Dragon root
| Dragon root | ||||||||||||
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Swamp Calla or Dragon Arum ( Calla palustris ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the subfamily | ||||||||||||
| Calloideae | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Calla | ||||||||||||
| L. | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Calla palustris | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The Drachenwurz ( Calla palustris ), also Marsh Calla , Calla Lily , Rauwolfia , snake herb , Marsh Rauwolfia or pig ear called, is the only plant species of the genus Calla and the subfamily Calloideae within the family of Araceae (Araceae). The Marsh Calla was voted Flower of the Year 1988.
Plant species with the same common names
The plants, which are known in the flower trade by the common name "Calla" or misspelled "Kalla", belong to the genus Zantedeschia .
In southern Europe the genus of the dragon arum ( Dracunculus ) occurs with the most common representative common dragon arum, which also belongs to the arum family.
The species has nothing to do with Caltha palustris , the marsh marigold . The similarity of the two names is purely coincidental, palustris means belonging to the swamp.
description
Appearance and leaves
The swamp calla is - as its common name suggests - a swamp plant . It is a strong green, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of up to 50 centimeters. As a survival organ, this helophyte forms a green rhizome that creeps up to 50 centimeters and is robust and cylindrical with a diameter of usually one to two, rarely up to three centimeters. It is somewhat spongy and rooted at the nodes.
There are a few leaves and cataphylls close together on the stem . The cataphylls are lanceolate and pointed with a length of 10 centimeters. The alternate and two-lined leaves are divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade. The leaf sheath is tongue-shaped with a length of usually seven to eight (up to 12) centimeters and has free ligules. The green petiole is round in cross section and usually 12 to 24 centimeters (six to 30, rarely even up to 40 centimeters) long. The simple leathery green leaf blade is ovoid-heart-shaped to heart-circular with an attached tip with a length of (four to) usually six to 14 centimeters and a width of (four to) usually six to 14 centimeters wide. From the strong middle nerve, 10 to 14 (eight to 18) almost parallel side nerves of the first order branch off on each side. In between there are pinnate lateral nerves of the 2nd order. The nerves lying directly on the edge of the leaf are inconspicuous.
Inflorescence and flowers
The flowering period extends from May to July. The single and upright standing, unleaved, green, pedicel-round inflorescence shaft is 15 to 30 centimeters long and eight to 12 millimeters in diameter. As usual with the arum family, the inflorescence consists of a single bract ( spathe ) that surrounds the piston (spadix). The durable spathe, which is open at flowering time, is white on the inside and green on the outside. With a length of usually three to six (three to eight) centimeters and a width of three to 3.5 (to five) centimeters, it is elliptical to egg-shaped and tapered with a tip about one centimeter long. The cylindrical yellow flask is 1.5 to three centimeters long and seven to 15 millimeters in diameter. It ends bluntly. It is densely covered with many flowers along its entire length.
The mostly hermaphrodite, sometimes male flowers in the upper area of the bulb are greatly reduced; there are no bracts . The yellowish-green flowers are usually two to 2.2 (to 2.5) millimeters in size. There are usually six, sometimes nine to twelve free stamens available. The stamens are widened. The small pollen grains are spherical. The egg-shaped stylus consists of a single-chamber ovary with six to nine, rarely anatropous more and elongated ovules , and an almost spherical, small scar.
Infructescence, fruits and seeds
With a length of (two to) usually three to five centimeters and a diameter of (1.5 to) usually 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters, almost spherical to broadly ellipsoidal, the berries are close together. With a length of (five to) usually six to 12 millimeters and a diameter of (four to) usually five to 10 millimeters, the spherical-conical berries turn red when ripe between August and September. The berries usually contain four to nine seeds. The brown seeds are elongated-cylindrical to almost ellipsoidal with a length of three to five millimeters and a diameter of about two millimeters. The seed coat (testa) is thick and there is a lot of endosperm .
Chromosome numbers
The chromosome numbers are 2n = 36, 4n = 72.
ecology
The dragon root is a rhizome - geophyte or a marsh plant . The rhizome is walnut, green, up to 0.5 meters long, creeps above ground, with aerenchyme as an adaptation to the swamp location.
The piston-like inflorescence is surrounded by a spathe surrounding that, unlike the spotted arum ( Arum maculatum ) greened and is open at the top. The single flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, feminine without flower cover and without nectar . Most pollinators are carrion flies and small beetles . Information on pollination by snails has been questioned, but could be correct. Flowering time is from May to July.
The fruits are scarlet, sticky berries with 4–10 slimy seeds each . After flowering, the fruit cluster elongates and grows to the ground or to the water. The ripe berries peel off the cob easily. Since the pulp has large, air-filled intercellular spaces, they can swim well. When they burst open, they also release buoyant seeds that also adhere to waterfowl.
The vegetative reproduction takes place through the rhizome .
Occurrence
The dragon arum is widespread in the temperate to subarctic areas of the northern hemisphere . They are found in Eurasia and North America . This type of plant is rare in Central Europe .
The dragon root thrives in forest swamps, intermediate moors , alder and birch forests and on the edge of raised moors , on flowing and still waters and on moist meadows, it is often found between peat moss ( Sphagnum ). It is a character species of the association Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi from the association Phragmition. Due to the decline in wetlands, the plant is endangered in parts of Germany today, in the Alpine region it is severely endangered or regionally threatened with extinction. According to the German Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG), the species is specially protected, it is completely protected in the Austrian federal states.
Systematics
The genus Calla was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné with the type species Calla palustris in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 968. The botanical generic name Calla is derived from the Greek word κάλος kalós for beautiful and the specific epithet palustris from the Latin word paluster for swampy. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher introduced the subfamily of the Calloideae in pub in 1837 . Gene. Pl. = Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita , p. 239. Synonyms for Calla L. are: Aroides Heister ex Fabricius , Callaria Raf. , Provenzalia Adans.
Common names
The other German-language trivial names exist or existed, in some cases only regionally, for dragon arum: dragon tail, frog spoon ( Silesia ), paper flower ( Switzerland ), small snake herb, serpentine arum, pigweed ( East Prussia ), pig clock (in the sense of pig's ear, Frankfurt on the Oder ), Teschk ( Pomerania ), water dragon root , red water ringfer , water snake root and water snake herb .
Toxicity
As with many other representatives of the arum family, all parts of the marsh calla are poisonous. However, the reasons for this are not clear. There are both the existing salts of oxalic acid and the Aroin attributed to toxic effect.
There are hardly any documented cases of poisoning. Ingesting large amounts of the plant leads to diarrhea and paralysis of the central nervous system . The plant, especially the roots, has an irritant effect on the skin.
photos
Large population in the Südheide Nature Park
Individual dragonwort specimens in the can bog
Infructescence with unripe berries
Infructescence with ripe berries
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swell
- Heng Li, Peter C. Boyce & Josef Bogner: Calla on p. 16: Genus and species - Online. , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 (English). (Section description, distribution and systematics)
- Dragon root. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section description)
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Calla palustris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Calla palustris at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 118 .
- ^ Calla at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 73 ( online ).
- ↑ a b Ingredients of snake root at giftpflanze.com.
- ↑ Dragon root as a poisonous plant at botanikus.de. ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Dragon root. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Dragon root . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Calla palustris L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the Netherlands [1] (Dutch)
- Area map
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
- Wilbert LA Hetterscheid: Calla on the website of the International Society of the Arum Family
Lung Gentian (1980) | Yellow Daffodil (1981) | Red Forest Bird (1982) | Wild tulip (1983) | Summer Adonis (1984) | Wood Columbine (1985) | Arnica (1986) | Sea thistle (1987) | Marsh Calla (1988) | Carthusian Carnation (1989) | Mountain Sand Bells (1990) | Rosemary Heath (1991) | Round-leaved sundew (1992) | Checkerboard Flower (1993) | Broad-leaved orchid (1994) | Globeflower (1995) | Pasque Flower (1996) | Silver thistle (1997) | Crab Scissors (1998) | Marsh marigold (1999) | Purple Stone Seed (2000) | Blood-red cranesbill (2001) | Grove Violets (2002) | Kornrade (2003) | Alpenbellchen (2004) | Large rattling pot (2005) | Meadow foam herb (2006) | Bach avens (2007) | Nodding Thistle (2008) | Common Wegwarte (2009) | Siberian Iris (2010) | Moor lily (2011) | Heather Carnation (2012) | Hepatica (2013) | Swan Flower (2014) | Ordinary devil bite (2015) | Real cowslip (2016) | Corn Poppy (2017) | Long-Leaved Honorary Award (2018) | Common heather (2019) | Fever Clover (2020)