Gay pride

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Rainbow flag as an expression of Pride
Rainbow colored balloons at the 24th Annual North Carolina LGBT Pride Parade in Durham, North Carolina
Bark themed the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall Riots , June 30, 2019, Hudson River , New York City

Gay Pride , also LGBT Pride or just Pride is a term that comes from the lesbian and gay movement to describe the self-confident or self-respecting and thus proud handling of one's own sexual identity . Pride is used in the sense of a “ self-esteem of one's worth against others ”, that is, in relation to being who one is, not hiding from others or trying to disguise oneself for others and possibly for one's rights to enter. Opposites in this case are shame in the sense of worthlessness and shame . It is an internationalism originating from English .

Pride is also used as a category or name affix for publications and events that express this self-respect in a politically or culturally effective way. The best known of these are the Pride parades , during which demonstration trains are intended to create visibility for LGBT people . Also, film festivals , parties, sit-ins , vigils and community events are held within the meaning of Pride. The rainbow flag is the most common symbol for Pride.

meaning

Pride is meant to express the feeling when LGBT people are confident about their sexual orientation and identity and accept their otherness instead of seeing it as a burden. Pride is a reaction to the heteronormativity of society, in which all sexual orientations except heterosexuality are viewed as something to be justified and ashamed of. This led to phrases like “Gay is good.” This empowerment was a prerequisite for the emancipation movement . The term is not intended to express arrogance , but rather to be the opposite of shame, into which non-heterosexual people are often forced, and express self-respect.

Shame and pride are strongly linked to self-esteem regulation and interaction with the environment. “Feelings of pride connect us with other people, make us appear competent, loved and admired. We feel as a member of society, as a part of it, we want to show ourselves. In contrast, feelings of shame isolate us from others, we feel incompetent, weak, dirty and small. On the basis of this shame / pride axis we decide whether we have come closer to our personal ego ideal, whether we have been able to reduce the discrepancy between ideal and ego. "

Female couple, USA 2007
Gay Pride Rome, 2007

"Gay Pride is a feeling of strong self-esteem combined with the public affirmation of a person's homosexuality."

- Canadian Oxford Dictionary : since 2004

Depending on the social context, Pride takes place in different ways and forms of expression.

Nikki Sullivan analyzes the song I Am What I Am , which became an anthem for the LGBT movement, as an expression of Pride. The song is about being who you are, your own individual personality and that you don't need an excuse for it.

A famous saying, which includes both the statement itself and the circumstances of Gay Pride, is Klaus Wowereits “I'm gay, and that's a good thing.” The theming had become necessary in order to make the media or even a looming thematic to forestall an exposure campaign. It had been known to many in the personal and professional environment as well as among journalists for a long time. This is also clear through the whole section of the speech: “I tell you something about myself. I know, I'm already a public figure, and I also know very well that my private life, now anyway, will only be public. But so that no irritation arises either, dear comrades; I'll tell you too, and if you didn't know: I'm gay - and that's a good thing, dear comrades! ”Is the confession 'I'm gay!' as a request to read for recognition, the postscript says 'and that's a good thing!' also a rejection of this request. "

Studies

Martin Dannecker asked men of all ages between 1971 and 1974 (i.e. the event took place between around 1930 and 1970) how they felt when they were certain that they were gay for the first time (inner coming out ). The same question was asked of gay youth between 1998 and 2001 using paper questionnaires and the Internet. Multiple answers were possible. It showed that feelings of fear and worry still play a role, but positive feelings are more important today. The new sample also showed that when positive and negative responses were added up, the negative responses outweighed the participants over the age of 20 and the positive responses for participants up to 20 years of age. This was made possible by the achievements of the lesbian and gay movement.

How did you feel when you were first sure you were gay?
Dannecker
(1971/74)
(%)		 SLFM
(1998/2001)
(%)
feared the future 34 43
was worried 45 38
was happy 11 26th
was happy 17th 26th
was proud 4th 22nd
thought sex with men is wrong 25th 11
felt guilty 16 8th

Events

Gay Games 2006

Since the beginning of the new gay and lesbian movement in 1969, events in English-speaking countries that openly show this self-esteem, openly show or address homosexual life have repeatedly been referred to as gay pride. In 1970 the first demonstration in London was called the Gay Pride March and in New York Gay Pride and Pride Week were used as collective names for the events surrounding the Christopher Street Gay Liberation Day March . Through reading and international communication and tourism, Gay Pride developed into an internationalism and is used for many events - at least as an international additional name. For example, there is the San Francisco Pride , the Cologne Pride or the Moscow Pride .

The most conspicuous and popular events are demonstrations, the so-called Pride parades . Since the beginning there have often been other events, mostly in the days before the parade. This involves a different spectrum of lectures, congresses, exhibitions, cultural events, parties and also church services, provided these are not prohibited by the religious community, as was the case in Bavaria in 2006 by the Catholic Church. Such series of events usually last 3 days, a week, 2 weeks or a month and are called Gay Pride Days , Gay Pride Week (s) or Gay Pride Month accordingly . In the northern hemisphere they usually take place in May to August, in the southern hemisphere often from September to May.

In a further definition, all larger events that take place outside of this time and where you are self-confident can be referred to as gay pride events . Film festivals, holiday weeks, sporting events, balls and other things also take place. In the opinion of many, commerce should not be in the foreground, if at all, it should be a means to an end (e.g. sponsorship advertising at events). In any case, it should not be the main drive or even the sole drive for such events. Strong opponents of the commercialization of the parade have brought the Transgeniale CSD into being in Berlin .

The InterPride organization answers the question of what a Pride event is as follows:

"A parade, rally, march, festival, arts festival, cultural activity or other event / activity organized for people who identify as lesbian or gay and / or bisexual and / or transgender and promote public awareness and / or stand up for the rights or existence of these people, as well as remember the Stonewall uprising or similar historical events / annual or regular festivals and are organized by a Pride organization. A Pride organization is a non-profit organization whose main purpose is to organize Pride events. "

- InterPride FAQ :

Translations

Gay originally meant fun-loving and is now also used in English for the meanings homosexual (male and female) and gay . For example, the term “gay women” is correct and is used over and over again, in contrast to “gay women” in today's German. Thus, a pure translation as "gay pride" and "gay parade" is currently not always factually correct.

In addition, the issue of pride has different values ​​in different cultures, even if there is usually a philosophical discourse about arrogance, pride, honor, humility, shame, etc., and the respective terms have a different scope and different connotations from a semasiological point of view . There is a tendency in the English-speaking area to speak of pride more positively than in the German-speaking area of pride . This rating in English is also reflected in the use of different names, such as Pride of Africa , Pride of Baltimore , Pride of America , New Jersey Pride , PRIDE FC , Pride Air , Pride Park and the Pride Park Stadium or Pee Dee Pride , which are only available in German in translations. The Spanish or Portuguese-speaking community was able to make friends with the term pride (Orgullo / Orgulho) , knows as a translation of Gay Pride Orgullo gay / Orgulho gay and so there are demonstrations in several countries with names like Marcha del Orgullo LGTB / Parada do Orgulho LGBT . In French, pride is referred to as fierté but does not contain the meaning of arrogance (orgueil) . Gay Pride is translated as Fierté gaie and there has been La Marche des fiertés lesbiennes, gaies, bi et trans since 2001, after Pride was no longer used for trademark reasons .

Gay Pride literally means mostly homosexual pride or target group-specific lesbian-gay pride, sometimes just gay pride . However, it is rarely translated in this way, mostly only as a literal explanation or for emphasis. In this sense, a gay pride parade is a “parade of gay / lesbian-gay pride” or a “parade of proud gays and lesbians”. The translation “homosexual / gay pride parade” would have a different connotation . The meaning more aptly reflects "parade of homosexual / lesbian-gay self-respect". Event names formed as a compound with this term are rarely translated into German. In the German-speaking world, the term Christopher Street Day (CSD) has established itself alongside internationalism ; in Austria it is the Rainbow Parade .

If the issue is to be described, it is sometimes more productive from an onomasiological point of view to use the terms self-confidence , self-worth , self-esteem or self-esteem together with the terms homosexual , gay-lesbian , transgender or queer . The terms can also be assigned to the group of people, for example "the self-respect of gays and lesbians."

Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo 2004

In agency reports, for example, the Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo (literally: "Parade of the pride of gays, lesbians, bisexual and transgender of Sao Paulo", better: "Parade of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender pride of Sao Paulo" ), which is now the world's largest parade, using the English self-designation LGBT Pride Parade (same meaning) and the international standards Gay Pride Parade , São Paulo Gay Pride or São Paulo Gay Parade ("Gays / Lesbians / Fun-loving") the " Gay Parade " . In the reports, too, the lesbians and even more often bisexuals and the transgender people - especially in Brazil, many in number - are ignored.

Especially in anti-homosexual circles, it is often translated as gay pride or homosexual pride and therefore currently has a strongly negative connotation . The form of the gay pride march is clearly disparagingly cynical . Lesbian pride never occurs in this context, as they are less hostile for various reasons. Because gay also means happy in English, Gay Pride Parade used to be translated as "Parade of pride and happiness", which does not necessarily correspond to the intention.

Historical background

Before Stonewall

Even if it was not an openly gay person in today's sense, a statement has been made from 1726 where one of the " sodomy " accused was not ashamed. William Brown was arrested at Moorfields , an open space and cruising area in London at the time . In his questioning, he was asked why he had allowed himself such indecent freedom with another man “not to say ashamed to say”: “I did it because I thought I knew him, and I think there is no crime in making what use I please of my own body. " ("I did it because I thought I knew him, and I believe there is no crime in using my body the way I want.")

The first wave of the gay movement began in Germany at the end of the 19th century. The 1920s in particular offered a great deal of freedom (“ Golden Twenties ”). Already in the first, somewhat melancholy and future-oriented hymn of the homosexuals from 1920, the Lila Lied , it says in one line: "And yet most of them are proud that they are made of other wood!" Because you are different from the others who only love “in step with morals”. They are curious about everything extraordinary, but ultimately there is only “the banal” for them. In the end it speaks as a vision of the future: “Then we will have won the same rights, we will no longer suffer, but have suffered!” In the USA, too, there were niches where homosexuals could move relatively freely. In the 1930s, society on both sides of the Atlantic began to become more conservative again (cf. Hays Code and McCarthy era ); Homosexuals were again victims of persecution in National Socialist Germany . The development to the disadvantage of homosexuals continued into the 1960s.

Lesbians and gays used to see themselves as sick and inferior due to internalized homophobia . They often tried not to attract attention, to secretly live their homosexual facets at home or at night in order to avoid repression as much as possible. The organized movement of the 1940s to 1960s is also known as the homophile movement . One wanted to adapt to the majority society as much as possible, vie cautiously for tolerance and hoped to be successful at some point. The circle (1943–1967) saw itself, for example, as a magazine for the "homophile thing". The authors all wrote under pseudonyms and festivals were also celebrated that were only known to the initiated and where one addressed one another with real or invented nicknames.

“It's not just about recognition from the population, it's about our behavior among us. We don't want anonymous associations! We want a common action so that we get to know each other and come closer together in the fight for our problems and learn to love each other. "

- Martin Dannecker : It is not the homosexual who is perverse, but the situation in which he lives , Germany 1971

In the United States, on September 19, 1964, the first public demonstration for gay rights after World War II took place. Outside the US Army Induction Center on Whitehall Street, New York City , ten men and women (four homosexuals and six heterosexual supporters) held a vigil against the dismissal and dishonorable discharge of homosexuals. The event was supported by the Sexual Freedom League . On April 17, 1965, ten members of the Mattachine Society of Washington (MSW) demonstrated publicly in front of the White House against discrimination in Cuba and the USA. The mainstream homophile movement did not like this public protest because they feared detrimental publicity and greater hostility. It was a success for the protesters when the third conference of the East Coast Homophile Organization (ECHO) in May 1965 endorsed their tactics and promised to support a series of vigils. In 1965 six more demonstrations took place in Washington, which, thanks to better preparation, received more media coverage. On Independence Day , July 4, 1965, 40-50 people from the MSW, Mattachine of New York (MSNY), and Daughters of Bilitis demonstrated in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia to remind the public that equal rights for a large group of citizens are denied, as mentioned in the Declaration of Independence, including “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” (“Life, freedom and the pursuit of happiness”). There were reports on regional television and a small note on the front page of the regional newspaper. The vigil became the Annual Reminder Day , which was last held in 1969 shortly after Stonewall with 150 participants and was abandoned in 1970 to support the first Christopher Street Liberation Day . The last vigil in Washington took place on the 3rd Sunday in May 1966 (Armed Forces Day).

From the first Mattachine demonstration , the slogan issued by Franklin E. Kameny , head of MSW, was: “If you fight for equal employee rights, then you should look employable.” So all women wore skirts and all men wore suits and ties. The demonstrations went very well and civilly. They marched in single file for a while, holding up their shields. Going hand in hand would have been unthinkable, because you wanted to show yourself the way society wanted it to be. This very cautious demonstration culture also stood out from the other demonstrations of the Black Power and civil rights movement and, above all, the anti-war movement against the Vietnam War . In Great Britain one was also a little political, also in the Netherlands and Denmark, in the German-speaking area there were only a few people, in 1969 the first homophile organizations were founded in Germany.

“Since the gays are despised by the philistine as sick and inferior, they try to become even more bourgeois in order to dispel their guilt with an excess of bourgeois virtues. They are politically passive and behave conservatively in gratitude for not being beaten to death. "

- Martin Dannecker : It is not the homosexual who is perverse, but the situation in which he lives , Germany 1971

The first student organization formed in the United States with the Student Homophile League (SHL) in October 1966 at Columbia University in New York and was founded by Robert A. Martin, Jr. (better known as Stephen Donaldson ), who since spring Was a member of MSNY in 1965 and spent the summer of 1966 with Kameny in Washington. After prominent student leaders agreed to become members, the university administration was given the required membership list and the group was officially recognized in April 1967. On May 1, 1967, the New York Times wrote on the front page: "Columbia Charters Homosexual Group". In the same year SHLs followed at New York University and Cornell University . In the fall of 1968, the FREE group was founded at the University of Minnesota and emerged as a radical force within ECHO. In 1968 the ideological influence of Kameny and Donaldson waned, the student groups became more decisive and what is now called the "Gay Liberation Doctrine" was formulated. Starting in the spring of 1969, the student organizations held integrative dance events to sponsor themselves.

After Stonewall

March for the 1976 Democratic National Convention in New York
Mamie van Doren at Gay Pride in Los Angeles 1987
Seattle Pride 1995
Dykes on Bikes at Seattle Pride 1995
Christopher Street Day in Berlin 1997
כביסה שחורה( Kvisa Shchora , “Black Laundry”) at Gay Pride 2002 in Tel Aviv , Israel
Gay Pride Amsterdam 2005
Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline Association at Taiwan Pride 2005

On the night of Friday, June 27th, to Saturday, June 28th, 1969, one of the usual raids took place at half past one in the morning at the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street in Greenwich Village ; the late hour was unusual. After the visitors had lined up as usual, the usual identity checks had taken place and they were able to leave the restaurant one after the other, however, many did not go home, but stayed in front of the restaurant and people passing by joined them. Individuals arrested (employees, people in non-gender-specific clothing and people without ID) resisted their removal. It was rumored that the usual bribe would not have been paid. People threw pennies at the police officers and their cars, which turned into bottles and bricks. People no longer wanted to be victims of society and play their intended role. Events escalated and open rebellion ensued. “Gay Power!” Was a motto these days. Much to the displeasure of older gays and the members of the Mattachine (MSNY), provocative, funky and efficient behavior was also visible on the street . On the first night, a male "kick-line" formed across from a row of police officers with batons. (A number of showgirls, a Chorus Line, which similar to the Cancan each have a foot in the air.) There were, however, "recaptured" as demonstrators who were captured by the police again and freed. The police were surprised that the gays resisted. Because until then it was easy arrests that caused no problems and had a positive effect on the statistics.

The then 43-year-old poet Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street . When he heard what had happened that night, he said: “Gay power! Isn't that great! … It's about time we did something to assert ourselves. " ("Gay strength! Isn't that great! ... It was time we did something to assert ourselves.") That evening he visited the Stonewall Inn for the first time , and on the way home he said to the future screenwriter ( Rush of Fear ) Lucian Truscott, a journalist with The Village Voice newspaper : "You know, the guys there were so beautiful - they've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago." ("You know, the guys over there were so beautiful - they lost the hurt look that all fagots had 10 years ago.") The riots continued on the night of June 28th to Sunday, June 29th. On Monday, June 30th and Tuesday, July 1st, it rained and there were only a few actions.

Stonewall was a turning point and is seen as the beginning of the modern gay and lesbian movement and thus also of the modern lesbian-gay self-image and "queerness". Kay Lahusen , who photographed the vigil in 1965, specified: “Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement… Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale. " ("Until 1969 this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement ... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising to be the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay and lesbian pride on a massive scale.") July 4th, 1969 was the last Annual Reminder Day held in Philadelphia. After memory of Craig Rodwell , founder of the Oscar Wilde Bookshop , he felt constrained by Kamenys rules this year. When two women spontaneously took each other's hand, Kameny separated them with the words “None of that! None of that! ”(“ Not something like that! ”) Still, Rodwell can ultimately remember about ten couples holding hands. They infuriated Kameny, but there was also more media coverage than the previous demonstrations. Lilli Vincenz recalls: “It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered. " ("It was clear that things were changing. People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered.")

The Mattachine recognized the changes in behavior in the July edition of its newsletter with an article entitled, "The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World ." The phrase "The hairpin was heard around the world." Hairpin drop ”was gay jargon and meant dropping clues about someone's sexual orientation.) The Mattachine's methods were too mild for those inspired by the riot. When it was proposed to hold an “amicable and sweet” (“considerate and sweet”) nocturnal candle demonstration, a man from the audience shouted: “Sweet! Bullshit! That's the role society has been forcing these queens to play. " ("Sweet! Bullshit! That is the role that society forced on the queer.") Through a leaflet which proclaimed: "Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are! " ("Do you think the homosexuals are rebelling? You can bet your sweet bottom on that!") The Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was soon formed . It was the first organization to have the frowned upon word " gay " in its name, in contrast to many previous homophile organizations that encrypted their intentions using obscure names. The rise in fighting spirit was evident when longtime homophile activists Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings showed up at a GLF meeting to see the new group. A young member asked them who they were and what their references were, to which Gittings stammered in amazement: “I'm gay. That's why I'm here. " ("I'm gay. That's why I'm here.") Within six months of the uprising, the citywide newspaper Gay was founded. This was deemed necessary after the city's most liberal newspaper, The Village Voice , refused to print an advertisement from the GLF over the word "gay". Within six weeks, more newspapers with the title Come Out! and Gay Power founded. The readership of all three newspapers quickly rose to 20,000 to 25,000 each. The meetings of the GLF were chaotic, also interspersed with discussions about capitalism, which among other things led to the frustration of many members. In December 1969 they founded the better organized Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), which focuses entirely on gay topics . The statutes began with the words: “We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings.” ("We as emancipated homosexual activists demand free expression of our dignity and values ​​as human beings.") "ZAP" was developed as a tactic, the public confrontation between politicians during their press meetings. Frank Kameny recalls this time: “By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there was at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five hundred. "(" At the time of Stonewall we had 50 or 60 groups in the country. A year later there were at least 1,500. And two years later it was, as far as one could expand the count, 2,500. ")

Brenda Howard , known as the Mother of Pride, is an early bisexual activist for the GLF and GAA and a sex positive feminist . She coordinated the memorial rally on the first day of the month. With Craig Rodwell, among others, she coordinated the Christopher Street Gay Liberation Day March on Sunday, June 28, 1970, the first anniversary of Stonewall. The permit arrived only two hours before departure. The demonstration began with a few hundred participants in Greenwich Village, grew longer and longer as it traveled across the 51 blocks, and ended with thousands of participants in Central Park . The New York Times reported on the front page that the attendees took up the entire street for 15 blocks. Due to the excitement and to be careful of the unpredictable reactions of the onlookers to the homosexual slogans, the march only lasted half the time allotted. However, the feared counter-actions largely failed to materialize. Among other things, it was proclaimed "the new strength and pride of the gay people". Howard later also had the idea of ​​organizing other events around the march and holding a Pride Week .

As early as 1970, other groups held demonstrations in San Francisco and Los Angeles on the same day . There the day was called Gay Freedom Day , in Atlanta it was called Gay Liberation Day . No marching permits were issued in Chicago for the first year, but around 150 people marched on the sidewalk. When similar events were held in more and more cities in the USA, one of the two names was usually adopted.

Beginning in Europe

In Europe, the first demonstration was held in November 1970 as a torchlight procession with 80 participants in London. Two years later, when about 2,000 people moved through Oxford Street to Hyde Park , it was first called the Gay Pride March .

In Germany in 1969, with the amendment to Section 175, the total ban on homosexual acts fell. In 1971, the provocative film Not the homosexual is perverse, but the situation in which it lives was premiered and first broadcast on television in January 1972, against the will of the Hamburg branch of the IHWO (International Homophile World Organization - Group North Germany eV) who feared more harm than good because of the image of homosexual men shown therein. Homosexuals were still being treated psychiatrically, one had to fear for one's job and there was initially strong criticism of the commercial subculture from the new movement, whose bars usually only allowed admission after the bell. It was described as a commercial sex ghetto , where “the petty bourgeois who are willing to adapt willingly allow themselves to be reduced to the sexual, become incapable of conversation, lose emotion and communication, and behave repressively towards themselves with pleasure, although the oppression of society has long since lost its effectiveness.” Praunheim said therefore: "the situation that drives the gay clubs and saunas, that just is the schizophrenic subculture." Many had only brief sexual experiences, such as the flaps , and hid during the day. And so the following central demand comes up at the end of the film:

“We have to organize. We need better pubs, we need good doctors, and we need protection in the workplace.
Get proud of your homosexuality!
Get out of the toilets! Get into the streets!
Freedom for the gays! "

Several performances led to discussions and the founding of associations and associations, such as the homosexual campaign West Berlin , from which other Berlin associations have emerged over time. The second, more radical wave of the gay and later also the lesbian movement began in Germany, which was initially strongly influenced by the extreme left. There were various ideal influences of the 1968 movement , some saw the only solution in a complete and often very radical sexual revolution for the entire society. Others exaggerated (not at the first demonstration) proud, provocative and cheeky “all the most terrible prejudices of the philistines about gays” and were glaring in their fumbling. The new gay movement replaced the homophile movement, which was concerned with inconspicuousness and adaptation, relatively quickly. There were also no essential knowledge-transferring connections and due to the turning point of National Socialism, which continued into the 1960s, the new movement was initially a movement without history. Many did not know that there was a homosexual movement before 1933, sometimes not even that there had been strong agitation against homosexuals under the National Socialists. New publications on German homosexual history before 1933 did not come from the USA until 1975. There was often strong animosity between the student gay movement and the homophile movement. But there were also differences among the new gay men in motion, which culminated in the queer dispute between 1973 and 1974 . According to Praunheim's film, the radical tenor in the language of the left was:

“We gay pigs want to finally become people and be treated like people. And we have to fight for it ourselves. We don't just want to be tolerated, we want to be accepted. "

The former swear words gay and warm, from the mid-1970s also lesbian , became the new identifying terms and gay identity was able to assert itself unchallenged as a hegemonic idea by the eighties at the latest. The first demonstration in Germany took place on April 29, 1972 in Münster and the first demonstrations for Christopher Street Day on June 30, 1979 in Bremen, Berlin, Cologne and Stuttgart under the motto "Gay Pride". In Switzerland, the first Christopher Street Liberation Memorial Day took place on June 24, 1978 in Zurich. The first Gay Pride took place in Paris in 1981.

In Austria, the total ban fell in 1971, but was replaced by four paragraphs, which included a ban on advertising and a quasi-association ban. The HOSI Vienna , founded in 1979 - and thanks to the pragmatic interpretation of the Interior Ministry not prohibited - began to march on April 26, 1980 in anti-fascist demonstrations and at the invitation of an SPÖ district group on May 1st in the same year . On June 27, 1981 there was a first information stand in the Opernpassage to commemorate the Stonewall uprising. Through empty promises by politicians and the practice of newspapers reporting about homosexuals only when they were murdered or involved in criminal cases, provocation was also used in Vienna in order to initiate a media event of a different kind and found oneself in the Tradition of various actions of the 1968s and the speedsters of the 1970s. Two men from the loose association Rosa Wirbel stormed naked on the stage at the New Year's concert in 1982 and held up the banner “Human rights for gays”. The television viewers did not notice a ballet recording was being shown, but the daily newspapers reported on the front page. HOSI Vienna was informed, but distanced itself in a press release - mainly because of the ban on advertising and associations and because it was suspected that a large number of members would not support the campaign. In February the banners “Human Rights for All” and “Ass in the Mouth - No Crooked Dog” were briefly displayed at the Vienna Opera Ball and leaflets were distributed. In the same year, posters with the title "Gay - so what?" Were hung in the city, on which famous people were told positive statements about homosexuality. On June 26, 1982, the HOSI organized a gay pride festival in the Amerlinghaus and a torchlight procession to the Maria Theresa monument, which was repeated in the years that followed. (With the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana, Empress Maria Theresia created Austria's first uniform penal code, which also contained the death penalty for homosexuals.) In 1984 there was a warm week from June 17 to 29 with the first Vienna Gay Pride -Demo through the city center. In the years that followed, there were other small demonstrations in relation to today, with the wedding parade in June 1989, for the ten-year anniversary of HOSI and following the decision of same-sex partnerships in Denmark, with a final show "marriage" of two couples, receiving special media attention was granted. The Rainbow Parade has been held annually since 1996 .

Changes, situation today

Drag queens at Gay Pride 2008 in Paris

In the 1980s, a significant cultural change occurred in the memorial marches in the United States. In addition, there is in the USA - compared to the German-speaking countries - a more far-reaching and diverse parade tradition on all sorts of topics, such as the Puerto Rican Day Parade or the Irish-born St. Patrick's Day Parade . The previously relatively loosely organized marches and parades were increasingly organized by more organized and less radical members of the gay community. Under pressure from more conservative forces in the gay and lesbian community, the marches began to remove the terms “Liberation” and “Freedom” from their names and replace them with the philosophy of “Gay Pride”. In the more liberal city of San Francisco, the name of the parade and festival wasn't changed to Gay Pride Day Parade until 1994 .

In the end, those organizations survived in the movement that swung on a pragmatic course, from which toothless struggle and unconditional adaptation of the homophile movement were just as far removed as the utopian radicalism of the first groups in the early 1970s. Today, similar events are held worldwide as a demonstration against discrimination and often as a celebration of what has been achieved. You confidently show that you exist. Depending on the social situation, some of them dress up colorfully and party lively, which also attracts many heterosexual viewers and media attention and helps to spread social and political concerns. Due to the frequent concentration of the image selection on drag queens and busty lesbians, the media also creates a distorted image of the parade and gays, lesbians and bisexuals in general. There is also a legal reason for the fact that the anonymous crowd, dressed up and people who "put themselves in the limelight" in particular are photographed: In 2002, at the CSD in Würzburg, there was a man who had not come out to his parents or in his professional environment , photographed in close embrace with another. The picture was published two years later as a symbol photo; because the newspaper had thereby violated the right to one's own picture , the Munich district court sentenced them to 5200 euros in damages . The court also stated that the picture should have been published in close proximity to the event at the most, but even then the plaintiff, who was not behaving conspicuously, should not have been taken out of the anonymous crowd in close-up.

Special prides

The Gay Pride Istanbul ( Istanbul Onur Yürüyüsü ) is the largest gay pride march in all of Eastern Europe with 100,000 participants.

March on Washington

As with other civil rights movements (e.g. the “ March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ”, “March on Washington for Work and Freedom” of August 1963), when the occasion arises, a march on the federal capital Washington takes place, where people from all over the country.

  • On October 14, 1979, the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights took place with over 100,000 participants. It had been ten years since Stonewall protested Anita Bryant's anti- gay crusade and denounced the mild punishment of Dan White for the murder of the first openly gay politician Harvey Milk the previous year .
  • Over 500,000 people came to the capital on October 11, 1987 for the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights . There was a demonstration against the Supreme Court judgment of Bowers v. Hardwick from the previous year, which upheld the legality of the " sodomy laws, " and criticized the government for its inaction in the fight against AIDS . The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt was also shown for the first time at this event .
  • For the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation on April 25, 1993, the organizers estimated almost 1 million participants. Dealing with AIDS remained an issue. They also protested against the exclusion of homosexuals from the military, which was replaced in the same year by the motto Don't ask, don't tell , against laws that do not protect the rights of LGBT people and a few other things. Over 300 events took place over the weekend including a candle vigil at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , a march to Arlington National Cemetery in honor of gay, lesbian and bisexual veterans, a mass wedding demonstration to promote the rights of same-sex couples, a "Dyke March" (lesbian march) and various social events.
  • In 2000, the Millennium March on Washington took place on April 30th . The estimate of the participants varies between 200,000 and a million. An end to hate crimes was demonstrated, with the parents of Matthew Shepard , a victim of homophobic violence and relatives of James Byrd Jr., an African-American victim of racial violence, also in attendance. There were also demonstrations for the rights of same-sex couples and parents, as well as for the passing of a national non-discrimination law for workers. Many famous people spoke and there was also a video message from President George W. Bush . A concert organized by the Human Rights Campaign took place at the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium under the title Equality Rocks , in which Melissa Etheridge , George Michael , Pet Shop Boys , Garth Brooks , and kd Lang performed, among others .
  • Thirty years after the first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights , the National Equality March took place on October 11, 2009 , and was attended by 150,000 people. Its motto was: “Equal protection in all areas of civil law in all 50 states.” The main topics were the requested repeal of the “ Don't ask, don't tell ” regulation at The military, the opening of marriage in all states, and the lifting of the ban on recognizing same-sex partnership legal institutions . Prominent supporters included the actress Cynthia Nixon , the singer Lady Gaga , the mother of Matthew Shepard Judy Shepard and the spokesman for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Julian Bond . For the first time, the march was not organized by large groups, but by grassroots organizations from all states. A spokesman of the 60-member Executive Committee of the new network Equality Across America was Cleve Jones .

Cologne Pride

The Cologne Pride is the largest Pride in Europe. A two-week LGBTQI festival with over 82 queer political events and the CSD weekend (Fri-Sat.) On the first weekend in July, crowned by the CSD Demo 2018 with over 177 participating groups and 1.2 million visitors. Three large stages in Cologne city center with over 60 hours of programming is a superlative experience.

Amsterdam Gay Pride

Since 1996 there has been the Gay Pride in Amsterdam, a Canal Parade which takes place in the Prinsengracht and Amstel , annually on the first Saturday in August. In 2008 the Amsterdam Gay Pride was proclaimed the best Gay Pride in Europe.

Europride

Rainbow flag at Europride 2006 in London
Europride 2008 in Stockholm

Since 1992 the EPOA ( European Pride Organizer's Association , "Association of European CSD Organizations") has been awarding the title Europride to each city . This CSD will be made larger and there will be a broader supporting program to attract international attention. Mainly western and northern European cities have been venues so far, but also Riga and Warsaw .

World Pride

World Pride 2000 in Rome

The title World Pride is awarded to an event under license at irregular intervals by the organization InterPride , an international association of Pride organizers.

debate

Within the gay community, some reject the idea of gay pride because they see it as an exaggerated emphasis on sexual orientation. The identity view and identity politics resulting from this are seen as superfluous after the decline in stigmatization . There is also a discourse on whether the concept of pride is appropriate. The most frequent criticism concerns the manner of the parades, which some see as a lack of discretion to the detriment of public morality and, because of their vulnerability, to be detrimental to the enforcement of homosexual rights. They propose to tone down the "glaring activism" in order to achieve better integration into the mainstream.

See also: Self-designation in the article Gay

Gay Pride Parade 2008 in Buenos Aires , Argentina
"Celebremos la Diversidad"
("We celebrate diversity")

"[Broad tolerance, at least in public discourse ... duality becomes plurality, which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the category of sexual identity ... political mouthpieces have reduced their activities to demanding privileges] Analogously, gay clientele groups are springing up like mushrooms. The annual CSD parades (not demonstrations) are to be understood as an expression of today's gay “movement”. What until the eighties had an emancipatory character that questioned social systems such as images of masculinity, has degenerated into silly fun and commercial parades in the nineties through the deliberate renunciation of political statements, in which concentrated craziness is also often on display. It is also characteristic of the fun and commercial orientation of what was once a social movement that in the last few years the Rosa Winkel only degenerated into any advertising accessory and then disappeared completely. A political symbol - which, as mentioned above, was not entirely unproblematic - was replaced by the rainbow flag, which expresses nothing but “we are colorful and pluralistic”, i.e. pure postmodern arbitrariness. The “beautiful gay world” is nothing else than Aldous Huxley's “ Brave New World ”, with which only the privileged or the resigned can come to terms. Gays who have suffered from their marginalization for a long time and who repeatedly refer to the persecution of homosexuals in the Nazi state would do well to show solidarity: to stand up for excluded minorities, not to create or support structures of exploitation of an idealistic and material nature, but to criticize and eliminate as well as contribute to transforming this society into a truly democratic one. "

- Stefan Micheler, Jakob Michelsen : 1997

Queen Sofía of Spain criticized gay pride parades and same-sex marriage in an interview in October 2008 on the occasion of her 70th birthday. “I can understand, accept and respect that there are people with different sexual tendencies, but why should they be proud to be gay? Should they ride on parade wagons and protest loudly? If all of us who are not gay were to demonstrate on the street ... the traffic in every city would come to a standstill. "

There are also voices who question the general need for such movements. There is already equality , one does not demand a hetero day and hetero rights. These statements are not new. As early as 1978 - when the total ban had already fallen in the United Kingdom, but a special age limit of 21 years still applied - Tom Robinson sang Glad to be gay in his allegedly contradictory song :

Put down the queens and tell anti-queer jokes
Gay Lib's ridiculous, join their laughter
"The buggers are legal now,
what more are they after?"
Sing if you're glad to be gay.
Sing if you're happy this way.

Set the queens down and tell anti- queer jokes
gay liberation is ridiculous voting in the laughs a
"The Arschficker are now legal,
what they want?"
Sing if you're glad to be gay.
Sing when you are happy that way.

Amnesty International : “Eurovisions Pride Contest” at the Gay Pride Parade in Brighton, 2008

On the one hand, the question arises as to which rights the normative majority should demand and which day they should celebrate. On the other hand, you can have sex then and now, but there was and still is discrimination in politics, the media, in private and at work. Also ridicule and anti-homosexual violence , also in German-speaking countries. Gerd Wolter said in 2005 that the proud appearances were therefore still necessary. In Switzerland there is now a very extensive partnership law . In Germany there was a law on civil partnerships , which initially only brought about obligations and no rights. These were demanded bit by bit, and were often fought for in court. The Registered Partnership Act has existed in Austria since 2010 , in which the EP turns the family name into a surname , as no family may appear in the legal text. But partnership rights are not the height of bliss. There have been partnerships in the Czech Republic since July 1, 2006, but the first queer parade in 2008 under the title Duhová vlna Brno (“Rainbow Wave Brno”) was attacked with tear gas.

The principle function of seeing many different homosexuals in one place and thus perhaps being able to break down prejudices is in principle still relevant. Likewise, the function of being able to mingle with the whole audience as a homosexual who is still living in the closet, thus having to expect few problems when you are seen by acquaintances, not to feel alone and ultimately perhaps also to take courage in a coming in the near future -out to dare. Even if the latter, especially for the younger generation, becomes less and less important over time due to other possibilities.

In Russia, homosexuals are still denied the right to demonstrate. Fear of homosexuals is repeatedly recognized as mitigating violent crimes (Gay Panic Defense). In other countries homosexual acts still face penalties, including the death penalty. Same-sex marriages are prohibited in Nigeria; there are initiatives to tighten the regulations further so that even coexistence of the same sex would be punishable. In Rwanda, same-sex acts are said to be criminalized for the first time.

Counter protests

The newly founded
W.ISP (World Invocation of Sexual Privacy) /
RFSH (Riksförbundet för sexuellt Hemlighållande)
at their first demonstration outside the Euro-Pride Festival entrance in 2008 in Stockholm
"define Why?"
( "Why define?")
Counter-demonstrators at the Parada Równości 2006 in Warsaw
Security fence to protect the Gay Pride 2008 in Budapest
Protection for the Jerusalem Pride 2007

It is not uncommon to see small groups of religious fundamentalists protesting at gay pride events, because for many religious people of a conservative nature the very thought of gay pride is a major provocation. In Christian terms one has to be humble , pride is seen as a turning away from God, and for some, every homosexuality that is lived is also a turning away from God. Even right-wing extremists take part in such actions. Sometimes these two groups are difficult to distinguish because the arguments used are often the same. The more conservative a society is and, above all, the more political or religious leaders speak out against events, the more likely it is to riot.

The first Riga Pride with 50 participants took place in Riga in 2005 after a judicial clarification under extensive police protection. Participants were pelted with eggs and tomatoes by counter-demonstrators, and a service was held in the cathedral dedicated to “protecting traditional family values”. In 2006, the parade was banned due to safety concerns and only one conference, film days and mass were held in an Anglican church. The latter was besieged by demonstrators and those who came out were attacked with verbal attacks, fistfights and feces. Sufficient police officers to protect the fair visitors showed up late, and the participants had to be brought out through a side entrance under their protection. A right-wing group leader said, “Homosexuals are dirty sinners. They are immoral people who have no place in normal society. We have to stop them now. We cannot wait until they want to be allowed to marry or even adopt children. ”A replacement event to the parade in a hotel, in which around 250 people took part, was also besieged by protesters outside and partly inside. Protesters wearing T-shirts that read “Defense of Marriage” stole, tore up and trampled rainbow flags. A day later, a Lutheran clergyman told a participant that although he did not advocate violence, the participant was a sinner and the clergyman could only pray for him. At the end of the same year, the chairman of the Latvian Human Rights Committee said that gays and lesbians are not a minority as they could choose to be straight. They should "stop sinning" and develop a "normal sexual orientation". Homosexuality is a consequence of human licentiousness which could cost people eternal life. The Roman Catholic Cardinal Jānis Pujats describes homosexuality as perversion and addiction, as a “complete derailment in the field of sexuality” and as an “unnatural form of prostitution”, the spread of which is open to the general public due to a lack of faith and moral dulling. He also voiced the fear that a small group of homosexuals could easily achieve their intended goal by being dependent on their subordinates, comparing it to the system of the USSR times. The perversion should not be tolerated in public, so that it does not infect the whole society with its "bad example". Homosexuals should be disciplined and treated and have no right to legalization and protection through human rights. In 2007 the cardinal called for massive counter-protests, and in 2008 he rejected any responsibility for possible acts of violence, the police were responsible for that.

Gay Prides have been taking place in Jerusalem since 2002, with isolated protests from Orthodox Jews. In 2005 World Pride was supposed to be held in Jerusalem, which sparked protests from religious leaders and politicians in Jerusalem, Rome and the USA, which greatly heated the situation. There was an extraordinary joint press conference by Catholic, Jewish and Muslim leaders who stated that gay pride in this city would be an affront to followers of all religions. In addition, when World Pride was held, they held out the prospect of the destruction of Jerusalem by God's wrath or by their own believers. World Pride was postponed to 2006 because of the withdrawal of Jewish settlers from the Gaza Strip, but the national parade with around 5,000 participants was accompanied by around 1,000 devout demonstrators with boos, swear words, tossing urine bags, poop bags and stones. A devout Jew rushed into the crowd and stabbed himself with a knife, injuring three people. At his trial, he said that he was on a divine mission and had to prevent the "heinous" event. He was sentenced to twelve years in prison for attempted murder. Of the twelve counter-demonstrators arrested, another had a knife with him. Before World Pride 2006, flyers popped up offering a bounty for the murder of gays and lesbians. Before the parade, which was postponed again because of the war, ultra-Orthodox Jews demonstrated again and again, rioted, set garbage cans and discarded cars on fire, pelted the police with stones and blocked roads. The conservative believers opposing the parade wanted to have the parade banned because the people represented by the plaintiffs - as the judge found - could cause a bloodbath. Because of additional Palestinian terror warnings, the demonstration with 2500 participants then took place in a sealed-off stadium. Before the short parade in 2007 with around 2,500 participants, police officers discovered an explosive device in the pocket of an ultra-Orthodox Jew that he tried to detonate during the parade and arrested him. In another district, several hundred counter-demonstrators brought traffic to a standstill and set fire to rubbish bins. In June 2008 with around 3,000 participants, the situation normalized again, there were only a few problems and counter-demonstrators.

Defending one's perceived rights is also a part of Gay Pride. With the vote on Proposition 8 in California in November 2008, same-sex marriage should be banned again, as it was viewed as unnatural, sinful and a danger to the marriage between a man and a woman. Millions of dollars have been spent on advertising campaigns, more than any other vote in any state. Much came from Mormons in particular , as the church had called for it, the largest single donation came from the Knights of Columbus . In Santa Clara County, Deputy District Attorney Jay Boyarsky said it increased hate crimes against gays and lesbians. From 15% (3 out of 20 cases) in 2007, it was 56% in 2008 (14 out of 25 cases). Boyarsky gives the following reasoning from his many years of experience: "The topic was in the news and strengthened the gay haters." A spokesman for Proposition 8 supporters said he hoped the vote was not the cause of more crime. But if they did, both sides were victims of violence without naming any cases.

See also

Web links

Commons : LGBT Pride  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

supporting documents

  • C : David Carter: Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. St. Martin's Press, 2004, ISBN 0-312-34269-1 .
  1. ↑ David Carter 2004, p. 191.
  2. ↑ a b David Carter 2004, pp. 216-217.
  3. ↑ David Carter 2004, p. 242.
  4. ↑ David Carter 2004, pp. 245-246.
  5. ↑ David Carter 2004, p. 251.
  1. ↑ Marin Duberman 1993, p. 207.
  2. ↑ Marin Duberman 1993, p. 210.
  3. ↑ Marin Duberman 1993, p. 235.
  • G : Erving Goffman: Stigma. Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York 1963.
  1. ↑ Kathleen LaFrank 1999, p. 21.
  2. ↑ a b Kathleen LaFrank 1999, p. 17.
  • N : Dudley Clendinen, Adam Nagourney: Out for Good. Simon & Schuster, 1999, ISBN 0-684-81091-3 .
  1. ↑ Clendinen & Nagourney 1999, p. 31.
  2. ↑ Clendinen & Nagourney 1999, p. 40.
  3. ↑ Clendinen & Nagourney 1999, pp. 50-51.
  4. ↑ a b Clendinen & Nagourney 1999, pp. 62-64.
  1. ↑ Donn Teal 1971, p. 7.
  2. ↑ a b Donn Teal 1971, p. 19.
  • Further:
  1. ^ Stolz , Brockhaus Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon, Volume 4. Leipzig 1841, p. 307
  2. ↑ a b Nikki Sullivan: A critical introduction to queer theory , Edinburgh University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7486-1597-0 , p. 29
  3. ↑ a b Manfred Weinberg: Good? From public confessions and (private) identifications ( memento of the original from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ( MS Word ; 110 kB), May 20, 2003, culturalgenderstudies.zhdk.ch. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / culturalgenderstudies.zhdk.ch
  4. ↑ Andreas Speck: Collective Identities: Traps or Means of Empowerment? , War Resisters International, Jan. 1, 2001
  5. ↑ Jens León Tiedemann: The intersubjective nature of shame , 2007, dissertation at the Free University of Berlin, Department of Education and Psychology; Chapter 1.6. Shame and pride - the two regulators of self-worth (PDF; 98 kB), p. 25 ff.
  6. ↑ "gay pride [noun] a sense of strong self-esteem associated with a person's public acknowledgment of their homosexuality."
    Quoted in: Adrian Brune: Gay terms added to dictionary in Canada , Washington Blade, August 27, 2004
  7. ↑ Jörg Hutter: From Sodomy to Queer Identities - A Contribution to the History of Homosexual Identity Development , in: Setz, Wolfram (Ed.), Karl Heinrich Ulrichs on the 175th birthday. The history of homosexualities and gay identity at the turn of the millennium, Verlag rosa Winkel, Berlin 2000, pp. 141–175.
  8. ↑ Speech to the delegates at the nomination party congress of the SPD, June 10, 2001; broadcast in: WDR 2 MonTalk, August 11, 2003, where Wowereit also explained the reasons. They can also be read in the biography.
  9. ↑ Lower Saxony Ministry for Women, Labor and Social Affairs (Ed.): Gay Young People: Results on Living Situation, Social and Sexual Identity ( Memento of the original from December 23, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , 2001, investigation was carried out by: Gay and lesbian research group at the Institute for Psychology - Social Psychology - Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (SLFM) under the leadership of Ulrich Biechele, Günter Reisbeck and Heiner Keupp @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / cdl.niedersachsen.de
  10. ^ CSD church services forbidden throughout Bavaria , queer.de, April 24, 2006
  11. ↑ Frequently asked questions  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , interpride.org, October 1, 2008; Translation improved based on the English original@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.interpride.org  
  12. ^ Benjamin Marius Schmidt and Gesa Ziemer: Vulnerable Places. - On the aesthetics of other bodies on stage ( memento of the original from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.9 MB), ith-z.ch, January 19, 2004, version: March 1, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ith-z.ch
  13. ↑ reh / AP: SÃO PAULO - Over three million at Schwulenparade , Spiegel Online, June 10, 2007
  14. ↑ Homophile nocturnal enterprise "Shock Troop Homo-Bars" prevented, Main-Echo from July 27, 1979, quoted in: Homolulu - Schwule Tageszeitung from 28./29. July 1979; Homolulu - Gay newspaper ( Memento from June 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ^ Rictor Norton (Ed.): The Trial of William Brown, 1726. Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. April 22, 2000, updated June 20, 2008.
  16. ↑ Martin Dannecker: The insatiable desire for recognition - homosexual politics in the fifties and sixties - Hans Giese and the organized homosexuals. In: Detlef Grumbach (Ed.): What does gay mean here? Politics and identities in transition. MännerschwarmSkript publishing house, 2002.
  17. ↑ a b J. Louis Campbell, J. Louis Campbell III: Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer: "Have You Heard My Message?" Haworth Press, 2007, ISBN 1-56023-652-3 , p. XVII.
  18. ↑ a b The Gay Civil Rights Movement Turns to Public Picketing ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , rainbowhistory.org @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rainbowhistory.org
  19. ^ Warren Johansson: Students, Gay (PDF; 240 kB). In: Wayne R. Dynes (Ed.): The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (Garland Reference Library of Social Science) Taylor & Francis, March 1990, ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 , pp. 1254-1257.
  20. ^ Dennis Hevesi: Seymour Pine Dies at 91; Led Raid on Stonewall Inn , New York Times, September 7, 2010 “[…] second, arresting gay people was a way for officers to improve their arrest numbers. 'They were easy arrests,' he said. 'They never gave you any trouble' - at least until that night. "
  21. ^ Marcus, p. 136.
  22. ↑ Craig L. Rodwell, 52, Pioneer for Gay Rights , New York Times, June 20, 1993, Section 1, page 38 of the New York Edition
  23. ↑ a b nyabn.org: Brenda Howard 1946–2005 , viewed March 22, 2007
  24. ↑ a b Miscellaneous: Article on Brenda Howard , on nyabn.org, viewed March 22, 2007
  25. ↑ a b Lacey Fosburgh: Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park. New York Times, June 29, 1970, p. 1.
  26. ↑ Tina Gianoulis: Chicago ( Memento of the original from March 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , October 25, 2006, in: Claude J. Summers (Ed.): Glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.glbtq.com
  27. ↑ Charlotte Cooper: Fact File: Pride , RainbowNetwork.com, June 7, 2006
  28. ↑ Raimund Wolfert: Charlotte Steurer (1921–1986) “Every love is divine and creative”. In: Homosexuelle Initiative Wien (Ed.): Lambda-Nachrichten 5/2007 - September / October, 29th vol. No. 119 (PDF; 5.3 MB), p. 29
  29. ↑ Dietrich Kuhlbrodt: It is not the homosexual who is perverse, but the situation in which he lives , published in: Peter W. Jansen, Wolfram Schütte (Ed.): Series Film (Volume 30) - Rosa von Praunheim. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich / Vienna 1984.
  30. ↑ a b c Stefan Micheler, Jakob Michelsen: Historical research and identity foundation. From the “gay line of ancestors” to the deconstruction of the homosexual , July 1997, stefanmicheler.de, published in a slightly modified version in: Detlef Grumbach (Ed.): What is called gay here. Politics and identities in transition. Hamburg 1997, pp. 94-110.
  31. ↑ Against the commercialization of our lives , 75th LUST, summer 2003 (June / July / August)
  32. ↑ Sabine Ayshe Peters: Female homosexuality in public linguistic usage in the western zones and the FRG ( Memento of the original from January 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , 5. The discovery of the lesbian in the seventies: liberation or imitation man's world? ( Memento of the original from January 10, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Ratingen / Düsseldorf 1997, as of February 26, 2004  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rot65.de  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rot65.de
  33. ↑ Georg Stötzel, Thorsten Eitz, Astrid Jahresling-Marienfeld, Lea Plate: Dictionary of contemporary German contemporary language: key words and orientation vocabulary. Georg Olms Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-487-11759-2 , p. 229.
  34. ↑ Pink Stories (Ed.): You are definitely a fagot. 20 years of gay movement in Münster. Munster 1992.
  35. ↑ a b CSD Konstanz eV: CSD-History , viewed on March 26, 2007
  36. ↑ gay-web.de: Chronicle - The time from 1969 to 1989 ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gay-web.de
  37. ↑ Jörg Hutter: On the roots of the Bremen gay and lesbian center , version from January 17, 2006
  38. ↑ CSD in Berlin - data, numbers ( memento of the original from August 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , csd-berlin.de, 2005  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.csd-berlin.de
  39. ↑ Ulrike Repnik: The history of the lesbian and gay movement in Austria. Milena-Verlag, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-85286-136-5 , p. 122.
  40. ↑ Michael Handl, Gudrun Hauer, Kurt Krickler , Friedrich Nussbaumer, Dieter Schmutzer (all eds.): Homosexuality in Austria. Junius, Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-900370-84-2
  41. ↑ Chronicle - HOSI Vienna fights for the legal recognition of same-sex partnerships , hosiwien.at, version: March 15, 2007
  42. ↑ Kurt Krickler: Stonewall - before and after. First published in: Lambda-Nachrichten , 3/1984; republished in: Gudrun Hauer, Dieter Schmutzer (Hrsg.): Das Lambda-Lesebuch. Journalism the other way around. Edition Regenbogen, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-9500507-0-1 , p. 27.
  43. ↑ Timo Lokoschat : Gay and normal , Abendzeitung , June 26, 2009
  44. ^ Compensation for pain and suffering according to Outing , queer.de, August 9, 2005
  45. ↑ a b c d Linda Rapp: Marches and Parades ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Version: May 31, 2003, in: Claude J. Summers (Ed.): Glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.glbtq.com
  46. ↑ "MILLENNIUM MARCH" - 200,000 gays and lesbians take over Washington , Spiegel Online, May 1, 2000
  47. ^ Washington: Big demo for gay rights with stars , queer.de, October 12, 2009
  48. ^ Equalityacrossamerica.org - website of the organizers
  49. ↑ Offizial Amsterdam Gaypride platform. History ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . With video. Dutch, accessed July 19, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weareproud.nl
  50. ↑ History at a glance  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , interpride.org, accessed October 1, 2008@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.interpride.org  
  51. ↑ David Allen, It's Not All Priscilla, You Know  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . GenerationQ . Viewed January 14, 2006@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.generationq.net  
  52. ↑ Mábel Galaz: “No nos queman a nosotros. Son trozos de papel. Ya se apagarán “- Confesiones polémicas de la reina Sofía en un libro al cumplir 70 años , El País , October 30, 2008
  53. ↑ David M. Halperin : Interview with Bunning in Greenpepper no.27; Translated by Beate Bronski, at etuxx.com ( memento of November 13, 2006 in the Internet Archive ), copy on archive.org
  54. ↑ Press release : Gerd Wolters online magazine “GAYFLIEGENPILZ” with more information ( memento of the original from May 3, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 28, 2005 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gaymunich.de
  55. ↑ AFP: Gay pride marches in Europe marred by homophobia ( Memento from July 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), afp.google.com, June 28, 2008
  56. ↑ Riga: Police protect CSD , queer.de, July 25, 2005
  57. ^ After the CSD ban: Fighting scenes in Riga , queer.de, July 22, 2006
  58. ↑ Reinhold Weicker: Riga Pride 2006: A turbulent Saturday, a quiet Sunday ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , huk.org, December 10, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.huk.org
  59. ↑ Riga: “Human rights activists” against homos , queer.de, December 5, 2006
  60. ↑ Valdis Grinsteins: Cardinal Pujats: “Sexual perversions are not human rights” ( Memento of the original of March 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , kathnews.de, March 23, 2009; First published in the Catholic magazine Catolicismo @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kathnews.de
  61. ↑ Cardinal: Homosexuality = Prostitution , Queer.de, May 10, 2007
  62. ^ Dan Aiello: Catholic bishops revealed as key in marriage battle , Bay Area Reporter, March 19, 2009
  63. ^ Proposition 8 leads to more violence against gays , queer.de, March 17, 2009