Doberan Monastery
| Doberan Cistercian Abbey | |
|---|---|
 West facade of the minster |
|
| location |
Germany Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
| Coordinates: | 54 ° 6 '28 " N , 11 ° 54' 35" E |
| Serial number according to Janauschek |
413 |
| founding year | 1171 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1552 |
| Mother monastery | Amelungsborn Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Morimond Monastery |
|
Daughter monasteries |
Pelplin Monastery (1258) |
The monastery Doberan is a former Cistercian - Abbey in Bad Doberan that after the Christianization of Obodritenfürsten Pribislaw as a monastery in Mecklenburg was founded and later developed into a spiritual, political and economic center in the country. The monastery church, the Doberaner Münster , is one of the most important high-Gothic brick buildings in Europe. The monastery owned extensive property until the Reformation and was the burial place of the Principality of Mecklenburg.
history
Beginning in Althof
After the defeat by Henry the Lion in the Battle of Verchen in 1164, Prince Pribislaw submitted in 1167 and was baptized. One condition of the victor was the obligation to spread and consolidate the Christian faith in the country by building monasteries. So he had to allow the first Schwerin bishop Berno to found a monastery. This initiated the foundation of the first monastery in Mecklenburg by Cistercians from the Amelungsborn monastery in the Weserbergland. The establishment took place in Althof or also Alt Doberan, a village near the later Doberan. As a reform order and because of their economic successes, the Cistercians were predestined for the difficult task of building a spiritual and economic center in the midst of a non-Christian and thus hostile and inhospitable environment.
On March 1st, 1171 the monastery was occupied by twelve monks and the abbot Conrad. The number of brothers corresponded to the general monastic custom, which was also always observed by the Cistercians, and was the minimum number for the formation of a convent , which was to remind of the biblical apostles under the leadership of Christ. The monks were assisted in the founding of 25 lay brothers . Thanks to generous donations, the monastery soon owned considerable property. This reached from Rostock in the east to Kröpelin in the west and in the south partly to Satow .
Even in Althof, the monastery was used as a burial place for the Mecklenburg Princely House. In 1172 Woizlawa , Pribislav's wife, was buried there. The chapel still preserved today was probably built over this tomb in the 14th century.
After Pribislaw died on December 30, 1178 after an unfortunate fall during a tournament in Lüneburg , new wars and unrest broke out in the newly Christianized country. During this period, on November 10, 1179, the monastery was devastated and all 78 residents, including all monks, were killed.
In Althof, today a district of Bad Doberan, there are still remains of the old monastery barn. The monastery was resettled in Doberan in 1186.
Construction of the monastery church
On October 3, 1232, a Romanesque church was consecrated on the site of the monastery in the presence of high ecclesiastical and secular dignitaries . The consecration was carried out by Bishop Brunward of Schwerin in the presence of the papal legate, Bishop Baldwin of Semigallia. A monastery building was set on fire by lightning on May 30, 1291, the fire spread and also spread to the roof structure of the monastery church. This and the wooden ceiling were destroyed. A repair of the damage would certainly have been possible, but the importance and the financial means of the monastery were already in such a way that the monks decided on a representative new building. Construction began around 1295, under the abbot Johann von Dalen, with preserved parts of the Romanesque church being incorporated into the new structure. In 1296 the shell and roof of the Gothic church were completed, and in 1301 the first bronze bell was consecrated under Abbot Johann von Elbing. Nine years later the choir room was completed, the high altar as early as 1300. On June 4, 1368, the cathedral was consecrated by Bishop Friedrich II of Schwerin, assisted by Auxiliary Bishop Goswinus Grope and Abbots Engelhard von Amelungsborn and Gottschalk von Doberan. The monastery church was the most important royal burial place in the Middle Ages.
Importance of the monastery
Doberan has been a place of pilgrimage since the 13th century. The reason for this was the "Holy Blood" created by a miracle of the Host . This relic was kept in the high altar of the minster.
In the 14th century there were disputes between Saxon and Wendish conversations in the monastery , which broke out openly in 1336 and culminated in an escape by the Saxon monks to Rostock after the acts of violence committed by the Wendish lay brother Johann Kruse in 1337. Despite these difficulties, the monastery developed well and had its heyday in the 15th century. One reason for the economic success was u. a. the right, which has existed since 1218, to be able to settle craftsmen within the monastery. The monastery owned mills in Güstrow , Parchim , Malchin and Gnoien and salt pans in Lüneburg and Sülze . Several grangia , which were managed by lay brothers, ensured that the monastery was supplied with food and other agricultural products. Well known are goods in Alt Farpen near Blowatz or Hof Redentin near Krusenhagen , Kägsdorf near Bastorf also belonged to Doberan Monastery for a short time . The monastery also produced glass; it was the first documented production facility for glass in Mecklenburg before 1268. Even herring fishing with its own boats and trading by means of an associated merchant fleet was carried out.
In 1209, the Dargun monastery (founded shortly after the Doberan monastery and abandoned in the unrest after Pribislaw's death in 1179) was settled again from Doberan and in 1258 a branch monastery was founded in Pomerania, in what is now Pogódki near Kościerzyna (Berent) in Poland , which is moved to Pelplin in 1276 has been.
In terms of ecclesiastical politics, the monastery gained outstanding importance when, in 1402, the Doberan abbot John IV. Plate was given by Pope Boniface IX. received the right to use episcopal insignia. In 1430 Pope Martin V appointed Abbot Bernhard Witte as curator of the University of Rostock , which was founded in 1419.
Abbots of the monastery
Names and years indicate the verifiable mention as dept.
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secularization
The Reformation and the teachings of Martin Luther increasingly found supporters in Mecklenburg. The most important supporters of the new doctrine were the two Mecklenburg dukes Heinrich V and Albrecht VII. Albrecht VII, however, soon turned back to Catholicism, while his brother Heinrich V professed the new faith and joined the Torgau League in 1526 . The open conflict between the brothers led on May 7, 1520 to a division of Mecklenburg ( Neubrandenburg house contract ) into the parts Schwerin and Güstrow. Doberan Monastery now fell under the sovereignty of Schwerin, which Heinrich V was under. In 1521 Joachim Slueter was appointed to the Rostock University as a reformer for Mecklenburg . There was close contact to Wittenberg through Slüter. It was also Slüter who drove the Reformation in Mecklenburg further. The Doberaner monastery was still under the protection of the Duke, but at a 1552 by I. Johann Albrecht initiated general visitation was published a revised church order in which the secularization of the country's monasteries and the incorporation of their vested in the sovereign Domanium was regulated. This ended the monastic era in the Doberan monastery, which had only received confirmation of its privileges from Emperor Charles V in 1530 . On March 7, 1552 there was a comparison between the incumbent abbot Nikolaus Peperkorn and the duke. The abbot confirmed to the duke that he had handed over the monastery and the possessions "ganns freely, informally and undisturbed". The abbot and his fellow brothers who were still alive withdrew to the Pelplin daughter monastery . Presumably there was already a clearly visible decline of the monastery, which had to give up its spiritual supremacy to the newly founded University of Rostock as early as 1419. A ducal office was established in Doberan and the monastery and its property were taken over by the ducal captain Jürgen Rathenow. The relics were removed from the monastery church and the monastery complex was partially destroyed. Duke Ulrich von Mecklenburg-Güstrow was able to put a stop to this process and save the monastery church. The reason for his efforts was to keep the church as a burial place for the royal house. Soon afterwards, at the instigation of his wife, Duchess Elisabeth, a renovation of the monastery church began.
16th century until today
After the buildings of the monastery survived the secularization relatively unscathed, they were looted and damaged in the Thirty Years' War in 1637, and the monastery church was then used as a warehouse. At the end of the war, some monastery buildings were demolished and the bricks etc. a. used in palace construction in Güstrow . During the French occupation of Mecklenburg by Napoleon from 1806 to 1813, the remaining structures suffered further damage, and the monastery church was again used as a warehouse. Between 1883 and 1896 the church was restored under the direction of Gotthilf Ludwig Möckel and the interior design was standardized in contemporary neo-Gothic forms while retaining most of the medieval furnishings. A restoration that began in 1962 and was continued in the interior of the church in 1976 removed the neo-Gothic painting initiated by Möckel.
With the presentation of the park and the cloister garden, Doberan Monastery was the external location of the International Horticultural Exhibition 2003 (IGA 2003) in Rostock .
Buildings and facilities
Althof
The core of the chapel was probably built in the 14th century, probably over the grave of the wife of the first Christian Duke of Mecklenburg, Pribislaw. The single-nave, cross-vaulted brick building is supported on the outside by buttresses. The original condition was changed significantly by Möckel in 1886–1888. A tower was added and the gable facade was extensively renewed and changed. The round arch frieze , which can also be found on the cathedral in the area of the previous building, was already in place. There are brick ornaments in the floor. The altarpiece uses the crown of a confessional from the 14th century, which comes from the minster.
The monastery barn is a Gothic complex with a series of pointed arcades that were closed up to a height of one meter. The eastern arcades were closed later. Today only the outer wall is preserved.
Muenster
The Doberaner Münster was the monastery church of the monastery until the middle of the 16th century. Today it is the church of the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Bad Doberan in the Rostock provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany ( Northern Church ) and is one of the most important high Gothic brick buildings in the Baltic Sea region along the European Route of Brick Gothic .
Ossuary
The early Gothic ossuary to the north of the minster at the former monks' cemetery was built before 1250 to hold the bones of the monks, who were dug up again when other dead were reburied in the cemetery. Often found in Austria and southern Germany, it is an exception here in northern Germany. The building is an octagon , the walls are designed with glazed and unglazed bricks alternately. The round bars that decorate the octagon corners are stylistically reminiscent of the late Romanesque. A cloverleaf arch frieze was used as decoration, and there is a blend rosette above the door . The ossuary was restored by Möckel in 1877, but the lantern was removed during a later renovation.
Monastery wall
The circular wall surrounding the monastery is about 2.50 meters high, 1.4 kilometers long and mostly covered with the medieval roof tiles monk and nun . It was built between 1283 and 1290 and restored between 1963 and 1965. The surrounding wall of a monastery has seldom been preserved so uniformly over the centuries without additional buildings or a change in building material. Only the eastern gate was built later. One reason for the good state of preservation is believed to be the very hard stone limestone used, which occurs near Doberan. In the western area of the monastery, the gatehouse was built in the middle of the 13th century, but changed significantly in the 15th century.
Four gates give access to the monastery grounds and allow passage: The west gate, connected to the gatehouse and the former gate chapel , has a wider passage and a narrow passage. The south gate is designed in a similar way, only a decorative crown is missing here. The north gate in its current form is of a later date. The wide east access dates from 1795. Low arches in the wall allow the streams to flow through.
Farm buildings
The farm building was one of the most important structures in the monastery. It was built around 1280, was about 40 meters long and had a mighty gable roof . This building housed storage rooms, a malt house , a bakery and a distillery ( brewery ). A watermill worked in a western annex .
The wood that was processed into ceiling beams in the mill house was felled in 1283, as dendrochronological studies have shown. The mill building must have been built around this time or soon after. At the same time, two more mills in Rostock and Plau am See were verifiably acquired. The main building is laid out in a north-south direction, with three aisles with three floors inside and once three additional storage floors. The eastern nave was two-story, the western side was single-story and since the 19th century without a roof. The north and south gables of the main building are lavishly designed: Pointed and segmental arched windows with frame panels, clover leaf friezes at the foot of the gable structure and decorate the surfaces. The mill house connects to the west. Its gable is characterized by staggered pointed arches over a clover-leaf frieze. On the north and south walls of the mill house you can see the passages for the mill stream that once drove the mill wheel. It is brought in from the south in an artificially raised bed and is still guided through the building today. Since a fire on March 8, 1979, the building in the northern area, which was last used as a company restaurant, has been an open ruin. An emergency roof protects the southern area.
Kornhaus
The granary was built between 1270 and 1280 and served as a store for grain and other products that were kept in six stores. The eastern part was demolished in the 17th century and from 1840 the granary was used as a school. The brewery was built around 1290. It is a broad brick building with a screen gable, in which a clover-leaf arch frieze was also used. The granary was renovated in 2011. It is the seat of the Kornhaus eV association and offers cultural events and leisure activities for all age groups.
Wolf barn
In the years 1280 to 1290, a two-story brick building with large segmental arched windows measuring 11 meters in length and 31.8 meters in width was built in the northern part of the Doberan monastery grounds .
The wool barn is popularly known as the wolf barn . On the one hand, this could be traced back to the time it was used as a wool manufacture or "wool barn", on the other hand, the naming could also be related to Wolfsberg, which is not far away .
The original use is controversial: It is assumed that there was initially a storage room here, or that the building was used as accommodation for conversations employed in the monastery . It can also be used as a house to accommodate the sick. After the dissolution of the monastery, it was used as a factory for woolen goods with 24 looms in 1762 . After it was closed in 1767 because it was unprofitable, the building was used as a grain barn until the roof was covered in a storm around 1850 and the building was left to decay. Due to the resulting dilapidation, an application was made to demolish the wool barn in 1768, but this was rejected.
A large part of the north side wall and both side gables are still preserved today.
Gravesites
In the vicinity of today's road access to the eastern monastery wall, there are graves of high-ranking historical personalities of Mecklenburg state history. In addition to other graves, there is the double grave of Leopold Engelke Freiherr von Plessens , the Mecklenburg-Schwerin President of the Ministry (1836) and representative at the Congress of Vienna - at the side of his wife Sophie, née. von Campenhausen - as well as the grave of the head chef of the Grand Duke Gaetano Medini .
today
The monastery area, which is almost two square kilometers in size, is laid out very differently today. The northern area is a landscape park. It is characterized by streams, ponds and old trees. This park was designed as an English garden by Ludwigslust court gardener Johann Friedrich Schweer in 1793 .
The 1.4 kilometer long monastery wall is still well preserved today. To the south of the minster, the front part of the granary and the ruins of the farm building are preserved. The wolf barn north of the minster is now in ruins, the ossuary on the monks' cemetery is well preserved.
Of the Klausurbauten , the bedrooms, living and work spaces as well as the cloister of the cloister is not received left of the main entrance of the cathedral today more except a wall remaining.
The Association of Friends and Supporters of Doberan Monastery e. V. was founded in 1998 with the aim of “carrying out events, setting up and running a permanent exhibition, promoting the structural preservation and further restoration of the monastery complex, and influencing the further development of the monastery area in the sense of the Cistercians taking into account today's circumstances and to raise funds and funds for the realization of the association's projects. "
Numerous tourists visit the monastery complex and primarily visit the cathedral.
Literature and Sources
literature
- Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch : Sheets on the history of the church in Doberan. In: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology , Volume 9 (1844), pp. 408 ff. ( Digitized version )
- Ilka Minneker: From the monastery to the residence. Dynastic memoria and representation in late medieval and early modern Mecklenburg. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2007. ISBN 978-3-930454-78-5
- Heinrich Hesse († 1943): The history of Doberan-Heiligendamm. A home book with pictures. Section: The second foundation of the Doberan Monastery. 1186. 1939. Reprint: 2004. ISBN 978-3-938347-09-6 ( full text )
- Friedrich Compart: History of the Doberan Monastery up to 1300 Rostock 1872. Godewind Verlag , reprint 2004, ISBN 3-938347-07-4
- Günter Gloede: The Doberan Minster. History, building history, works of art. , Berlin 1960, 2nd edition 1965, 6th edition 1970.
- Ursula Creutz: Bibliography of the former monasteries and monasteries in the area of the diocese of Berlin, the episcopal office of Schwerin and adjacent areas. Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-7462-0163-2 , pp. 382-389.
- Edith Fründt: The Doberan Monastery. Recordings by Thomas Helms. Berlin 1987, 2nd edition 1989, ISBN 3-7954-5582-0
- Wolfgang Erdmann : Doberan Cistercian Abbey. Cult and art . Königstein im Taunus, Langewiesche 1995, ISBN 3-7845-0411-6 (with extensive bibliography).
- Annegret Laabs: Painting and sculpture in the Cistercian order. For image use between sacred ceremonies and donor memorials 1250–1430. Petersberg b. Fulda 2000, (Studies on the International History of Architecture and Art 8), ISBN 3-932526-55-4
- Sven Wichert: The Doberan Cistercian Monastery in the Middle Ages (= studies on the history, art and culture of the Cistercians . Volume 9 ). Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-931836-34-7 (dissertation University Rostock 1998, 287 pages, illustrations, cardboard, 21 cm).
- Johannes Voss, Jutta Brothers: The Minster of Bad Doberan. Munich Berlin 2008. ISBN 978-3-422-02048-1 , pp. 382-389.
- Stefan Thiele: The Cistercian monastery church in Doberan. Research and preservation of monuments at the "Doberaner Münster" in the 19th and 20th centuries (= contributions to the history of architecture and preservation of monuments in Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania , Volume 12). Thomas Helms Verlag 2016.
- Doberan Cistercian Monastery, The Christian Monument, No. 12
Printed sources
- Mecklenburg record book (MUB)
- Mecklenburg Yearbooks (MJB)
- Klaus Krüger: Grave slabs in Mecklenburg churches. Schwerin 1995, ISBN 3-910179-54-1
Web links
- Literature about Doberan Monastery in the State Bibliography MV
- Website of the Doberan Minster
- Website of the Association of Friends and Supporters of Doberan Monastery
- Christine Magin : Between the monastery and the world. The medieval tombstones of Doberan Monastery , 2012
Individual evidence
- ^ Ludwig Fromm: Berno . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 2, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875, pp. 467-469.
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 406.
- ↑ coming from Lower Saxony
- ↑ originating from the Wendish Hanseatic cities on the southern Baltic coast
- ↑ Friedrich Compart: history of the monastery Doberan by the year 1300. 1872 pp 117-137.
- ^ Sven Wichert: The Doberan Cistercian Monastery in the Middle Ages. 2000 pp. 247-248.
- ↑ Grave slab with Latin inscription “In the year of the Lord 1339 on the 14th day before the calendar of May (April 18th), Mr. Martin, 24th abbot in Doberan, died. Rest his soul in peace Amen rest his soul in peace. Amen. ”Received.
- ↑ Grave slab with Latin inscription “In the year of the Lord 1361 on the eighth day before the Ides of March (March 8th), Mr. Jacob, 25th abbot in Doberan, who praised this church for 22 years, died. Rest his soul in peace. Amen. ”Received
- ↑ Grave slab with Latin inscription "In the year of the Lord 1391, Mr. Gottschalk, 26th abbot in Doberan, died on the feast of St. Luke the Evangelist (October 18th), who led the abbey for 23 years, and then renounced its management of his own will. then eight more years faithfully and quietly serving God. Pray for him. ”Received.
- ↑ Grave slab with Latin inscription “In the year of the Lord 1389 on the day of the holy bishop Servatius (May 13th) the respected father Mr. Martin died 27 abbot of this church for five years with Martin, 27th abbot of this church for five years with Fear of God ruled the Doberan Abbey. ”Received
- ↑ Tomb slab with Latin inscription “In the year of the Lord 1420 on the sixth day before the Ides of May (May 10th), Mr. Johannes Plate, Iden of May (May 10th), Mr. Johannes Plate, 28th Abbot in Doberan, died. Pray. ”Received.
- ↑ Tomb slab received.
- ↑ Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal ; Grave slab preserved.
- ↑ Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal ; Grave slab preserved.
- ↑ Enrollment and doctorate for bachelor's degree in the Rostock matriculation portal
- ^ Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch: The last abbot of the Doberan monastery. In: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology , Volume 38 (1873), pp. 5–12 digitized
- ^ Website of the Kornhaus eV
- ^ City of Bad Doberan (ed.): Bad Doberan with the district Heiligendamm Urban renewal and urban development through the ages . City of Bad Doberan. 2002, p. 9.
- ↑ a b Information page of the city of Bad Doberan (sights on the monastery grounds). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 18, 2016 ; Retrieved July 19, 2016 .
- ↑ a b c d e Association of Friends and Patrons of the Bad Doberan Monastery: Press information ( Memento from July 19, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Association of Friends and Patrons of the Bad Doberan Monastery: Wolfsscheune. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 13, 2016 ; Retrieved July 19, 2016 .
- ↑ Johannes Voss. The Minster of Bad Doberan . German Art Publishing House Munich Berlin. 2008, p. 18.
- ^ Website of the Doberan Minster: building, restoration: monastery complex. Retrieved July 19, 2016 .
- ^ Website of the monastery association
