Leek (genus)

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leek
Flowering wild garlic (Allium ursinum)

Flowering wild garlic ( Allium ursinum )

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae)
Subfamily : Leek family (Allioideae)
Tribe : Allieae
Genre : leek
Scientific name of the  tribe
Allieae
Dumort.
Scientific name of the  genus
Allium
L.

The genus leek ( Allium ) forms the only plant genus of the tribe Allieae , which belongs to the subfamily of Allioideae within the family of Amaryllis plants (Amaryllidaceae). Some species are known edible and aromatic plants, other species are used as ornamental plants. Allicin is responsible for the characteristic smell of most species , which is formed when plant parts are damaged by an enzyme from a sulfur-containing amino acid, alliin .

description

Illustration of the keeled leek ( Allium carinatum )
Subgenus Allium Section Allium : Round Leek ( Allium rotundum )
Subgenus Allium Section Allium : Garlic ( Allium sativum )
Subgenus Allium Section Allium : Snake Leek ( Allium scorodoprasum )
Subgenus Allium Section Brevispatha : Allium lojaconoi
Subgenus Allium section Caerulea : lilac leek ( Allium caeruleum ), inflorescence
Subgenus Allium Section Codonoprasum : Keeled Leek ( Allium carinatum )
Subgenus Allium section Codonoprasum : inflorescence of Allium flavum with two bracts
Subgenus Allium Section Codonoprasum : Vegetable Leek ( Allium oleraceum )
Subgenus Amerallium Section Amerallium : inflorescence of Allium canadense with flowers and bulbous bulbs
Subgenus Amerallium Section Amerallium : Allium geyeri
Subgenus Amerallium section Arctoprasum : wild garlic ( Allium ursinum )
Subgenus Amerallium section Briseis : Wonder leek ( Allium paradoxum )
Subgenus Amerallium section Briseis : bell leek ( Allium triquetrum )
Subgenus Amerallium section Bromatorrhiza : hanging leek ( Allium pendulinum )
Subgenus Amerallium section Lophioprasum : inflorescence of Allium acuminatum from above
Subgenus Amerallium Section Lophioprasum : Population of Allium amplectens
Subgenus Amerallium section Lophioprasum : Inflorescence of Allium crispum with significantly different bloom cladding of the two circles
Subgenus Amerallium section Lophioprasum : inflorescence of Allium haematochiton
Subgenus Amerallium Section Molium : Gold Leek ( Allium moly )
Subgenus Amerallium Section Molium : Rose Leek ( Allium roseum )
Subgenus Amerallium section Molium : ciliate leek ( Allium subhirsutum )
Subgenus Amerallium section Narkissoprason : Allium Insubricum ( Allium insubricum )
Subgenus Anguinum Section Anguinum : mass population of the Allermannsharnisch ( Allium victorialis )
Subgenus Butomissa Section Butomissa : Garlic-Chives ( Allium tuberosum )
Subgenus Cepa Section Cepa : kitchen onion ( Allium cepa )
Subgenus Cepa Section Cepa : Winter onion ( Allium fistulosum )
Subgenus Cepa section Schoenoprasum : chives ( Allium schoenoprasum )
Subgenus Melanocrommyum Section Acanthoprasone : Allium akaka
Subgenus Melanocrommyum Section Compactoprason : Giant Leek ( Allium giganteum )
Subgenus Melanocrommyum section Kaloprason : Star ball leek ( Allium cristophii )
Subgenus Melanocrommyum section Megaloprason : inflorescence of Allium aflatunense
Subgenus Melanocrommyum Section Miniprason : habit and inflorescence of Allium karataviense
Subgenus Nectaroscordum Section Nectaroscordum : Sicilian honey leek ( Allium siculum )
Subgenus Polyprason section Daghestanica : inflorescence of Allium ericetorum with stamens protruding far above the white bracts
Subgenus Polyprason Section Oreiprason : inflorescence of Allium horvatii
Subgenus Rhizirideum Section Rhizirideum : inflorescence of the edged leek ( Allium angulosum )
Subgenus Rhizirideum Section Rhizirideum : Mountain Leek ( Allium lusitanicum )
Not assigned to a section: habit and inflorescence of Allium crenulatum

Vegetative characteristics

Allium species are perennial herbaceous plants that, depending on the species, have heights of growth of 5 to 200 centimeters. Often they form bulbs as persistence organs, some species also form rhizomes . Depending on the type, the onion casing can be smooth or divided into longitudinal fibers or strips, it can be reticulated or have mesh-like or hole-like structures. Most species have the typical onion smell.

The simple, parallel- veined leaves are mostly sessile. The leaf blades, which are 5 to 80 centimeters long, depending on the species, can be flat with a width of 0.3 to 15 centimeters or cylindrical with a diameter of less than 1 millimeter to over 2 centimeters, more rarely they are thread-shaped, triangular, semi-cylindrical or many thread-like Tip divided.

Generative characteristics

A more or less long, leafless inflorescence stem is formed. The umbellate inflorescences are sometimes almost spherical. Sometimes brood bulbs are formed in the inflorescences. There is often a large bract that protects the flowers when they are in bud.

The mostly hermaphrodite, mostly radial symmetry flowers are threefold. Few species form unisexual flowers and are then dioeciously separated ( dioecious ). The two by three bracts are identical in most species. The color of the bracts of the Allium species is often white, yellow, pink, blue, purple or red. There are two circles with three fertile stamens each. The three pistils have become a top permanent ovary grown.

There are fruit capsules formed. The black seeds are obovate to spherical.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Allium was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Synonyms for Allium L. are: Caloscordum Herb. , Cepa Mill. , Milula Prain , Nectaroscordum Lindl.

The monophyletic genus Allium is the only genus of the tribe Allieae that belongs to the subfamily of the Allioideae within the family of the Amaryllis plants (Amaryllidaceae).

The genus Allium is according to N. Friesen, RM Fritsch & FR Blattner 2006 in 15 and Li et al. 2010 divided into 13 sub-genres with a total of about 72 sections . It includes around 940 species. The largest number of species is found in the Mediterranean , the Orient and from Turkestan to Tibet .

Here is a selection of the types:

  • Subgenus Allium : There are 15 sections with about 305 species:
    • Section Allium (species selection):
      • Allium affine Ledeb. : The distribution area extends from Turkey to Lebanon and Iran .
      • Allium amethystinum exchange (Syn .: Allium stojanovii Kov. ): The distribution area is the central and eastern Mediterranean area .
      • Field garlic ( Allium ampeloprasum L. , Syn. Allium babingtonii Borrer , Allium scorodoprasum var. Babingtonii (Borrer) Regel , Allium kurrat Schweinf. Ex K. Krause ): The distribution area extends from Macaronesia to the Mediterranean and Central Asia . The cultivar groups also belong here:
        • Leek or leek ( Allium ampeloprasum leek group, Syn. Allium porrum L. , Allium ampeloprasum var. Porrum (L.) J.Gay )
        • Pearl onion ( Allium ampeloprasum pearl onion group, Syn. Allium porrum var. Sectivum Lueder )
      • Allium artemisietorum Eig & Feinbrun : The homeland ranges from Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula to Jordan .
      • Allium ascalonicum L. (Syn .: Allium hierochuntinum Boiss. ). This species hasnothing to dowith the shallot !
      • Black-violet leek ( Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. , Syn .: Allium ampeloprasum var. Atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel ): The distribution area extends from southern Central Europe to Central Asia.
      • Allium aucheri Boiss. (Syn .: Allium caerulescens Boiss. ): The homeland ranges from eastern Turkey to Iran.
      • Allium bourgeaui Rech.f. : The homeland stretches from southeastern Greece to southwestern Turkey.
      • Edible onion ( Allium cepa L. ): purely cultivated plant, wild populations are not known.
      • Allium commutatum cast. : It is common in the central and eastern Mediterranean .
      • Allium curtum Boiss. & Gaill. : The distribution area extends from southern Turkey to Egypt.
      • Allium dictyoprasum C.A.Mey. ex Kunth : The distribution area extends from eastern Turkey to northern Iran and northern Saudi Arabia.
      • Allium dilatatum Zahar. : She is endemic to Crete .
      • Allium ebusitanum Font Quer (Syn .: Allium durandoi (Batt. & Trab.) Seregin , Allium sphaerocephalon var. Durandoi Batt. & Trab. ): The homeland is Algeria, northern Tunisia and Ibiza .
      • Allium fuscoviolaceum Fomin : The range extends from eastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.
      • Allium gramineum K. Koch (Syn .: Allium fominianum Miscz. Ex Grossh. & Schischk. ): The distribution area extends from eastern Turkey to Transcaucasia.
      • Allium guttatum Steven (Syn .: Allium dalmaticum A.Kern. Ex Janch. , Allium margaritaceum Sm. , Allium sardoum Moris ): The range extends from the Mediterranean area to southern Ukraine.
      • Allium heldreichii Boiss. : The home is northern Greece.
      • Allium iranicum (Wendelbo) Wendelbo : Home is Iran and northern Iraq.
      • Allium jubatum J.F. Macbr. : The homeland is Bulgaria and northwestern Turkey.
      • Allium kharputense Freyn & Sint. : The home area ranges from Turkey to Lebanon and northern Iraq.
      • Allium leucanthum K. Koch : Home is Transcaucasia.
      • Allium macrochaetum Boiss. & Hausskn. : The homeland is Turkey, Syria, northern Iraq and northwestern Iran.
      • Allium melitense (Somm. & Caruana) Cif. & Giacom. (Syn .: Allium ampeloprasum var. Melitense Sommier & Caruana ex Borg. ): It is endemic to Malta .
      • Allium polyanthum Schult. & Schult. f. : It occurs in the western and central Mediterranean area.
      • Allium ponticum Miscz. ex Grossh. : It occurs from northeastern Turkey to Transcaucasia.
      • Allium pseudoampeloprasum Miscz. ex Grossh. : It occurs from eastern Turkey to Transcaucasia.
      • Allium pyrenaicum Costa & Vayr. : She is endemic to the Eastern Pyrenees.
      • Round leek ( Allium rotundum L. , Syn .: Allium jajlae Vved. , Allium cilicium Boiss. , Allium waldsteinii G.Don ): The distribution area extends from Central Europe to northwestern Iran.
      • Garlic ( Allium sativum L .; Syn .: Allium longicuspis rule ): The home is Central Asia to northeastern Iran.
      • Snake leek or wild leek ( Allium scorodoprasum L. ): The range extends from Europe to the Caucasus and Israel.
      • Ball-headed leek ( Allium sphaerocephalon L. , Syn .: Allium descendens L. ): This subheading includes five subspecies. The distribution area of ​​the species extends from Europe, the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean area to the Caucasus.
      • Allium truncatum (Feinbrun) Kollmann & Zohary (Syn .: Allium ampeloprasum var. Truncatum Feinbrun ): The home is the eastern Mediterranean area.
      • Allium tuncelianum (Kollmann) Özhatay et al. : The homeland is eastern Turkey.
      • Vineyard leek ( Allium vineale L. , Syn .: Allium kochii Lange , Allium vineale var. Purpureum H.PGKoch ): The range includes Europe and the Mediterranean area to northern Iran.
    • Section Avulsea F.O.Khass.
      • Allium rubellum M.Bieb. (Syn .: Allium albanum Grossh. ): The distribution area extends from Turkey to Central Asia.
      • Allium umbilicatum Boiss. : The range extends from Central Asia to western Pakistan.
    • Section Brevidentia F.O.Khass. et Iengalycheva
    • Brevispatha Valsecchi section
    • Section Caerulea (Omelcz.) FOKhass.
      • Lilac leek, blue ball leek ( Allium caeruleum Pall. , Syn .: Allium azureum Ledeb. , Allium viviparum Kar. & Kir. ): The distribution area extends from Eastern Europe to northwestern China.
      • Allium cesium Schrenk (Syn .: Allium urceolatum rule ): The range extends from Central Asia to northwestern China.
      • Allium delicatulum Siev. ex Schult. & Schult. f. : The distribution area extends from Eastern Europe to northwestern China.
    • Section Codonoprasum Reichenb.
      • Kiel leek or keeled leek ( Allium carinatum L. , Syn .: Allium pulchellum G.Don ): The species occurs in two subspecies from Europe to northern Turkey.
      • Allium chloranthum Boiss. : The home is southern Turkey.
      • Allium desertorum Forssk. : It occurs in Egypt, on the Sinai Peninsula and in Palestine.
      • Yellow leek or yellow leek ( Allium flavum L. , Syn .: Allium paczoskianum Tuzson ): It occurs in three subspecies and two varieties from southern and central Europe to western Turkey.
      • Allium kunthianum Vved. (Syn .: Allium lepidum Kunth ): The distribution area ranges from northeastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.
      • Allium melanantherum Pančić : The range includes Bulgaria, Macedonia, northern Greece and Serbia.
      • Cabbage leek or horse leek, vegetable leek ( Allium oleraceum L. ): The range extends from Europe to the Caucasus.
      • Allium pallens L. (Syn .: Allium coppoleri Tineo ): The distribution area extends from the Mediterranean region to Iran.
      • Allium paniculatum L. (Syn .: Allium karsianum Fomin ): It occurs in two subspecies from southern Europe to the Caucasus.
      • Allium parnassicum (Boiss.) Halacsy : The home is southern Greece.
      • Allium platakisii Tzanoud. & Kypr. : She is endemic to Crete.
      • Allium pseudoflavum Vved. : It occurs from Turkey to northern Iran.
      • Allium rupestre Steven (Syn .: Allium charaulicum Fomin ): It occurs from Bulgaria to the Crimea and from northern Turkey to the Caucasus.
      • Allium stamineum Boiss. : It occurs from Turkey to Iran and to Saudi Arabia.
    • Section Costulata F.O.Khass. & Yengal.
      • Allium filidens rule : It occurs in three subspecies from Central Asia to Pakistan.
      • Allium turcomanicum rule : It occurs from Central Asia to northeastern Iran and Afghanistan.
    • Section Crystallina F.O.Khass. & Iengalycheva
    • Section Eremoprasum (Kamelin) FOKhass. ex RMFritsch & N. Friesen
    • Section Kopetdagia F.O.Khass.
    • Section Longivaginata (camelina) FOKhass. ex RMFritsch & N. Friesen
    • Section Mediasia F.O.Khass., Yengalycheva & N. Friesen
    • Section Multicaulea F.O.Khass. & Iengalycheva
    • Section Pallasia (Tzag.) FOKhass. ex RMFritsch & N. Friesen
    • Section Spathulata F.O.Khass. & RMFritsch
  • Subgenus Anguinum (G.Don ex Koch) N. Friesen : There is only one section:
  • Subgenus Butomissa (Salisb.) N. Friesen : It contains two sections:
    • Section Austro Montana N.Friesen :
    • Section Butomissa (Salisb.) Kamelin :
      • Scented leek or Chinese leek ( Allium ramosum L., Syn .: Allium odorum L., Allium tataricum L. f. , Allium lancipetalum YPHsu, Allium potaninii rule , Allium soft anicum Palibin.)
      • Garlic-Chives ( Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.)
  • Subgenus Caloscordum (Herb.) RMFritsch : There is only one section:
  • Subgenus Microscordum (Maxim.) N. Friesen : There is only one section; it occurs only in East Asia:
  • Subgenus Nectaroscordum (Lindl.) Asch. et Graebn. : There is only one section:
    • Section Nectaroscordum (Lindl.) Gren. & Godr. :
      • Allium bulgaricum (Janka) Prodán (Syn .: Allium dioscoridis auct., Nectaroscordum bulgaricum Janka, Nectaroscordum siculum subsp. Bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn): Also called a subspecies subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K. Richt. to Allium siculum .
      • Sicilian honey leek ( Allium siculum Ucria, Syn .: Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl.)
  • Subgenus Porphyroprason (Ekberg) RMFritsch : There is only one section:
    • Section Porphyroprason Ekberg :
  • Subgenus Vvedenskya (camelina) RMFritsch : There is only one section:

use

The following frequently cultivated species are used as food: onions ( Allium cepa ), winter onions ( Allium fistulosum ), garlic ( Allium sativum ), shallots ( Allium ascalonicum ), chives ( Allium schoenoprasum ), leeks ( Allium ampeloprasum ). Wild garlic ( Allium ursinum ) and wonder garlic ( Allium paradoxum ) grow wild, but nowadays also often used in the kitchen .

The genus was chosen by the Association for the Preservation of Crop Diversity eV (VEN) as " Vegetable of the Year " 2013/2014 in Germany.

Many species and varieties of the genus Allium are used as ornamental plants . One example is the star ball leek ( Allium cristophii ).

Cultural history

The ancestors of the cultivated leek species are mostly native to inner Asia , but were spread as a coarse spice in the distant past. The Egyptians even regarded the leeks as sacred and consecrated and were therefore not touched by priests and pious people.

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literature

  • Dale W. McNeal Jr., TD Jacobsen: Allium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 224 ff . (English, online at efloras.org ). (Sections Description and Distribution).
  • Xu Jiemei, Rudolf V. Kamelin: Allium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 165–202 (English, online at efloras.org - http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF24/allium.pdf PDF file). (Sections Description and Distribution).
  • Nikolai Friesen, Reinhard M. Fritsch, Frank R. Blattner: Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, CW Hamilton, JM Porter, LM Prince, MG Simpson (eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution I. In: Aliso. Volume 22, 2006, pp. 372–395, (PDF file; 3.6 MB) (Systematic section: Classification into sub- genres and sections).
  • Reinhard M. Fritsch: New results on the taxonomy and evolution of Allium L. In: Reinhard M. Fritsch, K. Hammer (Hrsg.): Evolution and taxonomy of plant-genetic resources: Festschrift for Peter Hanelt. In: Writings on Genetic Resources. Volume 4, pp. 19-46. Information Center for Genetic Resources, Bonn 1996 (PDF file; 6.6 MB).
  • Jan Kusterer: New insights into sulfur chemistry and chemotaxonomy in species of the genus Allium. Dissertation from the Philipps University of Marburg, 2010, PDF file.
  • Nikolai Friesen: The genus Allium - taxonomic overview and scientific collection in the Botanical Garden of the University of Osnabrück , In: Osnabrücker Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. Volume 33/34, 2008, pp. 95-110, PDF file.
  • Kurt Heyer: The allium species as a medicine in the use of occidental medicine. In: Kyklos. Volume 1, 1928, pp. 64-102.
  • Qin-Qin Li, Song-Dong Zhou, Xing-Jin He, Yan Yu, Yu-Cheng Zhang, Xian-Qin Wei: Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 106, Issue 5, 2010, pp. 709-733. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcq177 , PMC 2958792 (free full text)
  • Siegmund Seybold : Flora of Germany and neighboring countries. A book for identifying vascular plants that grow wild and often cultivated . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 93rd completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2006, ISBN 3-494-01413-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 294, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D294%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  2. ^ A b c d Allium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Allium - data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Last accessed on September 22, 2016.
  4. ↑ Pablo Hirschegger, Jernej Jaške, Peter Trontelj, Borut Bohanec: Origins of Allium ampeloprasum horticultural groups and a molecular phylogeny of the section Allium (Allium; Alliaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 54, No. 2, 2010, pp. 488-497, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2009.08.030 .
  5. ^ Brian Mathew: A review of Allium sect. Allium . The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1996, ISBN 0-947643-93-1 .
  6. ↑ Nikolai Friesen 1996: A taxonomic and chorological revision of the section Schoenoprasum Dumort. (GenusAllium L.). Candollea. 51: 461-473.
  7. ↑ Nikolai Friesen 1996: p. 469
  8. ↑ Nikolai Friesen & FR Blattner 2000: RAPD Analysis Reveals Geographic Differentiation within Allium schoenoprasum L. (Alliceae). Plant Biology, 2000, Vol. 2/3, 297-305
  9. ↑ Reinhard M. Fritsch, Frank R. Blattner, Maia Gurushidze: New Classification of Allium L. subg. Melanocrommyum (Webb & Berthel.) Rouy (Alliaceae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Characters. In: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn. Volume 49, No. 2, 2010, ISSN  0079-2047 , pp. 145-220, abstract.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.verlag-berger.at  
  10. ↑ Maia Gurushidze, Reinhard M. Fritsch, Frank R. Blattner: Species level phylogeny of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum - incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and trnF gene duplication. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 3, 2010, pp. 829-840, abstract.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Nikolai Friesen, Reinhard M. Fritsch, Frank R. Blattner: Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of Allium (Alliaceae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, CW Hamilton, JM Porter, LM Prince, MG Simpson (eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution I. In: Aliso. Volume 22, 2006, pp. 372–395, (PDF file; 3.6 MB) ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / greif.uni-greifswald.de
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Qin-Qin Li, Song-Dong Zhou, Xing-Jin He, Yan Yu, Yu-Cheng Zhang, Xian-Qin Wei: Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China. In: Annals of Botany , Volume 106, Issue 5, 2010, pp. 709-733. doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcq177 , PMC 2958792 (free full text).
  13. ↑ AP Seregin, B. Anačkov, Nikolai Friesen: Molecular and morphological revision of the Allium saxatile Group (Amaryllidaceae): geographical isolation as the driving force of speciation underestimated. In: Botan. Jour. Linn. Soc. , Volume 178, 2015, pp. 67–101 (PDF)

Web links

Commons : Onion and Leek Species ( Allium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files