Chief Jew

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Oberjude is an anti-Semitic term used to designate prominent Jews or representatives of Jewish communities and organizations with an insulting , humiliating or defamatory intent. The expression is also used outside of the German-speaking area. In the plural use, it is usually related to an alleged Jewish conspiracy .

Exhibition "The Eternal Jew" in the Deutsches Museum , Munich, November 1937 (Photo: Federal Archives)

history

Jewish Estates Society in Bohemia in the 17th and 18th centuries

In her studies of the Jews in Bohemia in the 1940s and 1950s, the historian Ruth Kestenberg-Gladstein found that there were signs that in rural Bohemia in the 17th and 18th centuries, not only Christian, but also Jewish society was structured by class. This finding, obtained by examining data from a census of 1724, is in contrast to the general assumption that Jewish societies in Central and Eastern Europe had a social and economic structure, but no class structure. In the sources examined by Kestenberg, certain Jews who , in their opinion, belong to a higher class, are referred to as “Oberjude” or “Oberjude”. "Oberjüdin" referred to, others, whom she regards as their Jewish subjects , correspondingly as "Unterjuden".

Anti-Semitism in the 19th and early 20th centuries

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term "Oberjude" was used in the parlance of political anti-Semitism for prominent Jews such as the politicians Adolphe Crémieux and Walther Rathenau , the theater director Max Reinhardt and other Jewish or supposedly Jewish people who were in the public eye stood. The designation "Upper Jews" is also used as an expression of Christian hostility towards Jews , for example in an Easter Monday sermon from 1836, according to which the "high priests and elders" ( Mt 27.20  LUT ), who according to the Gospels are said to have induced the Jews to do so Calling for the crucifixion of Jesus to be called "chief Jews". At the beginning of the 1930s, the KPD also used the expression “Oberjuden” in a publication intended to address workers who sympathized with the NSDAP .

National Socialism

Ghettos in Eastern Europe
during the German occupation 1939–1944

Jewish councils

During the time of National Socialism , the term “Oberjude” was used in some of the ghettos and associated forced labor camps established in German-occupied areas in Eastern Europe , particularly in the Soviet Union .

In American dictionaries on National Socialism, “Oberjude” (English “Head Jew”, “Head of the Jews”) is defined as “a term for a chairman of a so-called 'Jewish' or 'Council of Elders' ”. The Israeli historian Dan Michman lists “Oberjude” next to “Obmann” as one of the numerous designations that were used for the various bodies imposed on Jews by the Germans during the time of National Socialism, for which the term “Jewish Councils” has become common without going into the term. Martin Gilbert traces the term “Oberjude” back to a term used in the Middle Ages for Jews who were appointed by princes and who acted as liaisons to the prince's court, but gives no sources for his assumption.

According to the testimonies of survivors, the title “Oberjude” was used for an individual representative of the Jewish community before the establishment or after the dissolution of a multi-member committee, usually called the “elder” or “Judenrat”, instead of the more common “elder” or “Jewish elder” . Historians often use the latter, less humiliating terms for Jews, where contemporary witnesses speak of functionaries designated as "Oberjuden".

Ghetto Kovno

The best documented example of the appointment of a representative of the Jewish community known as “Oberjude” is that of the doctor Elkhanan Elkes for Kauen Kauen ( Lithuanian Kaunas , German Kauen) in Lithuania . The election of Elkes as "Chief Jew" is described by two contemporary witnesses, Leib Garfunkel , a member of the council of elders of the Kovno ghetto, and Avraham Tory (formerly Avraham Galub), the secretary of the council of elders at the time. Elkes was elected by around thirty representatives of the Jews from Kovno on August 4th (Tory) or 5th (Garfunkel) August 1941 at the behest of the SA Obersturmführer Fritz Jordan, who was responsible for the ghetto . Garfunkels description of the election makes clear the humiliation inherent in the designation "Oberjude", intended by the National Socialists and felt by the Jews:

"In the first days of August Kaminsky [Mikas Kaminskas from the Lithuanian city administration] informed the Jewish committee that the ghetto [...] would be headed by a 'council of elders' to be elected by the Jews themselves, but that they would first be a 'chief Jew' ( Head of the Jews ) would have to vote. […] It was not easy to find a suitable candidate for this extraordinary post. […] Although it was clear to everyone from the start that the elected was only 'Oberjude', i.e. H. would be the insignificant representative of the 'cursed Jews' - in the language of the Germans - it was also clear to everyone that everything had to be done to elect someone who, in the eyes of the Germans, had a certain authority. [...] After a long discussion, Dr. Z. Wolf, the chairman, Dr. E. Elkes, a loyal Zionist Jew and well-known doctor, as a candidate. The proposal was immediately enthusiastically approved by everyone present, but Dr. Elkes refused to accept the appointment. […] Then Rabbi Schmukler got up and gave a speech […] that moved everyone deeply. 'How terrible is our situation […] that we have to thank the honored Dr. Elkes cannot offer the honorable position of chairman of the Jewish community of Kovno, but only the shameful and humiliating position of a 'chief Jew' who has to represent us before the Germans. But please understand, dear and honored Dr. Elkes, that you will only be the 'chief Jew' for the Nazi murderers, in our eyes you will be the head of our community, elected in our most tragic hour when our blood flows and the sword of the murderer hangs over our heads. It is your destiny to accomplish tasks of unprecedented difficulty, but at the same time it is a great privilege and an act of humanity, and you have no right to evade your obligation. '"

Kovno Judenrat, 1943
Elkhanan Elkes (center)

Elkes accepted the office and was then also in front of the multi-member "Council of Elders" until its dissolution on April 4, 1944, and was then again appointed "Chief Jew". When the Red Army approached, the Jews who had remained in the ghetto, which had been converted into a concentration camp since November 1943, were " deported " in early July 1944 . Elkhanan Elkes, who had remained in the ghetto until the end, was taken with the other men to the Dachau-Landsberg concentration camp and died there on October 17, 1944.

Baranowicze ghetto

The head of the last used "Judenrat" the ghetto Baranovicze (the fall of 1942 Belarusian Baranovichi ), today in Belarus , Mendel Goldberg, was after the "Judenrat" dissolved and most of the Jews murdered in the ghetto of Baranovichi and his labor camp in the area had been appointed by the Germans as "Oberjuden" of the still existing labor camp. Goldberg, a metal worker from Suwałki in Poland who spoke good German, had only accepted the post of chairman of the “Judenrat” at the insistence of his colleagues. On November 1, 1943, when the last 100 to 125 workers were to be "liquidated", they put up a fight. About 40 of them managed to escape, while the rest, including Mendel Goldberg, were killed.

Riga ghetto
Original description:
Riga, February 1944, gallows in the Riga ghetto, task force Reichsleiter Rosenberg for the occupied territories - main working group Ostland ( Federal Archives)

In their memoirs, individual contemporary witnesses refer to the head of the "Council of Elders" of the Jews from Cologne and later head of the totality of German Jews Max Leiser in the so-called "Reichsjudenghetto" of the Riga ghetto in Latvia as "Oberjuden", while in literature he is generally "ghetto elder" is called.

Lvov ghetto

In the ghetto of Lwow ( Ukrainian Lwiw , German Lemberg), now in the Ukraine , which had been reduced to a so-called "Julag" ("Jewish camp") , the Germans, after the members of the "Judenrat" were murdered in February 1943, set one or according to the testimony of Eliyahu Yones, several "chief Jews" at the head of the labor companies, which together with the commanders of the Jewish "ghetto police" formed a kind of "Judenrat" which, completely powerless, had to implement the orders of the Germans. The labor camp subordinated to the SS was "liquidated" in June 1943 and all Jews remaining in it were killed.

Forced labor camp

The term “Oberjude” was also used in individual forced labor camps outside the actual ghettos. According to the statements of survivors, Jewish prisoners who were assigned to lead groups of forced laborers were sometimes referred to as “chief Jews”.

Riga Imperial Forest

In his memoirs, Max Kaufmann reports that “Oberjuden” were appointed in the sub-camps of the Riga-Kaiserwald concentration camp , for example in the “Lenta” camp, which was headed by SS-Untersturmführer Fritz Scherwitz , and the tailor Boris Rudow , who was “Aryanized” by Scherwitz. , was replaced by a certain Schönberger (or Scheinberger); Kaufmann names a former owner of a wood processing factory named Benjamin Blumberg and his successor Sascha Rubinstein for the "Heereskraftpark" camp. The designation "Oberjude" for Lew Arnow and Boris Rudow is also otherwise occupied.

Daugavpils
Murder of Jews from Liepāja on the beach of Šķēde, photo of SS-Oberscharführer Sobeck or Strott, December 1941; obtained thanks to film copies hidden in the ghetto by David Zivcon

Sidney Iwens (formerly Schaike Iwensky) from Jonava in Lithuania mentions in his diary the term "Oberjude" for the "elder" Jascha Magid in one of the labor camps of the Daugavpils ghetto ( Russian Dwinsk, German Dünaburg) in Latvia.

Liepāja

Michael and Hilda Skutletski, who were able to escape from the Liepāja ghetto (German Libau) in Latvia, use the designation "Oberjude" for David Zivcon, who was an electrician who performed forced labor for the security service SD . It is thanks to Zivcon, who survived, that the photographs of the murder of the Jews from Liepāja by " Einsatzgruppen " and " Latvian Auxiliary Police " on the beach of Šķēde near Liepāja, taken by SS Oberscharführer Sobeck and Karl Emil Strott (1903– 1989) have been preserved.

Lwow-Janowska

In his memoirs, the doctor Samuel Drix refers to the Polish Jews who were deployed in the Lemberg-Janowska forced labor camp by the deputy of the camp commandant SS-Untersturmführer Richard Rokita as "Oberjuden". This term is also used by the historian Thomas Sandkühler . Eliyahu Yones describes a function of the "upper Jews" of the Jewish workers of the " German Equipment Works DAW " who were in the barracks in the Janowska camp separated from the main camp by a barbed wire fence:

“Thousands of young Jewish men and women worked there. Every morning at five o'clock they left the ghetto in columns - led by the 'Oberjuden' - and returned to the ghetto at five in the same formation. "

Usage today

Today, the term “Oberjude” is used by old and neo-Nazis , right-wing extremists and anti-Semites, primarily for representatives of the Jewish communities and organizations, but also for Jews who are supposed or actually had influence. The chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany , Ignatz Bubis , who died in 1999, was particularly often insulted as "Oberjude". The letter from the mayor of the small town of Senheim an der Mosel , Franz-Dieter Schlagkamp, ​​a member of the CDU , the Bubis, whom he called "Oberjuden", wrote on official letterhead in January 1993, among other things, that he was happy, that there are no Jews in his village who disturb the village peace, and that he prayed to God that he would never have such fellow citizens and that he would understand if “you think differently against the Jews again.” Schlagkamp had to, after “ the Tageszeitung “had reported on the letter, resigned from his position, which was also noted in the world press. When asked what was new about this type of anti-Semitism in an interview with Spiegel in 1992, Bubis replied, “The only new thing is that the letters are now written with the sender. Anti-Semitism is acceptable again. You can do it again. ”Almost ten years later,“ Der Spiegel ”headlined:“ The ugly German shows his face. After the Möllemann debate, more and more Germans stand by their image of the enemy: Previously anonymous threats and abuse against Jews are now more and more often drawn with full names. "

Frankfurt am Main : Obermainbrücke; in 2000 renamed " Ignatz-Bubis-Brücke "

The term “Oberjude” is often used in Internet forums . The right-wing extremist fanzine "Proissenpower" from Cottbus , which in the same issue also spread Holocaust denial , anti-Semitic attacks (" Jewish jokes ") and threats against those who left the scene, wrote on the title page about Ignatz Bubis' death :

"On Friday, August 13th, 1999 (because of the unlucky day), Chief Jew Ignatz Bubis, chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, followed his 6 million conspecifics to hell."

The death of Bubis' successor Paul Spiegel in 2006 was celebrated by the extreme right as death of the "upper Jews," just like two years earlier in Switzerland that of Sigi Feigel , the longtime president and honorary president of the Jewish Cultusgemeinde Zurich .

Outside the German-speaking area, the expression “Oberjude” is used defamatory for Jews named or for personalities from the media, politics and business who are designated as Jews; in addition, so-called “upper Jews” are depicted as world rulers or conspirators striving for world domination. Known in the USA for this was Hans Schmidt , who died in May 2010 , a German-American, formerly a member of the Hitler Youth and the Waffen SS , who emigrated from Germany to the USA after the Second World War and who remained true to his old beliefs as an American citizen . The expression "Oberjuden" appears repeatedly in his publications. For the "anti-Semitic agitating" declared Nazi and Holocaust denier Schmidt, there was no doubt that both the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany are run by "Upper Jews". The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 have in New York, he condemned, but praised the courage of those who perpetrated and, as he wrote, at the sacrifice of their own lives, the center of which allegedly lead the world economy, "Upper Jews" destroyed and was astonished that among the fatalities there were relatively few with “Jewish names”, although it was, in his opinion, undisputed that Jews were predominantly represented in the area of financial services .

literature

  • Yitzhak Arad : The Holocaust in the Soviet Union . University of Nebraska Press et al. a., Lincoln et al. a. NE 2009, ISBN 978-0-8032-2059-1 ( Comprehensive History of the Holocaust ), (English).
  • Stephen E. Atkins: Holocaust Denial as an International Movement . Praeger Publishers, Westport CT et al. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-313-34538-8 (English).
  • Werner Bergmann : History of Anti-Semitism . 3rd revised edition. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-47987-1 ( Beck'sche series 2187 CH Beck Wissen ).
  • Abraham J. Edelheit, Hershel Edelheit: History of the Holocaust. A Handbook and Dictionary . Westview Press, Boulder CO, et al. a. 1994, ISBN 0-8133-2240-5 (English)
  • Meir Grubsztein, Moshe M. Kohn u. a. (Ed.): Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust . Proceedings of the Conference on Manifestations of Jewish Resistance, Jerusalem, April 7-11, 1968. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1971 (English and French).
  • Israel Gutman , Cynthia J. Haft (Ed.): Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe, 1933–1945 . Proceedings of the third Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem, April 4-7, 1977. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1979 (English).
  • Detlef Junker (Ed.): The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990 . Volume 2: 1968-1990 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-83420-1 ( Publications of the German Historical Institute, Washington DC ), (English).
  • Robert Michael, Karin Doerr: Nazi German. An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich . = Nazi German . Greenwood Press, Westport CT et al. a. 2002, ISBN 0-313-32106-X (English).
  • Isaiah Trunk : Judenrat. The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation . New edition. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln NE 1996, ISBN 0-8032-9428-X (English).

Web links

  • ghettos

Ghettos The Alabama Gulf Coast Holocaust Library (English)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ruth Kestenberg-Gladstein: Differences of Estates within Pre-Emancipation Jewry . Journal of Jewish Studies, 1954, Volume 5, Issue 4, pages 156-166, especially pp. 156f. Online and 1955, Volume 6, Issue 1, pages 35-49, especially pp. 45ff. Online (English). Retrieved November 25, 2010
  2. ↑ Hermann Ahlwardt : Jews shotguns, II part. ; Verlag der Druckerei Glöß, Dresden 1892 Extracts  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . This is also the case in the Reichsminister Alfred Rosenberg's dissertation, Der Jüdische Ritualmord, which is available on the Internet . A historical investigation . ( Memento of the original from November 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 2.4 MB) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Dr. phil. Hellmut Schramm from 1941, pp. 46, 57, 60, 174. Retrieved May 18, 2010@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / antisemiten-im-reichstag.netfirms.com   @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uuurgh.net
  3. ↑ Hubert Kiesewetter: From Hegel to Hitler. The political realization of a totalitarian power state theory in Germany (1815-1945) . 2nd edition. Lang, Frankfurt a. M./Bern 1995, p. 202 ISBN 3-631-49239-1
  4. ↑ Robert Kriechbaumer: The taste of transience. Jewish summer retreat in Salzburg ; Böhlau, Vienna 2002, pp. 255f. ISBN 3-205-99455-8 . Excerpts online. Retrieved May 18, 2010
  5. ↑ Johann Karl Müglich: Dr. Possibly a small postil for the whole church year . Volume 1. Verlag Pierer, Altenburg 1838, p. 192, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  6. ^ Hans-Helmuth Knütter : The left parties . In: Werner Eugen Mosse, Arnold Paucker (Ed.): Decision year 1932. On the Jewish question in the final phase of the Weimar Republic. An anthology . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1966, p. 330, books.google.ch
  7. ↑ Abraham J. Edelheit & Hershel Edelheit: History of the Holocaust. A Handbook and Dictionary . Westview Press, Boulder CO 1994, p. 349, ISBN 0-8133-2240-5 , Robert Michael and Karin Doerr: Nazi-Deutsch, Nazi-German. An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich ; Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. 2002, p. 300 ISBN 0-313-32106-X (English)
  8. ↑ Dan Michman: reevaluating the Emergence, Function, and the form of the Jewish Councils Phenomenon . ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Ghettos 1939–1945. New Research and Perspectives on Definition, Daily Life, and Survival. Symposium Presentations. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies 2005 (English). Retrieved May 18, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ushmm.org
  9. ^ Martin Gilbert: Introduction . In: Avraham Tory, Martín Gilbert, Dina Porat , Jerzy Michalowicz: Surviving the Holocaust. The Kovno Ghetto diary ; Harvard University Press, 1990, p. XIV, note 3. ISBN 0-674-85811-5 (English)
  10. ↑ Yitzhak Arad: The Lithuanian Ghettos of Kovno and Vilna vs. Abraham Turi (Avraham Tory): Debate . In: Israel Gutman, Cynthia J. Haft (Ed.): Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe, 1933-1945 . Proceedings of the third Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem, April 4-7, 1977; Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1979, pp. 97ff. vs. P. 181f. (English)
  11. ↑ The names of the localities and ghettos are used - in German spelling - as in the sources.
  12. ↑ Leib Garfunkel: Kovna ha-Yehudit be-Hurbana ("The Destruction of Jewish Kovno") , Jerusalem 1959, p. 47f., Translated from English to the online version: Yad Vashem : Shoah Resource Center: The Election of Elkes as Head of the Judenrat in Kovno (PDF; 37 kB), accessed on May 18, 2010, printed in: Yitzhak Arad, Israel Gutman, Abraham Margaliot (ed.): Documents on the Holocaust. Selected sources on the destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union ; University of Nebraska Press 1999, pp. 384ff. ISBN 0-8032-1050-7
  13. ↑ Jürgen Matthäus: Kauen (Kaunas) - main camp . In: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 8: Riga, Warsaw, Vaivara, Kaunas, Płaszów, Kulmhof / Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibór, Treblinka. CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57237-1 , pp. 201f.
  14. ^ Yehuda Bauer: Jewish Baranowicze in the Holocaust (English). Retrieved May 18, 2010
  15. ^ Ruth Foster: Living Memory of the Jewish Community. Interviewed by Patricia R. Mendelson (PDF) British Library: Oral history; Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. Archival Sound Recordings (English); Memories from Hilde Sherman-Zander. Retrieved May 18, 2010
  16. ^ Gertrude Schneider : Journey into Terror. Story of the Riga Ghetto ; Greenwood Publishing Group 2001, ISBN 0-275-97050-7 , pp. 12ff. (English); Bernhard Press: The murder of the Jews in Latvia 1941-1945 ; Northwestern University Press 2000. ISBN 0-8101-1729-0 , p. 131. (German edition under the title Judenmord in Lettland 1941–1945 , 2nd edition Metropol, Berlin 1995. ISBN 3-926893-13-3 .)
  17. ^ Yitzhak Arad: The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Comprehensive history of the Holocaust . University of Nebraska Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8032-2059-6 , p. 281, books.google.ch (English)
  18. ↑ Eliyahu Yones : Smoke in the Sand. The Jews of Lvov in the War Years, 1939-1944 ; Gefen, Jerusalem 2004, ISBN 965-229-308-3 , pp. 141f. (English)
  19. ↑ Eliyahu Yones: Smoke in the Sand. The Jews of Lvov in the War Years, 1939-1944 , p. 259.
  20. ↑ Max Kaufmann: Churbn Latvia. The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia . ( Memento of July 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Munich 1947. English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins, p. 133 and 137, online p. 136 and 140. (PDF; 132 MB) Retrieved on May 18, 2010
  21. ↑ Anita Kugler : Scherwitz . The Jewish SS officer . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2004 ISBN 3-462-03314-X , pp. 24, 178, 182
  22. ↑ Image description Yad Vashem (English). Retrieved May 18, 2010
  23. ↑ Sidney Iwens: How Dark the Heavens. 1400 Days in the Grip of Nazi Terror . Shengold, New York 1998, ISBN 0-88400-147-4 , p. 100, books.google.ch (English).
  24. ^ The story of Michael and Hilda Skutletski, who were hidden by Sedul. Reported by Melech Neistat, July 1981, Yad Vashem, The Righteous Among the Nations. Retrieved May 18, 2010
  25. ↑ The visual evidence of the murder of the Jews of Liepaja , Yad Vashem, The Righteous Among the Nations and selection photos . Retrieved May 18, 2010
  26. ^ Samuel Drix: Witness to annihilation. Surviving the Holocaust. A memoir ; Brassey's, Mc Lean, Virginia 1994, ISBN 0-02-881087-2 , p. 82 (English)
  27. ^ Thomas Sandkühler: The Lemberg-Janowska Forced Labor Camp 1941-1944 . In: Ulrich Herbert , Karin Orth , Christoph Dieckmann (eds.): The National Socialist Concentration Camps. Development and Structure , Volume 1, Wallstein, Göttingen 1998, p. 623 ISBN 3-89244-289-4
  28. ↑ Eliyahu Yones: Smoke in the Sand. The Jews of Lvov in the War Years, 1939-1944 . P. 149, translated from English
  29. ↑ Michaela Schießl: The youngster of the Jews of Germany. Ignatz Bubis, Chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany: A self-made man with charm, energy and ambitions . In: taz , January 21, 1993. German Mayor Resigns . In: The Washington Post , January 27, 1993. Un alcalde alemán dimite al conocerse su actitud antisemita . In: El País , January 28, 1993 (Spanish). Retrieved May 22, 2010. Sander L. Gilman , Karen Remmler: Reemerging Jewish culture in Germany. Life and literature since 1989 ; NYU Press 1994, ISBN 0-8147-3065-5 , p. 115 (English)
  30. ↑ K. Andresen, G. Spörl: Anti-Semitism is socially acceptable . In: Der Spiegel . No. 51 , 1992 ( online - SPIEGEL conversation with the chairman of the Central Council of Jews, Ignatz Bubis, about right-wing radicalism).
  31. ↑ Caroline Schmidt: Anti-Semitism. The ugly German shows his face . Spiegel Online , July 5, 2002; Retrieved May 18, 2010
  32. ↑ Quoted from the constitution protection report of the state of Brandenburg 1999 . (PDF) Ministry of the Interior of Brandenburg, p. 27. Retrieved on August 25, 2014.
  33. ↑ Michael Klarmann: Irony of Fate. The right-wing extremist scene celebrates the death of Paul Spiegel . telepolis , May 3, 2006; Retrieved May 18, 2010
  34. ↑ Hans Stutz: Brown tasteless things . ( Memento of the original from December 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. WOZ The weekly newspaper , September 2, 2004; Retrieved May 18, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.antifa.ch
  35. ↑ Constitutional Protection Report 1996 Lower Saxony (PDF)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior, p. 40; Retrieved May 21, 2010@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / cdl.niedersachsen.de  
  36. ↑ Jeffrey Kaplan, Leonard Weinberg: The emergence of a Euro-American radical right . Rutgers University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8135-2564-0 , p. 78 ff. Excerpts (English). Retrieved May 19, 2010
  37. ↑ GANPAC letter: The attacks against the Tower of Babel . Florida-based anti-Semitic newsletter, published by Hans Schmidt, November 2001 ( Memento of the original from April 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. under: Miscellaneous Hate Groups / Anti-Semitic Groups . Anti-Defamation League , December 11, 2001. Retrieved May 19, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.adl.org