Karolina hair mermaid

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Karolina hair mermaid
Karolina hair mermaid (Cabomba caroliniana), stems with underwater leaves

Karolina hair mermaid ( Cabomba caroliniana ), stems with underwater leaves

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Order : Water lilies (Nymphaeales)
Family : Hair mermaid family (Cabombaceae)
Genre : Cabomba
Type : Karolina hair mermaid
Scientific name
Cabomba caroliniana
A.Gray

The Karolina hair mermaid ( Cabomba caroliniana ), also called Karolinen hair mermaid , green hair mermaid or green cabomba , is a species of plant within the family of the hair mermaid family (Cabombaceae). This aquatic plant that thrives in freshwater has a wide natural range in the New World and is a neophyte in many countries around the world . It is used as an aquarium plant.

Description and ecology

Appearance and leaf

The Karolina hair mermaid is a perennial herbaceous plant . This aquatic plant lives completely immersed ( submerged ) except sometimes some flooding deciduous leaves and protruding above the water surface blooms. It forms fiber roots on its rhizomes , with which it is anchored in the water bed. The 1 to 2 meters (up to 10 meters) long, branched stems that extend from the bottom of the water to the surface of the water are balding and have rust-colored, fluffy hair at the top. Torn off stem parts can survive six to eight weeks in free flooding. There is a vegetative propagation in nature and in culture via easily breaking off rhizome and stem pieces.

The Karolina hair mermaid is heterophyllous . The leaves are opposite or less often in threes in whorls on the stem. The underwater leaves are stalked 0.3 to 1.5 cm or up to 4 cm long. The leaf blade of the underwater leaves is divided finger-shaped with a length of 1 to 3.5 cm and a width of 1.5 to 5.5 cm and has a fan-like appearance. Their 3 to 200 leaf segments are linear to slightly spatulate with a width of up to 1.8 mm. The flowering leaves formed on flowering stalk sections are stalked 1.5 to 2 cm long and their leaf blades are 0.6 to 3 cm long and 1 to 4 mm wide with a smooth or notched to arrow-shaped base. There are no stipules .

blossom

The flowers stand individually on a short or long flower stalk. The showy, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The inflorescence has a diameter of 6 to 15 mm. The three corolla-like sepals are obovate with a length of 5 to 12 mm and a width of 2 to 7 mm with a blunt upper end. The color of the sepals is usually white with purple-tinged edges, rarely completely purple or yellow. The three keeled petals are oval with a length of 4 to 12 mm and a width of 2 to 5 mm with a broad, blunt or notched upper end. The petals have the same color as the sepals, but they have yellow, nectar-holding ears at the bottom. The three to usually six stamens are 3.5 mm long. The two to four, usually three, free carpels are 3.5 to 4 mm long and hairy short and downy. The scars are heady.

pollination

The nectar attracts two-winged birds (Diptera, for example in Texas Notiphila cressoni and Hydrellia bilobifera ). The anthesis lasts two consecutive days. On each of these two days, the flower opens around 10 a.m. and closes around 4 p.m. On the first day, the short stamens have closed anthers and the longer pistils have pollinable stigmas that extend over the nectaries. On the second day the stamens are extended to the length of the pistil and the open anthers are above the nectaries. On the second day the stigmas in the center of the flower are compressed and no longer able to absorb pollen . On both days the insects are attracted by the nectar and the insects covered with pollen ensure cross-pollination (allogamy, cross- pollination ).

Fruit and seeds

The 4 to 7 mm long fruit contains one to three seeds. The egg-shaped to elongated-ellipsoidal seeds with a length of 1.5 to 3 mm and a diameter of 1 to 1.5 mm have warts in four longitudinal rows.

Flowers and fruits are formed in China from summer to autumn.

Chromosome number

The chromosome numbers are 2 n = about 78 or about 104.

Occurrence and problems as an invasive plant

The wide natural range of Cabomba caroliniana includes the eastern United States and southeastern South America . Natural distribution sites are for the southern part of the Canadian province of Ontario , for the US states Connecticut , Indiana , Massachusetts , southern Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Illinois , Missouri , Oklahoma , Alabama , Arkansas , District of Columbia , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia and Texas and in South America the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso , Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo , the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires , Córdoba , Corrientes , Entre Rios , Rio Negro and Santa Fe , in Paraguay the administrative regions Central as well as Paraguari and Uruguay .

Cabomba caroliniana is a neophyte in many areas of the world ; information on this is available from the Chinese province of Jiangsu , from Japan , from Kerala , India , from Sri Lanka , Australia , the United Kingdom and the US states of Oregon , California and Washington .

On the European continent, Cabomba caroliniana is a neophyte in Belgium , Sweden (recorded in 2001 and 2005), Greece , Hungary and Germany . In Germany, the Karolinen-Haarnixe is so far only known from one body of water (Cattail Lake) in the Teverener Heide nature reserve in North Rhine-Westphalia ; it was first detected in 2006. In Switzerland, it was added to the black list of invasive neophytes due to its potential for spreading and damage in the areas of biodiversity , health and economy .

Cabomba caroliniana does not survive drying out of its habitats . It thrives in permanently shallow waters with usually less than 3, sometimes up to 10 meters depth. Cabomba caroliniana is anchored in the muddy seabed. It thrives most commonly in slow-moving waters from smaller rivers to streams. But it also grows in pools, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, moats and canals.

Cabomba caroliniana usually has its roots in the soft and muddy bottom of the water and thrives best in highly organic soils . It grows more rarely on the sandy bottom of the water. According to Orgaard (1991), the preferred water temperature range is between 13 and 27 ° C, although longer frosts can also be survived.

In Australia, for example, Cabomba caroliniana is an invasive plant that causes problems with water storage and treatment. Due to its rapid and uncontrolled growth, it clogs water pipes and reservoirs. Dying plant matter and rot have a negative effect on the treatment of drinking water. A negative impact on wildlife in northern Queensland has also been recorded.

Cabomba caroliniana was included in the 2016 “List of Unwanted Species” for the European Union .

Systematics

The first description of Cabomba caroliniana was made in 1837 by Asa Gray in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York , Volume 4, pages 46-47. Synonyms for Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray are: Cabomba aquatica DC. , Cabomba australis Speg. Schult , Cabomba pinnata (Pursh). & Schult. f.

There are three varieties of the species Cabomba caroliniana :

  • Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray var. Caroliniana (Syn .: Cabomba caroliniana var. Pulcherrima R.M. Harper , Cabomba pulcherrima (RM Harper) Fassett )
  • Cabomba caroliniana var. Flavida Ørgaard
  • Cabomba caroliniana var. Paucipartita Ramsh. & Florsch. It is also regarded by some authors as a synonym for Cabomba caroliniana var. Caroliniana .

Use as an aquarium plant

The Karolina hair mermaid is reproduced in Asia and imported from there by specialist aquarists . It is relatively demanding in aquariums. Medium to high light intensity, water soft to medium hard for good growth. The Karolina hair mermaid needs soft to medium hard water (pH 4 to 7) and a water hardness of up to 12 ° dKH. The Karolina hair mermaid grows best when there is sufficient current and water temperatures of 22 to 28 ° C and medium to high light intensity (0.7 W / l according to Brünner, as high as possible red in the light according to Barth and Stallknecht). Persistently high temperatures can lead to poor growth. Propagation is easy and takes place through side shoots. Of the three varieties , only the Cabomba caroliniana var. Caroliniana variety is available in specialist aquarium stores.

Sources and literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Christel Kasselmann: Karolina-Haarnixe bei Datz - Aquarium and Terrarium Magazine ( Memento of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on March 5, 2013.
  2. ↑ a b c d Cabomba caroliniana GRAY, Karolinen-Haarnixe, (Cabombaceae) - The aquatic neophytes in Germany - An overview ( Memento of the original from August 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved March 5, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aquatieophyten.de
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m John. H. Wiersema: Cabombaceae : Cabomba caroliniana - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Cabomba caroliniana (aquatic plant) , 2006 at The Global Invasive Species Database is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission . Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Dezhi Fu & John H. Wiersema: Cabomaceae : Cabomba caroliniana , p. 119 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 6 - Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Andreas Hussner, Ulrich Haese, Klaus van de Weyer & Petra Kröning: Cabomba caroliniana GRAY (Cabombaceae) - New for Germany , In: Floristische Rundbriefe , Issue 43, 2010, pp. 17-23: lanaplan.de (PDF).
  7. ^ Edward L. Schneider & John M. Jeter: Morphological Studies of the Nymphaeaceae. XII. The Floral Biology of Cabomba caroliniana , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 69, No. 9, 1982, pp. 1410-1419.
  8. ↑ Fanwort - Cabomba caroliniana - Native to Florida at University of Florida - IFAS - Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants . Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  9. ↑ a b c d Cabomba caroliniana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  10. ↑ Non-Native Invasive Freshwater Plants Fan Word (Cabomba caroliniana) - Washington State Department of Ecology ( Memento of the original from October 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved March 5, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ecy.wa.gov
  11. ^ Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
  12. ↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
  13. ↑ Cabomba caroliniana - Weeds of National Significance: Weed Management Guide (PDF).
  14. ^ Entry in New South Wales Flora Online . last accessed on March 3, 2013.
  15. ↑ List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (PDF) accessed on July 15, 2016
  16. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  17. ↑ Cabomba caroliniana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 3, 2013.
  18. ↑ a b Enter Cabomba caroliniana in the search mask at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families - with data from R. Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203 . The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  19. ↑ Data sheet with pictures from the Association of German Societies for Aquarium and Terrarium Studies e. V. ( Memento from February 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ). Retrieved March 3, 2013.

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