated in his parish letter as the reason for Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005 (around 1,800 fatalities), and referred among other things to "spiritual pollution" that a Gay Pride should have taken place in the French Quarter two days later . The Protestant preacher John Hagee , Michael Marcavage of Repent America , the Baptist television preacher and Adventist supporter Pat Robertson expressed themselves more sharply . When World Pride was scheduled to take place in Jerusalem in 2005 , there was an unusual press conference by high representatives of the three world religions. In the press releases it was mentioned that Torkom Manoogian , Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem , and his press secretary, Bishop Aris Scherevian, referred to the fate of Sodom; Sheikh Abdel Aziz Bukhari and Sheikh Abed es-Salem Menasra directly warned that God would punish Jerusalem if the parade took place, and Rabbi Yehuda Levin of New York City of the Rabbinical Alliance of America asked if you were really that crazy Wanting to provoke God again. The World Pride was postponed to next year for organizational reasons. Shortly before the scheduled date, the Lebanon War broke out in 2006 and Rabbi Mosche Sternbuch, chairman of the Edah HaChareidis and judge of the Beth Din there , blamed World Pride for the armed conflict because it had aroused the anger of Muslims. One month before the final date in November, he said at a demonstration against Pride: "We have not achieved our goals in Lebanon because indecency and sexual permissiveness are rampant in the Holy Land." Ovadja Josef , who was also present , was a former Sephardic Rabbi of the State of Israel and spiritual leader of the Shas movement, called the Pride participants as Amalekites . Following the UK flood disaster in June 2007 (at least three fatalities), Graham Dow , Anglican Bishop of Carlisle , said that there would be more natural disasters in the future because every type of lifestyle is considered legitimate and God does not please. He explicitly mentioned the introduction of registered partnerships and anti-discrimination legislation. James Stuart Jones , the Anglican Bishop of Liverpool , spoke more ambiguously about the fact that people no longer see natural disasters as God's punishment and that people's corrupt lives will have consequences. A third bishop, on the other hand, referred more clearly to nature. In February 2008 Israel was hit by two earthquakes (no deaths). Shlomo Benizri , a member of the Shas party in the Knesset and former minister of social affairs, interpreted it as a warning to the Israeli parliament because it had decided on more rights for gays and lesbians. The only way to prevent further earthquakes is to reverse the laws.

Sign for general decadence and the end of civilization

Many consider the “ downfall of the West ” invoked by conservatives , the downfall of Christian culture and current culture to be similar , among other things through the public acceptance and non-condemnation of a certain proportion of the population of homosexuals. There are strong similarities here with views of today's new right. In the government draft on sexual criminal law under Adenauer ( CDU ) of October 1962, § 175 should be retained in its old form; To this end, it was argued with a supposedly historical experience: “The purity and health of sexual life is an extremely important prerequisite for the existence of the people and the preservation of the natural order of life. [... ethical reprehensibility as legitimation for restriction of freedom] This must apply above all if such behavior by its nature tends to encroach on third parties and thus spread the susceptibility to it among the people. […] Even historical experience teaches: where same-sex fornication has spread and assumed great proportions, the result was the degeneration of the people and the decay of a moral force. ”The now Catholic Gabriele Kuby sees it as perhaps the surest sign for that The downfall of a civilization is moral neglect. She sees the public approval of homosexuality as an indication of the downfall of a culture. In their opinion, earlier high cultures were then replaced by young, powerful peoples. Sally Kern , a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and the wife of a Baptist pastor, said in March 2008: “The homosexual agenda is destroying this country, it's just a fact. [...] Studies show that no society that has fully embraced homosexuality has lasted more than a few decades. So it is the death knell for our country. ”Kern considers homosexuality to be a greater danger than terrorism and Islam. With the exception of terrorism, MP Todd Akin made a similar statement in 2006. In the statement of the Austrian Bishops' Conference on the rudimentary draft of a civil partnership law, it said in May 2008 without further details: “History teaches us several times that societies which have neglected this protection of marriage and family, in favor of a permissive attitude to all human possibilities Living together, also in sexual terms, had to pay for this with their downfall. ”From the Muslim perspective, this is primarily described under the perspective“ The downfall of the decadent West ”. In many Muslim countries, homosexuality is a criminal offense, in some cases also the death penalty.

Christianity

There is no uniform opinion within Christianity on homosexuality . Most churches reject homosexual acts and expect lesbians and gays to lead a celibate life. In the meantime, however, there are some churches that position themselves neutral to tolerant and accepting of homosexuality. Same-sex couples have been blessed in a number of Protestant and Anglican churches . A few Christian churches allow regular church weddings .

Islam

The Koran calls for the punishment of homosexuality after conservative interpretation. In contrast, since the second half of the 20th century there have been Islamic organizations and individuals who have advocated homosexuality. One example is the Al-Fatiha Foundation, founded in 1998 in the USA and with around 900 members (2002) the strongest group .

Judaism

In Judaism there are very different attitudes towards homosexuality depending on the direction.

Orthodox Judaism

While Orthodox Judaism unanimously rejected all homosexual sexual activity in 2002, assessments of their halachic status and homosexual orientation are different.

In the Talmud , all sexual intercourse outside of marriage, including masturbation , is regarded as absolute sin, although there are strong differentiations in terms of the severity of the sin. Lesbianism is seen as a less grave sin than male homosexuality, since from a Talmudic point of view, starting a family is less endangered. In male homosexuality, active and passive anal intercourse is seen as a more serious sin than other sexual activities due to the direct prohibition in the Torah . The Schulchan Aruch also clearly affirmed the prohibition of male and female homosexual acts. Practiced homosexuality is seen as a violation of the Noachite commandments - in particular the commandment of fertility - so from an orthodox Jewish point of view, the prohibition of homosexuality also affects non-Jews.

In Orthodox Judaism, everyone is obliged to marry. People with homosexual predisposition are also expected to lead a heterosexual lifestyle. However, many marriages are arranged, which removes the pressure of romantic attraction. Homosexual acts are viewed as sin, but are not in principle valued differently from, for example, violations of the Sabbath law .

The Rabbinical Council of America, the umbrella organization of American Orthodox Jews and the world's largest association of Orthodox Jews, firmly rejects homosexual marriages while calling for people to be treated with compassion, sensitivity and understanding who affirm the Orthodox principles but have difficulty to live by these standards. Rabbis are advised to refer such people to therapists who work within the framework of Orthodox teaching. The ex-gay organization JONAH , which specifically addressed Jews, was - contrary to what JONAH claims - expressly not supported by the Rabbinical Council of America . In 2015, JONAH was convicted of fraudulent and immoral business practices to pay high damages to the victims of the “therapies” and was disbanded by order of the court; The New Jersey court forbade the involved "therapists" from any further application or practice of "reparative therapies".

In the progressive wing of Orthodox Judaism, however, a change in thinking began in some cases. In 2020, the Orthodox rabbi Avram Mlotek married a same-sex Jewish couple for the first time.

Non-Orthodox Judaism

Since non-orthodox forms of Judaism have a different understanding of religious duties, homosexuality is mostly accepted or actively welcomed there.

Liberal or reconstructionist communities have a positive attitude towards homosexuality and homosexual people. In the course of a development that has continued since the mid-1960s, lesbians and gays were officially admitted to rabbi training from 1990 onwards. At the same time, same-sex civil marriage was advocated. Finally, in 2000, the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) decided it supported rabbis' decision to marry same-sex couples. The resolution avoided the term kiddushin (Hebrew: "wedding"), but when asked about the name of the ritual for entering into a partnership, CCAR President Rabbi Charles Konloff replied: "Weddings - kiddushin".

In 2001 there was also a first generation of lesbian rabbis.

The attitude in conservative Judaism followed the liberals with a certain delay. The admission of lesbian and gay rabbinical candidates took place in 2007. In 2009 in particular in Israel and Europe, conservative rabbis were still reluctant to fully recognize same-sex marriages.

A liberal community of gay, lesbian and bisexual Jews in Germany exists under the name Yachad (Hebrew יחד for together ). The counterpart to this in Israel is AGUDAH (Association for the Protection of Individual Rights) (Hebrew: אגודה; the association).

Other religions

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Buddhism

Even more than with other religions, Buddhism's attitude towards homosexuality is a very complex issue. On the one hand it would be wrong to speak of a rejection of homosexuality, on the other hand it would be misleading to say that Buddhism openly welcomes homosexuality. There are many directions and schools in Buddhism, so there are also different views of homosexuality.

Buddhists do not deal with the question of “right” and “wrong”, so that a Buddhist would hardly ever tell others how to behave. Rather, Buddha encouraged people to look inside themselves and find a truth for themselves - even if it meant disregarding his teachings - and to align their own lives with it.

“Go, Kâlâmer, not according to hearsay, not according to traditions, not according to daily opinions, not according to the authority of holy scriptures, not according to mere reasoning and logical conclusions, not according to invented theories and preferred opinions, not according to the impression of personal preferences, not according to the Authority of a master! But if you, Kâlâmer, recognize for yourself: 'These things are wholesome, are blameless, are praised by those who understand, and, when carried out and undertaken, they lead to blessings and good', then, O Kâlâmer, may you make them your own . "

- Attributed to Siddhartha Gautama : Kâlâma Sutta

Buddha taught the great importance of compassion for all living beings and all human beings, regardless of who it is about or what they have done. No act is ever called "good" or "bad"; rather, the intention and the effect are viewed in the overall context. In Zen Buddhism, for example, there are even reports of teachers who have confused their students with unexpected or even aggressive behavior - solely for the purpose of helping them to achieve enlightenment.

In most Buddhist monasteries, however, there are mandatory regulations regarding sexual behavior. According to Buddhist ideas, covetousness leads to suffering and should therefore be overcome. This also applies to sexual desire, regardless of which gender it is aimed at. Monks therefore try to get rid of sexual desire in order to keep the mind and body pure. The sexual orientation of a person does not change after a chastity was given promise. The obligation to abstain applies to Buddhist monks and nuns of any sexual orientation.

The basic requirement of keeping body and mind clean also applies to laypeople, but the requirement for abstinence is apparently not derived from it.

The American writer and poet Allen Ginsberg received the following answer from his Buddhist teacher, the well-known Tibetan meditation teacher Chögyam Trungpa , when asked how he assesses homosexuality: It is not about the shape of their body between people, but about them Shape of their relationship.

Hinduism and Vedism

The cultural heritage of India is based in large part on the Vedic Sanskrit scriptures , even if Buddhism , Islam and Christianity have significant influence today . The pure Vedic society depicted there expressly accepts the existence of non-heterosexuality and assigns this part of the population special tasks and functions within society. Only Muslim and Christian influences, as well as a general degeneration of the understanding of the scriptures (visible, for example, in the misinterpretation of the box idea), have led to a similarly homophobic situation as in countries in the Middle East . Nowadays society is slowly starting to open up, but in large parts homosexual people are married to partners of the opposite sex and cannot break out of these relationships due to social pressure. They therefore live out their inclination in a hidden and secret way, or suppress this part of their personality.

After a short research, one comes across the term tritiya-prakriti in the Hindu culture , which means the third gender . Rashly, it is understood as eunuchs , a small but very conspicuous population group of India (the Hijras ), whose members, dressed in women's clothes, are called to occasions such as weddings and child births (or come unasked), give blessings and ask for donations. They can also be found on trains, where they go through the compartments and ask for a contribution from the passengers. The decline of Indian society in terms of the treatment of non-heterosexuals can be observed in the situation of the hijras, because the eunuchs, who outwardly can be classified as transsexuals and transvestites , were formerly employed in courts and palaces and were employed in the arts . Their social standing was high, their position established. Mainly due to the Victorian influence in the colonial period, the concept of the third sex was reinterpreted by limiting it to the small group of eunuchs and giving it a pejorative meaning. The reason for this was to end the natural acceptance of homosexuality in Vedic culture and to banish this conceptually from the realm of what is socially recognized. What has remained of the former respect for the third sex is the fear of the Indian population of the curses of the hijras. Since the members of the third sex belong to the nonreproductive part (the napumsakas) of the population and are therefore less involved in material activities, they are said to have a fundamental proximity to artistic and spiritual activities. In this sense, they are considered "semi-holy" and there is social consensus that their blessings are effective, as are their curses. They are therefore still welcome guests at festive occasions where they sing and pronounce their blessings. Due to the decline within Indian society, however, they are forced to threaten their curses in public places such as on trains in order to be able to survive at all.

Originally, however, the term tritiya prakriti (third gender) was applied in a broad definition to all nonreproductive groups of the population, i.e. bisexuals , homosexuals, transsexuals , intersexuals and also asexuals . In the Kamasutra there is a series of typifications and categorizations of the different groups of the third sex, which minutely describe the physical and psychological characteristics of the different "napumsakas", including a classification in certain professional groups. There you can also find analyzes of intersexuality , which has been scientifically investigated since the 1980s.

As far as homosexuality is concerned in particular, both the male members of this group and the female members are described and differentiated according to their characteristics. Their mention in the scriptures gives them a place in society. For example, hairdressing and barbering is described as a natural occupation for homosexual men, while lesbian women (the savarinis) have been given the right to break out of the prevailing paradigm that women have to live under the care of a man and make a living were allowed to earn themselves. In larger cities there were special neighborhoods reserved for the Third Sex community, where they lived as if in a kind of parallel society. Many of the rules were not applied to them in the same way as they were to heterosexuals; For example, India's traditional legal basis, the Manu-Samhita, condemns adultery among heterosexuals much more severely than sexual offenses in the area of ​​homosexuality. Gurus (spiritual teachers and teachers in general) recognized belonging to the third sex in the course of their pupils' childhood and adolescence and adapted their education and training accordingly. Since, according to Vedic astrology, the planetary constellations, which stand for belonging to the third gender, also indicate spiritual abilities, these students were often trained and appointed as priests - provided they could and wanted to live in celibacy .

It should be noted that spiritual groups from the area of ​​the new religious movements , which began to spread in America and Europe from the 1960s and 70s, and Indian spirituality outside the Indian subcontinent, partly detached from the cultural traditions prevailing there (such as the box - System), can not or only with great difficulty separate from homophobic views . The irony lies in the fact that in some cases they refer to the wisdom of the Vedic scriptures, but in the area of ​​homosexuality they spread precisely those prejudices which, through Christian and foreign influences, displace the original tolerance and acceptance of any sexual orientation in the Vedas to have. It should also be noted, however, that in the Hindu spiritual paths in general any sexual activity is viewed as a material desire, which must be replaced by spiritual purity. Promiscuity and the display of sexuality , as it happens nowadays in Western culture, was and is generally frowned upon in the case of any sexual orientation.

Indigenous and Indian cultures

The concept of “homosexuality” does not exist in indigenous and Indian cultures. Homosexual rites were common in some branches of shamanism; There are tribes in Papua New Guinea where agreements are reinforced through homosexual acts. However, the men involved led heterosexual marriages on a daily basis. However, the many tribal cultures of the Papua are very different from each other, other tribes know other rites without homosexual components.

In some North American Indian tribes, homosexuals are known as " Two-Spirits " and were recognized in the communities before being influenced by European missionaries. However, their indigenous belief was based on a strict gender polarity in the world, so that homosexuals had to change their gender roles completely, i.e. gays in women's clothes as women and lesbians in men's clothes as men. The cultural differences between the various Indian tribes are also considerable and were even greater before the arrival of the whites than they are today, so that a general statement is not possible.

In Africa, numerous terms that designate homosexuality / homosexuals testify to a once rich same-sex tradition. Today, however, the rejection clearly predominates.

voodoo

In voodoo all sexual orientations including the practiced homosexuality are accepted; compare also homosexuality in Haiti and homosexuality in Benin .

Statistics: Acceptance among Faiths in the United States

Belief
 Yes
 No
 Other
 n / a
 total proportion of
Total 50 40 5 5 100 99.2
Evangelical churches 26th 64 5 5 100 26.3
Mainline churches 56 34 6th 5 100 18.1
historically black churches 39 46 6th 8th 100 6.9
Roman Catholic 58 30th 5 7th 100 23.9
Mormon 24 68 5 3 100 1.7
Orthodox churches 48 37 7th 8th 100 0.6
Jehovah's Witnesses 12 76 6th 5 100 0.7
Other Christs 69 20th 6th 5 100 0.3
Jews 79 15th 3 3 100 1.7
Muslims 27 61 5 7th 100 0.6
Buddhists 82 12 2 4th 100 0.7
Hindus 48 37 3 11 100 0.4
Other beliefs 84 8th 4th 3 100 1.2
Unbound 71 20th 5 5 100 16.1

The question asked was: "Which statement most closely corresponds to your personal point of view?"

column meaning
Yes Homosexuality is a way of life that should be accepted by society.
No Homosexuality is a way of life that should be discouraged by society.
Other None / both / spontaneous answers outside of the specifications
n / a No answer / "don't know"
proportion of Share of the population of the religious tradition in question

The results in percent do not reflect the attitudes of the religious leaders / thought leaders, but those of the individual believers.
The data comes from a study by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . In the US Religious Landscape Survey , 35,556 randomly selected adults were interviewed by telephone between May 8 and August 13, 2007 in English and Spanish. Data from an additional 1,050 people came from a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center between January 24 and April 30, 2007 of adult American Muslims in Arabic, Farsi, and Urdu.

literature

Web links

Original texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nicholas de Lange (Ed.): Penguin Dictionary of Judaism 2008, p. 587 ( partly available from Google Books )
  2. ^ Rebecca T. Alpert: Lesbianism . Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. March 1, 2009. Jewish Women's Archive . < http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/lesbianism >.
  3. ↑ Alfonso X: Las Siete Partidas - Setena partida - Título XXI: 'De los que facen pecado de luxuria contra natura'. In: Samuel Parsons Scott (translator), Robert Ignatius Burns (ed.), Alfonso X .: Las Siete Partidas: Underworlds: The Dead, the Criminal, and the Marginalized (Partidas VI and VII). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1742-X , p. 1427.
  4. ↑ Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller: Sodomiter in the Middle Ages. Case studies from criminal files. ( Memento from January 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Lecture to the Gay and Lesbian Studies Bremen, January 12, 1998.
  5. ↑ MEMRI.org: How to Hate Christians “Positively”. In: frontpagemag.com. January 16, 2006, accessed May 12, 2013 .
  6. ↑ Prof .: Homos to blame for tsunami. In: queer.de. January 5, 2005, accessed on May 12, 2013 (“Lebanese” and “Al-Imam University in Beirut” are incorrect; this is also the name of the “Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University”).
  7. ^ Conspiracy Theories Surrounding the Tsunami: It was a Punishment from Allah for Celebrating Christmas and Other Sins; It was Caused by the US, Israel, India. In: Spexial Dispatch No. 842. The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), January 7, 2005, accessed May 12, 2013 .
  8. ↑ Phuket: The Gay Scene Helps , January 8, 2005
  9. ↑ Gerhard Wagner does not become auxiliary bishop of Linz , kath.net, February 15, 2009
  10. ↑ Hurricane and tsunami as God's punishment? , religion.orf.at, December 1, 2005
  11. ↑ What Pastor Gerhard Maria Wagner really said , kath.net, December 2, 2005
  12. ↑ McCain defends rejection of gay marriage , queer.de, May 23, 2008
  13. ^ Accusation: Homosexuals to blame Katrina , queer.de, September 1, 2005
  14. ↑ Rafaela von Bredow, Johann Grolle: A god of fear . In: Der Spiegel . No. 37 , 2007, p. 160 ( online - September 10, 2007 ).
  15. ↑ Religious leaders against homosexual meetings in Jerusalem , religion.orf.at, March 31, 2005
  16. ↑ Sodom & Gomorrah , bigbalagan.typepad.com, March 31, 2005
  17. ^ Laurie Goodstein and Greg Myre: Clerics Fighting a Gay Festival for Jerusalem , New York Times, March 31, 2005
  18. ↑ Focal Point Jerusalem - Resistance to Gay Parade ( Memento of August 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), israelheute.com, May 10, 2005
  19. ↑ World Pride 2005: Scandal at press conference ( Memento from August 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), report-k.de, 2005, accessed: October 2, 2008
  20. ↑ Jerusalem: CSD parade canceled , queer.de, July 22, 2006
  21. ↑ Jerusalem: Angry Protest against CSD , queer.de, October 19, 2006
  22. ^ Bishop: Homos guilt of floods , queer.de, July 2, 2007
  23. ^ Floods are judgment on society, say bishops , telegraph.co.uk, July 2, 2007
  24. ↑ Israeli MP blames quakes on gays , news.bbc.co.uk, February 20, 2008
  25. ↑ Politicians: Homosexuals to blame for earthquakes , queer.de, February 21, 2008
  26. ↑ Guillaume Faye: What We Fight For - The Suicidal Reversal of Values. Extract from a lecture at the German Congress of the Society for Free Journalism in 2008, at the National Democratic Party of Germany
  27. ^ Bundestag printed paper IV / 650 of October 4, 1962, quoted from:
    Zeitzeugnisse. Reading by Paul Sonderegger in: § 175 StGB. Rehabilitation of homosexual men convicted after 1945. Documentation of the specialist symposium on May 17th, 2011. (Volume 28 of Documents Lesbian-Gay Emancipation ), State Office for Equal Treatment - Against Discrimination. Berlin 2012, pp. 23–24 ( Online ( Memento from 7 July 2012 in the Internet Archive ); PDF; 3.2 MB)
    Georg Geismann: Ethics and Dominance Order (Volume 14 of Unity of the Social Sciences ). Mohr Siebeck, 1974, ISBN 3-16-535851-6 , p. 77 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  28. ↑ Gabriele Kuby: From the hope that sustains us. Opening lecture at the Theological Summer Academy in Dießen on September 11, 2002, in: Initiativkreis of Catholic Laity and Priests in the Diocese of Augsburg e. V., Gerhard Stumpf (Ed.): In expectation of eternal life - Theological Summer Academy Dießen 2002. ( Memento from August 22, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Self-published: Initiativkreis, ISBN 3-9808068-1-2 , p. 11 (PDF P. 12).
  29. ↑ Outrage in the USA - Republican finds gays more dangerous than terrorists , spiegel.de, March 15, 2008
  30. ^ Brian Tashman: Todd Akin, Darling of the Religious Right, Wins Senate Primary , Right Wing Watch, Aug. 8, 2012
  31. ↑ 5 / SN-189 / ME (XXIII. GP) - Statement (Austrian Bishops' Conference - General Secretariat) ( Memento from August 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), May 21, 2008.
  32. ^ Al-Fatiha Foundation ( Memento of February 7, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ a b Jeffrey Satinover, Homosexuality and Judaism. In: Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth , 1996, ISBN 0-8010-5625-X , pp. 210-220.
  34. ^ Uri C. Cohen, Bibliography of contemporary orthodox responses to homosexuality , December 18, 2002
  35. ↑ (see also archived copy ( memento of October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  36. ↑ Barry Freundel: Homosexuality and Judaism. Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society, Volume XI, 1986. ( Memento of August 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  37. ^ Rabbinical Council of America: Statement opposing the practice of same-sex marriage, March 30, 2004
  38. ^ Letter of Support from Rabbinical Council of America, January 2004 ( Memento of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ^ Rabbinical Council of America's Statement Regarding JONAH (Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality) , November 29, 2012
  40. ↑ Mark Joseph Stern: Consumer Fraud Lawsuit Forces Ex-Gay Conversion Therapy Group to Pay Victims and Disband. In: slate , December 21, 2015.
  41. ↑ Philissa Cramer: Nearly a year after endorsing same-sex marriages, an Orthodox rabbi performs his first , Jewish Telegraphic Agency February 19, 2020
  42. ^ Rabbi Walter Homolka : Das Jüdische Eherecht , De Gruyter Recht, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3899494525 , p. 107ff
  43. ↑ Rebecca T. Alpert (Ed.), Ellen Sue Levi Elwell (Ed.), Shirley Idelson (Ed.): Lesbian Rabbis: The First Generation. Rutgers University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8135-2916-6 (see also the review on http://glbt-news.israel-live.de/buecher/buecher.htm ).
  44. ^ Rabbi Walter Homolka : Das Jüdische Eherecht , De Gruyter Recht, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3899494525 , p. 109ff
  45. ↑ Bruce Bagemihl: Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press, 1999.
  46. ↑ Irene Monroe: The Roots of Voodoo's Acceptance of Gays . Huffington Post , November 2, 2011
  47. ^ Religious Groups' Official Positions on Same-Sex Marriage ( English ) Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  48. ^ Religious Landscape Study (RLS) - Final Topline; May 8 - August 13, 2007 (PDF; 793 kB), Pew Forums on Religion and Public Life, September 11, 2008 ( US Religious Landscape Survey (website)
  49. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: flash bar graph at USA-Today (point 2) )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / usatoday.com