Schildhornsage

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The Schildhorn legend (often referred to as the "Schildhorn legend") is about the Slav prince Jaxa von Köpenick , who is said to have fled from Albrecht the Bear through the Havel in 1157 in the founding year of the Mark Brandenburg . When Jaxa threatened to drown, he called on the hated "Christian God" in his need and, in gratitude for his salvation, hung his shield and horn on a tree and professed Christianity . Since then, the headland on which he rescued has been called Schildhorn . The Schildhorn has belonged to Berlin since 1920 . In the legend , the founding myth of the Mark Brandenburg, the transition from Slavic to German rule , is symbolically reflected .

In its original oral tradition and in its first writings, the folk tale did not revolve around Jaxa, nor did it contain the conversion aspect, nor did it play on the shield horn. These contents were gradually incorporated into the presentation in the first half of the 19th century. The name Schildhorn is also mentioned in a document as early as 1590 and is very likely based on a Slavic water body name. Nevertheless, even in the 21st century, many representations and information boards on site trace the naming of the Schildhorn back to the legend and thus turn this part of the legend into a modern historical myth .

The Schildhorn or Jaxa version of the legend, which has been in use since around 1850, found its artistic expression in numerous poems and paintings as well as in the shield horn monument on the tip of the headland. The column, also known as the Schildhorn Cross , is based on the pencil sketches of Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia and was erected in 1845 based on designs by Friedrich August Stüler .

Jaczo von Köpenick on the run through the Havel . Woodcut by O. Vogel after a drawing by Adolph Menzel , 1868

The Schildhorn - location and etymology

see main article: Schildhorn

The Schildhorn headland is located in the Grunewald landscape protection area in the Berlin district of the same name, Grunewald, in the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district on the east bank of the Havel .

View over the Jürgenlanke to the Schildhorn

With a forest playground on the peninsula, the responsible Berlin Senate Administration connects a concept that aims to encourage children to “dive into the world of Jaczo”. The information board at the playground contains the widespread misinformation about naming: "Prince Jaczo hung his shield and his horn on a tree here, and thus gave the shield horn its current name". The information boards on the Havelhöhenweg , which includes the peninsula, also contain this information.

The Schildhorn legend suggests that the name Schildhorn goes back to them and some representations and poems expressly emphasize this naming, but this derivation is not proven. Rather, the part of the name “shield” is etymologically based on the translation of a Slavic word and the term horn goes back to the Middle Low German geographical name for headland or promontory. The names of almost all of the larger bank projections on the Havel lakes end with "-horn", for example Kuhhorn, Breitehorn or Weinmeisterhorn. In addition, the peninsula was first mentioned in writing under the name Schildhorn in the Spandau hereditary register from 1590 - long before the legend got its well-known Schildhorn shape. The field name Schildhorn, which has been around for a long time , does not go back to the legend, but was, according to Pappenheim, an " etiological explanation" that only emerged from the interpretation of the name.

The shield horn legend

content

Jaxa fleeing from Albrecht the Bear , detail in relief from the Jaczo tower
Slavic areas around 1150, Schildhorn and Jaczo Gorge

The most popular version of the legend since around 1850 summarized, among others, Theodor Fontane in the walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Then Jaxa von Köpenick swam through the Havel while fleeing from Albrecht the Bear and two other riders, which in this area widens into one of the Havel lakes. Exhausted from the flight, Jaxa's horse threatened to sink into the water. When the Slav god Triglaw did not answer his plea for salvation, he held his shield high over his head and called on the hated Christian god in his need. Then it seemed to him as if a hand took hold of the raised shield and held it with sure force over the water, new strength also flowed through the sinking horse - the bank at Schildhorn was reached. There he swore allegiance to the Christian God and hung his shield on an oak tree out of gratitude. Theodor Fontane literally: “But he left his shield, which the finger of God touches, to the place where the miracle took place. The shield of the heathen had become for him a shield of faith. "

Historical background and core of the legend

The historical background of the shield horn legend is the last battles between Slavs and Germans in 1157. After the expulsion of the Slav prince Jaxa von Köpenick (also Jacza de Copnic , Jaczo or Jaxa ) from Brandenburg Castle , the Ascan Albrecht the Bear founded the Brandenburg region and the German settlement of the Mark initiated. With their victory, the Askanians moved the eastern border to the Havel / Nuthe line and prepared the transition to the Teltow .

The core of the folk tale was that a knight is said to have saved himself on his escape through the Havel. There is no evidence of this from the time when the Mark Brandenburg was founded. In the oral tradition, this alleged occurrence received the most diverse embellishments and variations with regard to time, place and person. According to Wilhelm Schwartz, the legend is said to have been told in Pichelsdorf and other villages along the Havel as well as in Lietzow as a “partly contradicting folk tradition”.

In some oral traditions, completely different historical references existed with the Thirty Years War or with the French era . Sometimes it was said that the Great Elector , sometimes the old Fritz was the person saved. The founding time of the mark remained in the most common versions the background of the saga and with regard to the person, the writings concentrated on two Slavic princes from the 12th century.

Genesis and Development

In the first records, it was not Jaxa, but the Slav prince Pribislaw , who is also referred to as king in the sources, at the center of the action. Pribislaw had been allied with Albrecht the Bear since 1130 at the latest and died in 1157. This is why these representations generally refer to the time of the “wars of religion at that time”. Different representations also exist with regard to the starting point of the escape. A Pribislaw version names Caputh and not Spandau as the starting point. The points at which Jaxa entered the water include various places on the banks of the Havel, including Sacrow , Pichelswerder and finally the Jaczo Gorge in Wilhelmstadt , where the small Jaczo tower from 1914 commemorates the escape. The conversion Jaxas let this happen all the writers on Schildhorn, only Wilhelm Grothe moved the conversion in his account from 1864 to Müggelberge .

Oldest writing and Pribislaw variant

The first known writing of the legend by Jacob Paul von Gundling in 1730

In the narrative research on the legend, the studies by Martin Friedrich Rabe from 1856 play a central role. According to Rabe, the oldest version of the saga does not mention a name, but “only the last Slavic ruler over Brandenburg”, and Rabe concludes: “This probably does not mean Jaczo, but only Pribislaw.” Which version Rabe refers to is not known known. The oldest written version of the folk tale in historical studies is Jacob Paul von Gundling's account from 1730, which already names Pribislaw and does not yet contain any reference to the Schildhorn and Christianization: “One has news that it is not far from Potsdam between Marggraf Albrechte and King Prebislaus came to the meeting […] where the Wendish King Prebislaus escaped through the Havel. "

The very probably first detailed account of the legend can be found in 1823 in the discussion by high school professor Valentin Heinrich Schmidt about the conquest of the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Schmidt added the Christianization aspect and the shield horn, but let the Wendenkönig only put the shield and not the horn on the headland: “The enemies pursued him and he now took the vow to profess Christianity when he crossed the flood would save because his gods had forsaken him. [...] Here he thanked the God of Christians for his salvation and placed his shield on the headland, which still today bears the name S c h i l d h o r n in memory of the Wendenkönig. ”Contrary to what Kurt Pomplun said, this is where the legend is for the first time in relation to Jaczo and the Schildhorn , Schmidt also speaks of Pribislaw: "It is said that the last Brandenburg Wenden = king - this would be Pribislaw, [...].".

Transfer to Jaxa

It is very likely that the transfer to Jaxa was made by the archivist and historian Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel , who, like Karl Friedrich von Klöden later, advocated this interpretation, according to Martin Friedrich Rabe. For Rabe assumption is the statement Georg Sellos ". Riedel invented in 1831 the saga of Jaczo's escape through the Havel at Schildhorn" Under the headline Jaxo of Köpnick told Indo-Europeanist and mythologist Adalbert Kuhn 1843 for the first time this version of the legend, replacing Pribislaw by Jaxo. When choosing a person, he referred to the historians: “But the scholars think that it was Prince Jacze or Jaczo von Köpenick.” On the other hand, Kuhn abandoned the idea of ​​Christianization and attributed the rescue of Jaxa to a final exertion of the horse, his I happily brought Mr. to the Schildhornspitze. Kuhn had Jaxa hang his shield and spear on an oak. In 1936, the historian Herbert Ludat joined the genesis of Martin Friedrich Rabe. Later writers turned the spear into the horn, which even better suited the name of the headland .

It is unclear when Kuhn's lack of Christianity found its way into the Jaxa version. There is evidence that August Kopisch used this phrase in connection with Jaxa in 1854 : “In the rain of spears and arrows that followed, in the middle of the current, the sinking man shouts:“ The gods of my fathers have forsaken me; God of Christians save me, so I am yours forever! ”“ To what extent the Jaxa variant can actually be characterized as an invention, as Sello and other historians write, is not clear. Louis Schneider claimed in 1869 that this depiction too "fully follows the legend as it still lives today in all Havel villages and is mainly told without variations in the spinning rooms."

During the development process, the Jaxa version did not completely replace the Pribislaw version; the older version also received additional embellishments and, for example, found its way into Wilhelm Schwartz's collection of legends in 1871. Ingeborg Drewitz's collection of Märkische sagas from 1979 contains Schwartz's version from 1871 with the title Das Schildhorn bei den Pichelsberg as well as Kuhn's version from 1843 with the title Jaczo von Köpenick as an independent saga.

Research historical background of the transfer to Jaxa

The transfer from Pribislaw to Jaxa was related to the intensification of research into the German Middle Ages . The source collections in the Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis by Philipp Wilhelm Gercken 1769/1785 and Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel 1838/1869 as well as the editions of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica , founded in 1819 , increasingly provided information about the identities of the two Slavic princes. The only historical source on the events around 1157, the Tractatus de captione urbis Brandenburg by Heinrich von Antwerp from 1165, did not become fully known as an independent source until the 1860s. Previously, the knowledge had largely been based on the "Cronica Slavorum" by Helmold von Bosau from 1167.

Gundling knew only fragments of the tract from 1165 when he first noted the legend in 1730. He took Pribislaw from Brandenburg , who had long been allied with Albrecht the Bear, and an Obodritic prince Pribislaw for the same person. Albrecht actually took action against the Abodrites . At the beginning of the 19th century it became increasingly clear that Albrecht the Bear was not an enemy of Pribislaw, but an ally. His opponent, however, in the fight for the Brandenburg inheritance was Jaxa. Thus, as Riedel enforced in 1831, the defeated Slav prince could only have been Jaxa. In addition to the step towards a stronger source-relatedness, it was also obvious for the narrators of the Schildhorn saga to make Jaxa the person involved, because this prince would have had to pass or swim through the Havel when retreating east to his residence in Köpenick . In the second half of the 19th century, the conversion aspect was underpinned by two references that indirectly indicated that Jaxa was a Christian (albeit from birth):

Jaxa - bracteate with palm branch

Other coins contained the inscriptions Iaczo de Copnic and Iacza de Copnic . This find and the accompanying scientific discussion strengthened the equation of Jaxa, who had fought with Albrecht the Bear, with Jaxa as Prince of Koepenick. For the history of the 21st century, the historical identity of Jaxa von Köpenick is open again.

In terms of state policy, the Jaxa version came in handy with its conversion aspect. Friedrich Wilhelm IV ended his father's quarrel with the Catholics and strengthened the alliance between the monarchy and the church, for example by approving the establishment of the Cathedral Building Association in 1840 . With the hand-designed cross on the shield horn monument, he underlined his ecclesiastical ties in 1845 at the time of the revolutionary warning signs of the Vormärz .

The legend in poetry

The fact that the Jaxa version is now the much better known version of the saga has, in addition to the shield horn monument, promoted its portrayal in poems that - in a contemporary way - also focused on Jaxa's alleged conversion and the victory of Christianity over the Slav god Triglaw. For example, in the poem Schildhorn by Paul Risch (1900) it says:

The part of the Havel between the Schildhorn and the Jaczo Gorge, through which Jaxa is said to have escaped
Image Schildhorn by Albert Richter, 1881

“ Help, Triglaw! Help!
My horse, hold on now!
My black horse, he's sinking! -
Alas, Morzana beckons to me!
Ha, you poor picture!
Triglaw's face grins like mockery at me! -
O then help me, mighty Christian God!
God on the cross, I beg you! "

- Paul Risch, Schildhorn (excerpt)

After depicting Jaxa's hearing and salvation by the "Christian God", G. Gurski ends his epic Schildhorn (also 1900) with the following stanza:

“ All around the beach the crowd listens,
And the cheering does not end,
As the word rushes over:
Take, oh Lord, the last
weir from my hands:
S child and H orn! - And this land,
which dedicates itself to your service,
henceforth be called Childhorn!
Lord - forgive the defaulting! "

- G. Gurski, Schildhorn (excerpt)

Theodor Fontane tied the legend into the poem Havelland in two lines and described it in detail in the appendix to volume 1 of the walks through the Mark Brandenburg . In the third part of his trilogy about Lower Sorbian history ( Serbskich woścow śerpjenja a chwalba = the Sorbian forefathers suffering and praise ), the Lower Sorbian poet Mato Kosyk transferred the Schildhorn saga as a dramatic narrative to the Christianization of the Sorbs , which he considered conscious and not enforced Act of a "Jacsłow" and thus represented his people.

The legend in the visual arts

Shield horn monument

see main article: Schildhorn Monument

Shield horn monument in 2014

The most important artistic representation of the Jaxa saga is the shield horn monument, which the architect Friedrich August Stüler designed based on pencil sketches by Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia . The memorial belonged to a sculptural group of three with which the king wanted to mark turning points in the state's history in the “often dead uninteresting areas” of the Mark Brandenburg. The favorite object of the “romantic on the throne” was the shield horn cross, the legend of which “most strongly stimulated the royal imagination in its early Christian content and led to the most idiosyncratic monument solution of the group of three”.

In the summer of 1845, the building councilor Christian Gottlieb Cantian completed the almost 9-meter-high memorial column made of sandstone on the top of the Schildhorn ridge. The strict octagonal column stylizes a tree stump with indicated branches. A round metal shield is attached halfway up. The crowning equal-armed cross symbolizes Jaxa's turn to Christianity. The memorial was destroyed in 1945 and reconstructed in 1954 with the help of photographs and four pieces of rubble by apprentices from the Senate's own stonemasonry workshop in Dahlem . The artistic execution of the monument met with little approval. Fontane, for example, saw in the column a “gray-black, whimsical image” that reminded him “half of telegraph posts, half of factory chimneys”. The architect and editor KEO Fritsch described the shield horn monument as an example of a petty and artistically immature solution.

The legend in painting

According to Louis Schneider , the woodcut Jaczo von Köpenick on the Escape through the Havel pictured at the beginning was intended by Otto Vogel for the unfinished work by August Kopisch The Royal Palaces and Gardens of Potsdam from 1854 and should contain the section on the legend illustrate. The woodcut was based on the drawing of the same name by Adolph Menzel and was owned by the Royal Court Marshal's Office . With the permission of the office, the Association for the History of Potsdam, whose communications Louis Schneider published, distributed 200 separate prints of the woodcut to its members on an excursion to the shield horn monument in 1869.

August von Kloeber created the painting Conversion of the Wendenfürsten Jaczko near Schildhorn ( oil paint , height: 57 cm, width: 76 cm) in 1856 , which was intended for the residential palace in Hanover . According to Fontane, the picture shows a group of people fighting on the western bank of the Havel. “Jaczko is already swimming in the middle of the Havel and has raised his head and shield pleadingly. The figure of an angel hovers above him and points to the towering ledge that promises salvation. The work is meritorious, if not more. ”The picture (or a colored sketch) later probably hung in the Berlin City Palace and most recently in the Potsdam Marble Palace . It has been missing since the Second World War and is on the search list of the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg (Potsdam painting collection). Kloeber also made a color sketch of the picture, which, according to Thieme-Becker, was in the Potsdam City Palace. This sketch is also lost.

The Christian cross over the Schildhorn, book illustration from 1900
"The German history of our country begins on the Schildhorn, the foundation of the Mark Brandenburg was laid on the Schildhorn, that's what the legend calls out, and the patriotic and poetic feeling likes to believe its sounds."

literature

Schildhorn, Etymology and Monument

see detailed references in the main article: Schildhorn

  • Gregor Geismeier: Stüler's "meaningful monuments" in the Mark , in: "Die Mark Brandenburg", Marika Großer Verlag, Berlin 1999, issue 35 (The architect of King Friedrich August Stüler) , pp. 8-14
  • Gerhard Schlimpert: Brandenburg name book, part 3, The place names of the Teltow , Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 1972, p. 244f.

legend

On genesis and development

  • Herbert Ludat : Legends about Jaxa von Köpenick, German and Slavic princes in the battle for Brandenburg in the middle of the 12th century. Germany and the East. Volume 2. Berlin, Leipzig 1936 (also in: Herbert Ludat: Slaven and Germans in the Middle Ages. Central German Research. Volume 86. Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna 1982, pp. 27–84).
  • Hans Eugen Pappenheim: 90 years of the column on the Schildhorn . Spandauer Zeitung No. 162 of July 13, 1935. 1st supplement.
  • Kurt Pomplun : Berlin's old legends . Verlag Bruno Hessling, Berlin 1964, 1975; Haude & Spencer, Berlin 1985. On genesis, see above all note 24, pp. 77f (5th edition) ISBN 3-7759-0277-5 .
  • Martin Friedrich Rabe : The Schildhorn on the Havel, not far from Pichelsdorf, and the legend of Jaczo's flight to the same ; Chapter 10 in: Jaczo von Copnic, Conqueror of the Brandenburg Fortress, not a Slav chief in the Mark Brandenburg, but a Polish military leader , Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1856, pp. 145–151
  • Louis Schneider : The Schildhorn monument in: Mittheilungen the Association for the History of Potsdam 4 (IV. Part). Published by Louis Schneider, Gropius'sche Buch- und Kunsthandlung (A. Krausnick), Potsdam 1869, pp. 275–281.
  • Wilhelm Schwartz: The Schildhorn near Spandau and the last Wendenkönig in: Mittheilungen des Verein für die Geschichte Potsdams 4 (IV. Part). Published by Louis Schneider, Gropius'sche Buch- und Kunsthandlung (A. Krausnick), Potsdam 1869, pp. 282–287.

Representations of the saga (selection)

  • Ingeborg Drewitz (ed.): Märkische sagas. Berlin and the Mark Brandenburg. Bechtermünz Verlag, licensed edition for Weltbildverlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-86047-206-2 (originally: Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979, ISBN 3-424-00658-0 ). Chapter Das Schildhorn bei den Pichelsberg (Pribislaw variant, reproduction after Wilhelm Schwartz, 1871, see also web links ), p. 65ff and Jaczo von Köpenick (reproduction after Adalbert Kuhn, 1843, see also web link ), p. 67ff.
  • Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Part 1. The county of Ruppin . Appendix The Schildhorn near Spandau . Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, Munich 1971, Frankfurt / M., Berlin, pp. 529-533, ISBN 3-485-00291-7 . Fontane visited the Schildhorn on April 28, 1860. He used the story of Adalbert Kuhn as the basis for his portrayal of legends. First publication of the Schildhorn essay in Morgenblatt für educated readers No. 34 from August 19, 1860. (Source: Walks through the Mark Brandenburg in 8 volumes , Ed. Gotthard Erler and Rudolf Mingau, Aufbau Verlag Berlin 1997, 57 illustrations, 5175 pages ISBN 3-351-03104-1 (part of the Great Brandenburg Edition ), Volume 6, p. 591, comments by Gotthard Erler.)
  • Ernst Friedel : The German imperial city of Berlin and its surroundings , chapter "Schildhorn", in: Ernst Friedel and Oskar Schwebel, pictures from the Mark Brandenburg , Verlag von Otto Spamer , Leipzig 1881, pages 188-190.
  • Richard George, How Jaczo, the last ruler of the Wende, became a Christian. In: Hie good Brandenburg always! Historical and cultural images from the past of the Mark and from old Berlin up to the death of the Great Elector. Verlag von W. Pauli's Nachf., Berlin 1900, p. 50 ff.
  • Johann Georg Theodor Grasse : Book of Legends of the Prussian State 1–2 , Volume 1, Glogau 1868/1871, p. 223.
  • Adalbert Kuhn : Jaczo von Köpenick , in: Märkische Sagen und Märchen . Georg Reimer Verlag , Berlin 1843, pp. 133–135, no. 126; Reprint: Georg Olms Verlag , Hildesheim 1973 (possibly the first Jaxa version); also reproduced by Ingeborg Drewitz (see above) and online (see web links )
  • Valentin Heinrich Schmidt: Albrecht the bear, conqueror or heir of the Mark Brandenburg. A historical-critical illumination of the writing of Dr. Löbell on the origin of the Mark Brandenburg . Nauck'sche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1823, p. 45 f. (First narration of the Schildhorn version, still without Jaxa)
  • Representation of the legend (probably the first Jaxa variant): Felix Adalbert K. Kuhn : Jaczo von Köpenick . In: Märkische sagas and fairy tales . Berlin 1843, literaturport.de
  • Representation of the legend (Pribislaw variant): Wilhelm Schwartz: The shield horn near the Pichelsberg . In: Legends and old stories of the Mark Brandenburg . Stuttgart / Berlin 1871, literaturport.de

The Schildhorn / Jaxa version as a poem (selection)

  • G. Gurski, Schildhorn , in: Richard George (Ed.): Hie gut Brandenburg alleweg! Historical and cultural images from the past of the Mark and from old Berlin up to the death of the Great Elector. Verlag von W. Pauli's Nachf., Berlin 1900, p. 50 ff.
  • Paul Risch: Schildhorn , in: Pestalozziverein der Provinz Brandenburg (Ed.): The Province of Brandenburg in words and images , Berlin W 9, 1900, published by Julius Klinkhardt; (Reprint: Weltbild Verlag GmbH, Augsburg 1999), p. 148 ff, ISBN 3-86047-209-7 .
  • Heinrich Trippel: Schildhorn in: Mittheilungen des Verein für die Geschichte Potsdams 4 (IV. Part) . Published by Louis Schneider, Gropius'sche Buch- und Kunsthandlung (A. Krausnick), Potsdam 1869, p. 276 f.

Web links

Commons : Schildhorn  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Senate Administration, Havelhöhenweg, knowledge point 07, The Jaczo saga Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de, Forsten, Havelhöhenweg, point 07
  2. ↑ Information board on site of the Senate Department for Urban Development, Havelhöhenweg, Schildhorn playground - Prince Jaczo on the trail , status July 2008. The website of the Senate Department, Havelhöhenweg, Knowledge Point 07, The Jaczo Sage, also contains the same misinformation
  3. ↑ Havelhöhenweg, route section 1: Stößenseebrücke - Schildhorn “Directly along the water” Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de, Forsten, Havelhöhenweg, section 1 pdf (PDF); Complete overview of Havelhöhenweg Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de, Forsten, Havelhöhenweg
  4. ^ Eberhard Bohm: The early history of the Berlin area (6th century BC to the 12th century AD) . In: Wolfgang Ribbe (Ed.), Publication of the Historical Commission in Berlin: History of Berlin . 1. Volume, Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-406-31591-7 , p. 134. As a source, Bohm u. a. to: Herbert Ludat: German-Slavic Early Period and Modern Polish Historical Consciousness , Cologne, Vienna 1969, pp. 24–27
  5. ↑ Kurt Pomplun: Schildhorn - "Favorite destination of Berliners ..." ; see in detail on etymology and documentary mentions: main article Schildhorn
  6. ↑ Hans Eugen Pappenheim: 90 years column on the Schildhorn ...
  7. ↑ a b c d Fontane; Hikes ..., Part 1, Appendix The Schildhorn near Spandau
  8. ↑ The historical identity of Jaxa von Koepenick and the question of whether the Prince of Koepenick (Jacza de Copnic) was actually identical to Jaxa, who wrote history as Albrecht's opponent, are unanswered. See below .
  9. ^ Wilhelm Schwartz: The Schildhorn near Spandau ... , p. 282
  10. ↑ a b Adalbert Kuhn: Märkische Sagen und Märchen . ..., 1843
  11. ^ Wilhelm Schwartz: The Schildhorn near Spandau ... , p. 282f
  12. ^ Lutz Partenheimer : Albrecht the bear . 2nd edition, Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-16302-3 , p. 36ff
  13. ↑ a b Wilhelm Schwartz: Legends and old stories of the Mark Brandenburg for young and old. Hertz Verlag, Berlin 1871, No. 43: The Schildhorn near the Pichelsberg . online at Literaturport
  14. ^ Wilhelm Grothe: Schildhorn and Teufelssee. Märk. Legend. Berlin 1864.
  15. ↑ a b Martin Friedrich Rabe: The Schildhorn on the Havel ..., in ...
  16. ^ Jacob Paul Freiherr von Gundling: Life and deeds of the most lucid prince and lord, Herr Albrechte the First, Margrave of Brandenburg from the House of Ascharien and Ballenstädt. Berlin 1730, p. 21
  17. ↑ Kurt Pomplun: Berlin's old legends . ... note 24, p. 77 f. (5th edition)
  18. ↑ Valentin Heinrich Schmidt: Albrecht the Bear, Conqueror ... , p. 45f; see also the description by Martin Friedrich Rabe, p. 145: "[...] also Prof. Schmidt, who first made [the saga] well known, referred it to Pribislaw."
  19. ↑ Explanations by Georg Sello, in § 8, to: Heinrici de Antwerpe, Tractatus de captione urbis Brandenburg. Newly published and explained by G. Sello, Magdeburg 1888 (= separate print from the XXII. Annual Report, Issue 1, of the Altmark Association for Patriotic History and Industry in Salzwedel) online at Thilo Köhn, University of Potsdam ( Memento from February 21, 2013 on the Internet Archives )
  20. ^ Herbert Ludat: Legends about Jaxa von Köpenick . In: ..., p. 4f, note 11
  21. ↑ August Kopisch : The royal palaces and gardens at Potsdam. From the time it was founded until 1852 . Ernst & Korn, Berlin 1854, p. 19
  22. ↑ Louis Schneider: The Schildhorn Monument , in ..., p. 277
  23. ^ Lutz Partenheimer: Albrecht the bear . 2nd edition, Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-16302-3 , p. 36
  24. ↑ Heinrici de Antwerpe: Tractatus de captione urbis Brandenburg ( Memento from February 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). New ed. and explained by Georg Sello. In: 22nd annual report of the Altmark Association for Patriotic History and Industry in Salzwedel. Magdeburg 1888, issue 1, pp. 3-35. (Internet publication by Tilo Köhn with transcriptions and translations).
  25. ↑ Louis Schneider: The Schildhorn Monument , in ..., p. 279f
  26. ^ Wilhelm Schwartz: The Schildhorn near Spandau ... , p. 283f
  27. ^ Lutz Partenheimer: Albrecht the bear . 2nd edition, Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-16302-3 , pp. 132,134. Also p. 309, note 1161: The question of the identity of Jaxa, who wrested the Brandenburg from Albrecht the Bear, must be investigated further ; Herbert Ludat, legends about Jaxa von Köpenick. In: Slaven and Deutsche im Mittelalter, 1982, pp. 27–84.
  28. ^ Paul Risch: Schildhorn , in: Pestalozziverein ..., p. 150
  29. ↑ Morzana = Morana = Morena , figure of Slavic mythology , which is associated with winter, night and death
  30. ↑ G. Gurski, Schildhorn , in: Richard George (Ed.): Hie gut ... , p. 52
  31. ^ Theodor Fontane : Havelland in the Gutenberg-DE project From: Walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Part 3. Havelland . (1st edition 1873), Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, Munich 1971, Frankfurt / M., Berlin, p. 7, ISBN 3-485-00293-3
  32. ↑ Mato Kosyk website, review of the works, see section “The great works”
  33. ^ Entry by Ludwig Persius in his diary on November 5, 1844; reproduced from: Gregor Geismeier: Stüler's "meaningful monuments" in the Mark , in ..., p. 8
  34. ↑ a b Gregor Geismeier: Stüler's "meaningful monuments" in the Mark , in ...
  35. ^ Eva Börsch-Supan, Dietrich Müller-Stüler: Friedrich August Stüler: 1800–1865 . Deutscher Kunstverlag Munich 1997, ISBN 3-422-06161-4 , page 975
  36. ↑ Harry Nehls: What will happen to the Jaczo Tower? In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 5, 1999, ISSN  0944-5560 ( luise-berlin.de ).
  37. ↑ bildhauerei-in-berlin.de, Schildhorn Monument ( Memento from July 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ KEO Fritsch : For the hundredth birthday of August Stülers. Commemorative speech on January 29, 1900 at the Architects' Association in Berlin (39 pages). Quoted from: Hans Eugen Pappenheim: 90 years of the column on the Schildhorn ...
  39. ↑ Louis Schneider: The Schildhorn Monument , in ..., p. 281
  40. ↑ Lost Art internet Database, Kloeber painting ( Memento from September 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ August von Kloeber . In: Hans Vollmer (Hrsg.): General lexicon of fine artists from antiquity to the present . Founded by Ulrich Thieme and Felix Becker . tape 20 : Kaufmann – Knilling . EA Seemann, Leipzig 1927, p. 530-531 .
  42. ↑ Wilhelm Schwartz: The Schildhorn near Spandau ... p. 282 (from 1869)

Coordinates: 52 ° 29 ′ 46.18 "  N , 13 ° 11 ′ 43.03"  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 3, 2008 .