Erzgebirge
Erzgebirge (Aarzgebèèrgsch) | ||
---|---|---|
Spoken in |
Germany ( Saxony , Lower Saxony ), until 1946 also Czechoslovakia ( northwestern Bohemia ) | |
speaker | approx. 500,000 | |
Linguistic classification |
||
Official status | ||
Official language in | no country | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639 -1 |
? |
|
ISO 639 -2 | ( B ) qka | ( T )? |
Erzgebirge (or Arzgebirgisch, [ aːɰtskəpɛːɰjkʂ ]) is a German dialect that is still spoken in the upper western part of the Ore Mountains , but also in a very small part of the Upper Harz in Lower Saxony . So far, little research has been carried out into linguistics . The dialect perceived as independent by the speakers is assigned to East Central German in dialectology . However, since one of the limits of the shift of the initial German p runs between the Erzgebirge and Meißen ( e.g. Ore Mountains pound versus Meissen find 'pound'), the former is also occasionally assigned to Upper German East Franconia .
Due to the increasing mixing with Upper Saxon , the emigration of large parts of the population and the associated turning away from the Erzgebirge, especially since 1989, the number of speakers is decreasing noticeably.
Distribution area and history
The Erzgebirge comprises three groups: Westerzgebirgisch, Osterzgebirgisch and Vorerzgebirgisch. Farmers from the Main Franconian area settled in the Ore Mountains since the middle of the 12th century and brought their dialect with them, which is based on the Western Ore Mountains. The other two groups are mixed forms with Upper Saxon .
Today the Erzgebirge is mainly spoken in the Erzgebirgskreis , in addition in the south of the district of central Saxony , in the southeast of the district of Zwickau and in Lichtenstein . Another community of speakers can be found in the Upper Harz in the region of Clausthal-Zellerfeld ( Lower Saxony ); the ancestors of the latter were miners who emigrated there from the Ore Mountains in the 16th century .
In 1929, Erzgebirge was also spoken in other parts of what is now the Central Saxony, Saxon Switzerland-Eastern Ore Mountains as well as in Chemnitz and Zwickau . In the meantime, dialects of the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect group have established themselves in these areas .
Until 1945, the Erzgebirge was also at home in the neighboring Bohemia. The region Kaaden -Duppau is particularly worthy of mention, in whose dialect a collection of Erzgebirge words, idioms and anecdotes has been published (see literature). The distribution of the German Bohemia, which was expelled from what was then Czechoslovakia after the end of the Second World War, throughout Germany, however, subsequently restricted the use of the dialect to a large extent to one's own family.
Despite countless short stories, poems and songs written in dialect, no norm for the writing of the Erzgebirge is generally recognized; the guidelines drawn up by the Saxon Heimatverein in 1937 are hardly taken into account by the authors. A linguistic analysis of this dialect is therefore mainly based on field research . Incorrect classification of the Erzgebirge as a rural variant of Saxon (cf. for example in Ethnologue ) also hampers the maintenance and preservation of the dialect.
Occasionally the work of the folk poet and singer Anton Günther (1876–1937) is viewed as the linguistic benchmark of the dialect.
Language affinity with Upper German dialects
The similarities with the Upper German dialects can be recognized in the Erzgebirge by the clear tendency to replace the German verb prefix er with other prefixes ( der- (in Erzgebirge and Bavarian) or ver (in Bavarian and Swabian)) (e.g. . westerzgeb. derschloong [ tɔɰʃloːŋ ] 'slain', derzeeln [ tɔɰtseːln ] 'tell').
The use of the particles fei [ faɪ ] - typical for East Franconian and Bavarian - is also widespread in the Ore Mountains.
Furthermore, the sound equivalent of the German [ o / ɔ ] to dialectal [ u / ʊ ] (e.g. westerzgeb. Huus [ huːs ], Hose '), as well as the strong o-coloring of the German [a] is also used in East Franconian and Bavarian (e.g. westerzgeb. hoos [ hoːs ] 'hare').
Another point is the loss of syllable-closing [n] after long vowels, which occurs widespread in the Erzgebirge (e.g. lichtensteinisch Huuschdee [ huːʂʈeː ] 'Hohenstein' - meaning the town of Hohenstein-Ernstthal , in which incidentally not Erzgebirge, but a Meissnian dialect is spoken). This phenomenon rarely occurs in monosyllabic short vowel words in which the vowel is lengthened (e.g. màà [ mʌː ] 'man')
The especially in Lichtenstein often practiced omission of Schwa ( [ ə ] ) (written e) and (rarely) and the / ɪ / (short i) is typical for the Upper German (. B. lichtenst. Reedlz [ ɣeːtˡl̩ts ] ‚Rödlitz '(the place Rödlitz was incorporated into Lichtenstein in the 1990s )).
The following table shows the similarity of the Erzgebirge to the other Upper German dialects. The Osterländische is also listed for control purposes . X indicates that the corresponding feature is present in most sub-dialects. x means that it only occurs in peripheral areas.
feature | Erzgebirge | East Franconian | Bavarian-Austrian | Alemannic | Easterly |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Replacement of er- by der- / ver | X | X | der- / ver | ver | - |
fei | X | X | X | - | - |
o / u equivalent | X | X | X | - | - |
n-repayment | X | X | X | X | - |
Schwa repayment | X | X | X | X | x |
Coincidence of ch and sch | x | - | - | - | X |
Sub-dialects
In the literature, a distinction is made between western and eastern Ore Mountains. The difference between the two sub-dialects is considerable, but the boundaries are fluid. While the Western Ore Mountains still have a noticeable influence from the Upper Franconian, in the Eastern Ore Mountains mainly Meissen elements can be found. Essentially, the great differences between Eastern and Western Ore Mountains and the numerous similarities between Western Ore Mountains, Vogtland and Franconian are pointed out. Particularly at the borders with the Meissnian language area, the transitions are fluid, which in some places makes a clear assignment to the Erzgebirge or the so-called "Saxon" impossible.
The dialect of the Erzgebirge language colony in the Upper Harz has developed relatively independently since the settlement. It is assumed that the phonology has not changed since the beginning of the 17th century, in contrast to the theory of inflection and vocabulary, which were mainly subject to northern Thuringian influences. Due to the history of settlement, Upper Harz is largely consistent with Western Ore Mountains, while Eastern Ore Mountains language influences were only able to prevail to a limited extent.
For example, the Eastern Ore Mountains dialect (as well as the Meissniche) uses the word ni (ch) [ nɪ (ç) ] as a negation, whereas in the Western Ore Mountains nèt [ nɛt ] is used. Because of the lack of a linguistic border, both versions can be found next to each other in some areas, especially on the border between Eastern and Western Ore Mountains or Meissen.
Further evidence of the relationship between the Meissnian and the Eastern Erzgebirge dialect can also be found in the modification of the standard German kl… and gl… or kn… and gn… at the beginning of the word in [tl…] resp. [tn…] can be seen. (e.g. dlee [ tˡleː ] 'small', dnuchng [ tⁿnʊxŋ̍ ] 'bones').
In summary, four dialects can be identified:
dialect | Distribution area today |
Previous additional areas |
---|---|---|
Middle Ore Mountains (western Eastern Ore Mountains dialect) | former Middle Ore Mountains District with the cities of Olbernhau and Marienberg as well as in the former district of Annaberg (northern half) | Sudetenland (Weipert, Brandau, Kallich and in neighboring places) |
Western Ore Mountains | former districts of Aue-Schwarzenberg, Annaberg (southern half) | Sudetenland (triangle from Graslitz via Schlackenwerth to Preßnitz) |
Eastern Ore Mountains | former districts Dippoldiswalde, Mittweida (west, south), Freiberg (northwest, south) | Sudetenland (around St. Katharinaberg) |
Northwest Ore Mountains (also "Vorerzgebirgisch") |
Former districts of Chemnitzer Land (Lichtenstein region), Stollberg, Zwickau | |
Upper Harz | Clausthal-Zellerfeld and St. Andreasberg region (Lower Saxony) |
Grammar - Phonology
As mentioned, there is no uniform spelling. In order to write down the language data in this article close to its actual pronunciation, a convention has to be found.
Consonants
The writing of the consonants largely follows the notations customary in Bavarian. In the following table, the speech sounds occurring in the most important Ore Mountain dialects are shown as IPA symbols . Behind it is the spelling for the corresponding sound, which is used in this article, provided it differs from the IPA symbol.
bilabial |
labio- dental |
alveolar |
post- alveolar |
retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | |
Asp. Plosives | kʰ (k) | |||||||||||||||||
Non-asp. Plosives | p (b) | t (d) | k (g) | |||||||||||||||
Affricates | pf | ts (z) | tʃ (ch) | ʈʂ (ch) | ||||||||||||||
Fricatives | f | v (w) | s | ʃ (sch) | ʂ (sch) | ç (ch) | x (ch) | ɣ (r) | χ (ch) | H | ||||||||
Nasals | m | n | ŋ (ng) | |||||||||||||||
lateral approximants | l | |||||||||||||||||
central approximants | j | ɰ (r) |
In no sub dialect postalveolar (come [ tʃ ] , [ ʃ ] ) and the retroflex ( [ ʈʂ ] , [ ʂ ] ) sounds before contrast, d. H. each sub-dialect has only postalveolar or only retroflex sounds.
The distinction between [ ʂ / ʃ ] and [ ç ] is not given, especially in the Northwest dialect, here comes only [ ʂ ] before that, however, still depending on the origin as / sh /, or / ch / is written.
The voiceless unaspirated plosives ( b , d and g ) tend to become voiced , especially between nasals ( m , n and ng ) and vowels. However, this is only a tendency and is not expressed in the spelling.
An important sound change that is typical for Erzgebirge concerns the r . If it is followed by one of the sounds k , g , ch or ng (these are the velar consonants), a [j] is inserted between the two sounds. For example, Baarg ( Eng . Berg ) [ paːɰ j k ] is spoken. The [j] is not written because its occurrence is fully predictable.
The velar Zentralapproximant ( [ ɰ ] ) is most often as velarization realized standing in front of the vowel. In the IPA transcriptions in this article is consistently [ ɰ ] used.
Vowels
The spelling of the vowels proposed here is based partly on the official spelling of Swiss German and partly on that of Bavarian . The spelling of the corresponding vowel follows the IPA symbol if they differ.
front | almost in front |
central | almost in the back |
back | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ung. | ger. | ung. | ger. | ung. | ger. | ung. | ger. | ung. | ger. | |
closed | i | u | ||||||||
almost closed | ɪ (i) | ʊ (u) | ||||||||
half closed | e | O | ||||||||
medium | ə (e) | |||||||||
half open | ɛ (è) | ʌ (à) | ɔ (e / o) | |||||||
almost open | æ (a) | |||||||||
open | a |
All sub-dialects have either [ a ] or [ æ ] , never both. Is a schwa against a r in the same syllable, as it is referred to as [ ɔ ] speaking, but still as e written.
The back high vowels ([ u / ʊ ]) often tend to be unrounded.
Length is expressed by double-spelling the vowel or consonant in question . There are the long vowels ii , ee , èè , aa , uu , oo and àà .
In addition to these general orthographic and phonetic rules, it should be noted that the vowels (except for a and Schwa ) are pronounced in a clearly centralized manner, i.e. H. the back vowels à , o , u are pronounced earlier than in German, the front vowels ee , è and i are pronounced further back than is the case in German.
Short vowels that come before a stressed syllable are reduced to Schwa in pronunciation (e.g. gremàdig [ kx ə ˈmʌtɪk ] 'grammar').
If a short vowel precedes an r in a syllable , the vowel is often pronounced long (e.g. Aa rzgeb èè rgsch ).
In the dialects that are spoken in higher registers, àà is often spoken as oo . The pronunciation as àà is, however, the normal case, especially in closed syllables, i.e. those in which the vowel is followed by one or more consonants. Since in the neighboring Saxon àà is also spoken in the corresponding words , the over-generalization in the dialects bordering on Saxon is probably a phenomenon of language contact .
Emphasis
As in German, the emphasis varies depending on the origin of the word. In Erzgebirgische while the trend is more visible, even in foreign words French to place the emphasis on the first syllable of origin (z. B. biro [ piːɣo ] Office '). In most cases, however, the flare (z. B. remains at French loan words on the last syllable dridewààr [ txɪtə vʌːɰ pavement '(], from the French. Pavement )). Foreign words in the Latin or Greek origin of the emphasis is on either the penultimate or the third last syllable (eg. B. gremàdig [ kxə mʌtɪk ] grammar ').
Grammar - Morphology
The noun
Grammatical gender
There are three grammatical genders. According to the traditional German grammar theory, they are called male , female and neuter . This assignment to semantic groups is also not always consistent, as the word maadl 'girl' is grammatically neuter rather than feminine. In many modern linguistic works on Germanic languages, the grammatical genders are only numbered (I, II or III).
The following table contains some examples. The assignment to a gender usually corresponds to that of standard German .
gender | Words | Translation (gender in German) |
---|---|---|
male | moo, màà | Man (m.) |
supply | Boy (male) | |
baam | Tree (noun) | |
Female | fraa | Woman (w.) |
sub | Soup (w.) | |
dàsch | Bag (w.) | |
neutrally | child | Child (s.) |
dridewààr | Pavement (s.) / Sidewalk (m.) | |
thin | Tunnel (m./s.) |
Formation of the cases
Unlike High German, Erzgebirge no longer has a productive genitive . If an ownership relationship ( the A of B) is to be expressed, other constructions must be used. If the owner is human, or at least animated, a structure with dative and possessive pronouns is usually preferred: ( the B being A). In the remaining cases you can only work with the preposition f (u) n (German of ): ( the A of B). In the case of non- abstract possessors, compound words are often formed , such as front door for door of the house .
Examples (Northwest dialect):
(1) | n'Hàns | his | hitsch |
the Hans | his | footstool | |
"Hans's footstool" |
(2) | de | fansder | fun | the | House |
the | window | from | the | House | |
"The windows of the house" |
In the noun itself, only the dative can be expressed in the plural . This is done with a suffix -n , which can be merged with various consonants and which is omitted for nouns that already form their plural with -n . Nominative and accusative as well as the dative in the singular are endless. However, the case can often be clearly identified using articles, adjectives and possessive pronouns. Personal pronouns also usually have their own forms for each of the three cases.
The following table shows some paradigms of Erzgebirge nouns with a specific article.
Case / number | German tree | German bag | German child |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative singular | the baam | de dàsch | s child |
Dative singular | n baam | the dàsch | n child |
Accusative singular | n baam | de dàsch | s child |
Nominative plural | de beeme | de dàschn | de kinner |
Dative plural | n beemm | n dàschn | n chin |
Accusative plural | de beeme | de dàschn | de kinner |
Formation of the plural
As in Standard German, there are many different forms of plural formation. Different endings such as -e , -er , -n and -s are used as well as an ablaut , i.e. a change in the stem vowel. Some of the endings are accompanied by an umlaut .
Some nouns form their plural differently in Erzgebirge than in German. For example, the ending -n is usually used (without umlaut formation) to put nouns on - (e) l in the plural. But other words also differ in the choice of their plural ending.
Examples (Northwest dialect):
Singular (arch.) | Singular (Ger.) | Plural (arch.) | Plural (German) |
---|---|---|---|
beer | berry | beer | Berry |
fuuchl | bird | fuuchl -n | Birds |
gaar | year | gaar | Years |
afterwards | nail | nààchl -n | Nails |
naal ( western ed .) | nail | neel | Nails |
maadl | girl | maadl -n | girl |
mààd ( western ed .) | girl | meed or máád | girl |
mast | mast | m a sd -e (next to mosd -n ) | Masts |
child | child | kin -er | children |
bàrg | park | bààrg -s | Parks |
foot | foot | f ii s | Feet |
wààng | dare | w ee ng ( -e ) | dare |
is schoof | sheep | de sch ee f | Sheep |
The item
The Erzgebirge distinguishes three types of articles. The emphatic (stressed) definite (particular) articles are used to refer to one or more particular individuals. In German, the demonstrative pronouns this and that are used for this. The unstressed definite articles almost correspond in their meaning to those in German. In the singular, as in German, indefinite (indefinite) articles are also used. In contrast to German, the indefinite articles are used in the dative and accusative for male personal names, but the unstressed specific articles are used for all other personal names. All articles match in case , number and gender with their reference word. The emphasized specific articles can also appear without a reference word and can then replace the very rarely used personal pronouns of the third person.
Like German, the Erzgebirge also uses negative articles (no-) . However, they do not resemble the indefinite articles as much as they do in German.
The forms of the articles in the Northwest dialect are as follows:
shape | male | Female | neutrally |
---|---|---|---|
indefinite article | |||
Nominative singular | e | no | e |
Dative singular | n | ner | n |
Accusative singular | n | no | e |
unstressed specific articles | |||
Nominative singular | of the | de | s |
Dative singular | (the | of the | (the |
Accusative singular | (the | de | s |
Nominative plural | de | ||
Dative plural | n | ||
Accusative plural | de | ||
stressed certain articles | |||
Nominative singular | daar | dii | the |
Dative singular | daan / dèèn | daar | daan / dèèn |
Accusative singular | daan / dèèn | dii | the |
Nominative plural | dii | ||
Dative plural | daann / dèènn | ||
Accusative plural | dii | ||
negative article | |||
Nominative singular | kee | keene | kee |
Dative singular | keen | keener | keen |
Accusative singular | keen | keene | kee |
Nominative plural | keene | ||
Dative plural | no | ||
Accusative plural | keene |
The article n adapts to preceding consonants in the pronunciation position. After p , pf , f , w and m it changes to m , after k , g , ch (when spoken as [x] or [χ]) and ng it reads ng .
Examples:
(3) | S. | child | hàd | s | n | Hans | gesààd |
[ skʰɪnt ] | [ hʌtsn̩ ] | [ hʌns ] | [ kəsʌːt ] | ||||
The | child | Has | it | the | Hans | said. |
(4) | Of the | Hans | hàd | the | book | ng | màà | gaam |
[ tɔɰ ] | [ hʌns ] | [ hʌt ] | [ tʌs ] | [ puːxŋ̍ ] | [ mʌː ] | [ kæːm ] | ||
Of the | Hans | Has | this | book | one | man | given. |
(5) | E. | schiins | dleedl | hàd | dii | àà |
[ ə ] | [ ʂiːns ] | [ tˡleːtˡl̩ ] | [ hʌt ] | [ tiː ] | [ ʌː ] | |
A | beautiful | little dress | Has | they / this | on. |
(6) | Ch | hàb | m | children | kee | gald | gaam |
[ ʂhʌpm̩ ] | [ kʰɪnɔɰn ] | [ kʰeː ] | [ kælt ] | [ kæːm ] | |||
I | have | the | Children | no | money | given. |
The pronoun
Personal pronouns
As with the specific articles, a distinction is made between stressed and unstressed forms in personal pronouns. The emphasized forms are used when the relevant action participant is to be emphasized. Phonologically , the stressed pronouns are independent words, whereas the unstressed forms usually only consist of a single consonant or vowel. There is no stressed form for the third person, the stressed forms of the definite article must be used instead. This often seems impolite to outsiders. In contrast to nouns , personal pronouns distinguish between cases in both the singular and the plural . They are:
Person / number / gender | Nominative | dative | accusative |
---|---|---|---|
stressed personal pronouns | |||
1st person singular | i | me | me |
2nd person singular | duu | diir | you |
3rd person singular male. | daar | daan / dèèn | then / dèèn |
3rd person singular female | dii | daar | dii |
3rd person singular sächl. | the | daan / dèèn | the |
1st person plural | me | us | us |
2nd person plural | iir | calibration | calibration |
3rd person plural | dii | daann / dèènn | dii |
Courtesy form | sii | iinn | sii |
unstressed personal pronouns | |||
1st person singular | (I | mer | me |
2nd person singular | de / you | of the | you / ch |
3rd person singular male. | he | n | n |
3rd person singular female | se | he | se |
3rd person singular sächl. | s | n | s |
1st person plural | mer | us | us |
2nd person plural | he | calibration | calibration |
3rd person plural | se | n | se |
Courtesy form | se | iin (n) | se |
The pronouns that contain ch instead have sch in the northwest dialect . The unstressed pronoun of the second person singular is de when it comes after the verb and you when it comes before it. Unlike in German, separate pronouns are used for the politeness form.
Examples:
(7) | Hàd | -he | -s | -n | shoo | gesààd |
[ hʌtɔɰsn̩ ] | [ ʂuː ] | [ kəsʌːt ] | ||||
Has | he | it | him | beautiful | said? |
(8th) | Ch | hàb | dèènn | nischd | gaam |
[ ʂhʌp ] | [ tɛːnn̩ ] | [ nɪʂt ] | [ kæːm ] | ||
I | have | them / them | Nothing | given. |
possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns are declined according to the case, number and gender of the noun that they define. Their tribes are:
Person / gender | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st person | my)- | our- |
2nd person | your)- | ei (e) r- |
3rd person male. | be)- | iir- |
3rd person female | iir- | iir- |
3rd person sächl. | be)- | iir- |
In the singular pronouns, the / n / is omitted if there is no ending (-Ø) or the ending -n . In the first person plural, the / s / is omitted except in the Northwest dialect. In the first and second person plural, the / e / is usually not used when there is a vowel-like ending. The declension endings are:
shape | male | Female | neutrally |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative singular | -O | -e | -O |
Dative singular | -n | -he | -n |
Accusative singular | -n | -e | -O |
Nominative plural | -e | ||
Dative plural | -n | ||
Accusative plural | -e |
It is noticeable that this paradigm gets by with three letters, namely e , n and r .
Examples:
(9) | my | dog |
[ maɪ ] | [ hʊnt ] | |
my | dog |
(10) | eirer | Schwasder |
[ aɪɣɔɰ ] | [ ʂvastɔɰ ] | |
yours | sister |
With the pronouns of the third person, as with the nouns, the dative construction is becoming more and more popular:
(11) | daar | iire | dàsch |
[ taːɰ ] | [ iːɣə ] | [ tʌʂ ] | |
this / her | your | bag | |
"Her bag" |
see.:
(12) | daar | fraa | iire | dàsch |
"This woman's bag" |
The preposition
The following construction can be found mainly in the Western Ore Mountains, but also in Lichtenstein:
(13) | no | (n) | of the | schdàd |
inside | in | of the | city | |
"Into the city" |
The actual preposition n (dt. In ) is never omitted in Lichtenstein, but mostly in the Western Ore Mountains due to the even more consistent [n] shrinkage. This makes it look like nei is the preposition. It should also be noted that the target in question does not appear with the accusative as in German , but with the dative . That a movement is meant is expressed by nei .
This construction is also possible with many other prepositions: dràà der kèrch ("at the church", "at the church").
The adjective
congruence
Adjectives congruent in case , number , gender and definiteness with their reference word. Unlike in German, however, in Erzgebirge the forms without an article do not differ from those with an indefinite article.
German | Erzgebirge |
---|---|
eur -em jewelry | deier -n schmuk |
a thousand -en ring | n'deier -n ring |
The following table contains all congruence suffixes to adjectives.
shape | male | Female | neutrally |
---|---|---|---|
without article / with indefinite article | |||
Nominative singular | -he | -e | -(it |
Dative singular | -n | -he | -n |
Accusative singular | -n | -e | -(it |
Nominative plural | -e | ||
Dative plural | -n | ||
Accusative plural | -e | ||
with definite article | |||
Nominative singular | -e | -e | -e |
Dative singular | -n | -n | -n |
Accusative singular | -n | -e | -e |
Nominative plural | -n | ||
Dative plural | -n | ||
Accusative plural | -n |
Further examples:
(14) | e | gruus-er | màà |
[ ə ] | [ kxuːsɔɰ ] | [ mʌː ] | |
a | greater | man |
(15) | daar | schiin-n | fraa |
[ taːɰ ] | [ ʂiːnn̩ ] | [ fxaː ] | |
this | beautiful | woman |
increase
The comparative is formed with the suffix -er . Unlike in German, the object of comparison receives the preposition wii (wie).
The superlative is created with the ending - (e) sd . The congruence suffixes are then added to both endings.
Examples:
(16) | e | grès- (e) r-er | màà | wii | daar |
[ ə ] | [ kxɛsɔɣɔɰ ] | [ mʌː ] | [ viː ] | [ taːɰ ] | |
a | bigger-he-he | man | as | he / this |
(17) | of the | beautiful-sd-n | fraa |
[ tɔɰ ] | [ ʂɛnstn̩ ] | [ fxaː ] | |
of the | most beautiful | woman |
The verb
As in German, the finite verb in Erzgebirge congruent with the subject of the sentence according to person and number. If the verb form is formed with an auxiliary verb , this auxiliary verb is the finite verb in the sentence and is subject to congruence.
Morphologically , a distinction is made between two tenses, present and past tense . The past tense is used productively almost only with strongly inflected verbs. The remaining time forms, namely Perfect , perfect progressive , Present and Future continuous , must be formed with auxiliary verbs. The past tense and perfect tense are used equally. The past perfect expresses the prematurity of one action in relation to another in the past. The future tense II is mainly used when a presumption is made about a past action, such as B. in German: He will probably not have been there again .
Infinitive, participles
The infinitive , the participle I and the participle II are formed in the Erzgebirge with the following affixes:
shape | schbiil- (Ger. game- ) (slightly bent) | gii- (Ger. go- ) (strongly bent) | be- (Ger. be- ) (irregular) | hàb- (Ger. hab- ) (irregular) | wèèr- (Ger. werd- ) (irregular) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | schbiil -n | gii -n | be ( -n ) | hà -m | wèèr -n |
Past participle | schbiil -end | gii -end | being- being | hàà -md | wèèr -nd |
Past participle | overall schbiil -d | ( ge ) gàng -ng | overall waas -n | ge hà -d | overall WUR -n |
Present
As in German, you have to distinguish between strongly and weakly inflected verbs in Erzgebirge. In the present tense, which can express present or future actions, the following endings are used for the two classes:
Person / number | schbiil- (Ger. game- ) (slightly bent) | gii- (Ger. go- ) (strongly bent) | be- (Ger. be- ) (irregular) | hàb- (Ger. hab- ) (irregular) | wèèr- (Ger. werd- ) (irregular) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | schbiil -Ø | gii -Ø | bii -Ø | hàb -Ø | wèèr -Ø |
2nd person singular | schbiil -sd | gi (i) -sd | bi -sd | hà -sd | wèr -sd |
3rd person singular | schbiil -d | gi (i) -d | is | hà -d | wèr -d |
1st person plural | schbiil -n | gii -n | be -Ø | hà -m | wèèr -n |
2nd person plural | schbiil -d | gii -d | be -d | hàb -d | wèèr -d |
3rd person plural | schbiil -n | gii -n | be -Ø | hà -m | wèèr -n |
As can be seen from the example of the auxiliary verb hàm (German to have), the suffix -n also merge with some consonants of the stem.
Often the present tense in Erzgebirge is formed periphrastic, i.e. with an auxiliary verb. For this, the normal present tense of the auxiliary verb tun is combined with the infinitive of the verb. Examples of this can already be found in the older Erzgebirge literature.
preterite
As mentioned, the past tense is formed productively only from the strongly inflected verbs. Instead, the perfect must be used for the weakly inflected verbs, but this is also becoming more and more popular with the strong verbs.
In the formation of the simple past, some words differ from German. For example, schmègng (dt. To taste ) is a strongly inflected verb in the Erzgebirge: schmoog (dt. To taste ). The verb frààn (dt. To ask ) also forms a strong past tense: fruuch (dt. To ask ).
The following endings are used to indicate the congruence to the subject:
Person / number | gii- (Ger. go- ) (strongly bent) | be- (Ger. be- ) (irregular) | hàb- (Ger. hab- ) (irregular) | wèèr- (Ger. werd- ) (irregular) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | went -Ø | wààr -Ø | hàd -Ø | became -Ø |
2nd person singular | went -sd | wààr -sd | hàd -sd | became -sd |
3rd person singular | went -Ø | wààr -Ø | hàd -e | became -e |
1st person plural | went -ng | wààr -n | hàd -n | became -n |
2nd person plural | went -d | wààr -d | hàd -ed | became -ed |
3rd person plural | went -ng | wààr -n | hàd -n | became -n |
Perfect, past perfect
Perfect and past perfect are formed with a bent (finite) form of sei- or hàb- and the participle II of the main verb.
Examples:
(18) | Miir | be | gasdern | (a) f | of the | kèèrms | gàngng |
[ miːɰ ] | [ saɪ ] | [ kæstɔɰn ] | [ (a / ə) f ] | [ tɔɰ ] | [ kʰɛːɰms ] | [ kʌŋŋ̍ ] | |
We | are | yesterday | on | the | Folk festival | went. |
(19) | Ch | hàd | -s | -n | ààwer | gesààd |
[ ʂhʌtsn̩ ] | [ ʌːvɔɰ ] | [ kəsʌːt ] | ||||
I | would have | it | him | but | said. |
Future tense
Both future I and future II are formed with present tense forms of the auxiliary verb wèèr- (Dt. To be). In the future tense I is the infinitive of the main verb, in the future tense II, however, the participle II and the infinitive of sein- (German to be) or hab- (German to have).
Examples:
(20) | Murng | wèrd | of the | Hans | after | Kams | fààrn |
[ moːɰjŋ ] | [ vɛɰt ] | [ tɔɰ ] | [ hʌns ] | [ nʌːχ ] | [ kʰæms ] | [ fʌːɰn ] | |
tomorrow | becomes | of the | Hans | to | Chemnitz | drive. |
(21) | He | wèrd | wuu | against | nèd | doo | washed | be |
[ ɔɰ ] | [ vɛɰt ] | [ vuː ] | [ viːtɔɰ ] | [ nɛt ] | [ toː ] | [ kəvaːsn̩ ] | [ saɪ ] | |
He | becomes | well | again | Not | there | been | be. |
conjunctive
A productive subjunctive (possibility form) is only formed by most auxiliary verbs (except wèèr- (Dt. To be)) as well as by some frequently used strongly inflected verbs. For all other verbs, the subjunctive of the auxiliary duun (Dt. Tun ) must be used with the infinitive of the main verb. The forms differ from those of the past tense only in the umlaut and are as follows:
Person / number | gii- (Ger. go- ) (strongly bent) | be- (Ger. be- ) (irregular) | hàb- (Ger. hab- ) (irregular) | duu- (Ger. tu- ) (irregular) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | gèng -Ø | waar -Ø | hèd -Ø | daad -Ø |
2nd person singular | gèng -sd | waar -sd | hèd -sd | daad -sd |
3rd person singular | gèng -Ø | waar -Ø | hèd -e | daad -Ø |
1st person plural | gèng -ng | waar -n | hèd -n | daad -n |
2nd person plural | gèng -d | waar -d | hèd -ed | daad -ed |
3rd person plural | gèng -ng | waar -n | hèd -n | daad -n |
imperative
The command form ( imperative ) is in the singular for all verbs like the first person in the present tense . To form the plural , a -d is added to this form.
Example:
(22) | Bii | just | màà | ruich! |
[ piː ] | [ nəɰ ] | [ mʌː ] | [ ɣʊɪʂ ] | |
Be | at last | calm! |
passive
As in German, the passive forms are formed with the auxiliary verb wèèr- (Ger. To be) and the participle II of the main verb. wèèr- can then be brought into all forms with additional auxiliary verbs.
Example:
(23) | Wii | wèrd | dèè | the | gemàchd |
[ viː ] | [ vɛɰt ] | [ tɛː ] | [ tʌs ] | [ kəmʌχt ] | |
How | becomes | because | the | made? |
Another language example
(Dialect of Lichtenstein)
(24) | Woo | kimsd | dee | duu | ize | hair? | |
[ vuː ] | [ come ] | [ teː ] | [ doː ] | [ ɪtsə ] | [ haːɰ ] | ||
Where | come | because | you | now | come from? | ||
(25) | The | kàà | (I | of the | fei | ni | sààn. |
[ tʌs ] | [ kʰʌː ] | [ (ɪ) ʂ ] | [ tɔɰ ] | [ faɪ ] | [ nɪ ] | [ sʌːn ] | |
The | can | I | to you | but | Not | say. |
Comments on sentence (25):
According to the orthography explained above, one does not speak kàà as one pronounces in German co-… (e.g. in co-trainer), but the vowel is rather an a spoken very far back. The same goes for sààn, of course .
The personal pronoun (i) ch is usually just ch when pronounced quickly . Speaking quickly, you could also write sentence B like this: skʰʌːʂtɔɰ ].
S-kàà-ch-der fei ni sààn . The beginning sounds like a two-syllable word [kumm (dt. to come ) is an ablaut verb in the Erzgebirge, which means that a different stem vowel is used in the second and third person singular in the present tense than in the other forms (cf. [ kʰ ɪ mst ] (Dt. k o mmst )). This also speaks for a close relationship with Bavarian. The pronunciation with [ɪ] is common there as well as in some other Upper German dialects.
Text example
The following excerpt contains the introduction as well as the first stanza of a Clausthal wedding poem from 1759 and is written in the Upper Harz dialect:
When Niemeyer took his cobblers to the wedding in de Kerch, ae Vugelsteller Vugel and hot baths were scratched; is k 'schaen October 25, 1759. Clasthol, kedrueckt at the book printer Wendeborn.
Click on with enanner you statlig'n urine!
Thu d’r Toffel aach comes out of the fern,
Hahr hot ju kraets schunt de Fraehaet kenumme,
Su eats aach this time with pure kekumme.
Se hahn ne ju suest wos ze luesen A kekahn:
I hate it Vugel, do you want to see it?
translation
When the Niemeyer took his shoemaker to church for the wedding, a bird dealer brought birds and congratulated them both; this happened on October 25, 1759. Clausthal, printed by the printer Wendeborn.
Good luck to one another, you handsome gentlemen!
The booby comes in from afar,
he has just taken his liberty,
so he came in with us this time too.
You gave him something else to earn:
I have beautiful birds, do you want to look at them?
- A The verb luesen probably comes from Lower Saxony. According to Borchers in 1929 it was spoken [liːsən] (the Erzgebirge does not know ü) and means something like "earn, make money".
Carnival sayings that the children say from house to house while begging
I bi a klanner kenich (I'm a little king)
Gave mr net ze wenich (don't give me too little)
Let go of me net ze long stii (don't let me stand too long)
I want e heisl weddergii (I want to go a little further )
I am a klanner (I am a little dwarf)
Un kumm net nibern barch (And don't come over the mountain)
Gabt'r mr ne márk (Give me a mark)
Do bi iich aries strong (Then I am strong again)
vocabulary
As in all dialects, there are also words in the Erzgebirge that are difficult or impossible to understand as an outsider. This includes shortening of long words, but also many words that other dialects, and even some of the Erzgebirge sub-dialects, do not know. The following tables contain some examples.
Nouns
word | Pronunciation (Nordwestdial.) |
translation | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
aarb | tool [ ˈAːɰp ] | job | only in western dialect |
aardabl | [ ˈAːɰˌtæpl̩ ] | potato | literally: potato |
ààziizeich | [ ˈɅːˌtsiːˌtsaɪ̯ʂ ] | dress | literally: clothing |
àbort | [ ˈɅpɔɰt ] | Toilet | |
bambis | potato pancakes | probably too German Pampe | |
bargmoo | Miner | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
bèg | [ ˈPɛk ] | baker | |
bèremèd | [ ˌPɛɣəˈmɛt ] | Christmas pyramid | |
bèrschd | [ ˈPɛɰʂʈ ] | brush | |
buss, plural bussen | Lad; son | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
burschdwich | [ ˈPʊɰʂʈvɪʂ ] | broom | literal bristle wipe (er), also baasn |
dibl | [ ˈTɪpl̩ ] | Cup | literally: potty |
draambuch | an inattentive one | literally a dream book | |
dridewààr | [ ˌTxɪtəˈvʌːɰ ] | pavement | see. French pavement |
fauns | [ ˈFaʊ̯ns ] | Slap | also faunst |
celebration | Fire | ||
fuuchlbaarbaam | [ ˈFuːxl̩ˌpaːɰˌpaːm ] | rowan | literally: rowan tree |
fursool | Hall | literally: entrance hall | |
gack | jacket | ||
weighed | Minced meat | ||
gogd | hunt | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
goocher | [ ˈKæːχɔɰ ] | Hunter | |
gudsàger | [ ˈKʊtsˌʌkɔɰ ] | graveyard | literally: Gottesacker |
hamml | small appetizers, piece of bread | ||
handsching, handsch | Glove | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
hèm | [ ˈHɛm ] | Shirt / home | |
hiidrààbradl | [ ˈHiːˌtxʌːˌpxætl̩ ] | Serving tray | literally: carry board |
hitsch | [ ˈHɪʈʂ ] | footstool | |
huchsch | [ ˈHʊxʈʂ ] | wedding | also Huchzich |
kriibl | bad person | literally: (regional) onion , crepe stunted apple, fruit mummy | |
cro | old woman | maybe from crow | |
loader | [ ˈLætɔɰ ] | ladder | also lèdder |
maad | girl | Literally: Maid, there is also the belittling maadl as in High German | |
matz | larger amount, accumulation | ||
miinsln | Pussy willow | ||
nààmitsch | [ ˈNʌːmɪʈʂ ] | afternoon | also noochmiddich |
olieng | issue | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
pfaar | [ ˈPfaːɰ ] | horse | |
tight | [ ˈƔeːŋ ] | rain | |
runksn | large piece of bread | ||
collect | bun | literal bread roll | |
stagng | [ ˈꟅʈækŋ̍ ] | Stick it, stick | |
schduub | [ ˈꟅʈuːp ] | Living room, parlor | |
(sheer) hààder | [ ˈꟅaɪ̯ɔɰˌhʌːtɔɰ ] | Cleaning cloth | |
Schmiich | [ ˈꟅmiːʂ ] | Folding rule | literally: beetle |
schnubbdichl | Handkerchief | literally: snuff, cf. Czech "šnuptychel" | |
seechams | ant | see. Luxembourgish “seichamse”, promoted by the superstition that the poison is transmitted by watering (urinating) | |
sidichfir | Hinterwäldlerdorf | maybe from watch yourself | |
at night | Rough nights / sub-nights | During this time, no laundry may be washed or hung | |
wottgack | Cotton jacket | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
zemitschasn | [ tsəˈmɪʈʂˌasn̩ ] | Having lunch | literally: lunch |
zèrwànsd | [ ˈTsɛɰˌvʌnst ] | accordion | literally: distressed |
Verbs
The Erzgebirge has a particularly large number of onomatopoeic verbs. The following table contains some examples, but in particular reference is made to the extensive collection of I. Susanka (see literature). Since the Erzgebirge is a very rainy area, there are numerous words for different forms of rain.
word | Pronunciation (Nordwestdial.) |
translation | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
snowed | look closely | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
besuudln | [ pəˈsuːtl̩n ] | to pollute | literally defile |
pale | [ ˈPlʌːʈʂn̩ ] | to rain heavily (downpour) | |
blèègng | [ ˈPlɛːkŋ̍ ] | scream out loud | literally: "bläken", cf. "Bleat" |
braachln | burn, to sdt | isv the sun is burning (hot) | |
book | beat, defeat | literally throb | |
(rum) there | laze around, loll around | ||
(a) dalfrn | touch, touch | ||
deebern | [ ˈTeːpɔɰn ] | rave, rant | |
derlaam | tool [ tɔɰˈlaːm ] | experience | (not in northwest dialect) |
drààschn | [ ˈTxʌːʂn̩ ] | heavy rain (continuous rain) | |
dschinnorn | slip | ||
eisàgn | [ ˈAɪ̯sʌkŋ̍ ] | fill in, pack up | literally: "sack" |
gaungzn | whine, yawn | ||
giigln un gagln | wave around with a pointed object | ||
to be gracious | untie | ||
gogn | to hunt | ||
gwèstern | [ ˈKvɛstɔɰn ] | keep going in and out | |
iinln | look, peep | often also "spaergn" in western Ore Mountains | |
cambln | [ ˈKʰæmpl̩n ] | fight | Belittling of "fighting", only in children's wrestling matches |
kuddln | drink | ||
odln | fertilize with liquid manure | ||
ogemelt | covered with hoarfrost | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
(rum) maarn | be slow | ||
(rum) modln | be slow | ||
rustle gieh | Go sledging | ||
schurn | Shovel / push snow | ||
closed | to rain heavily (downpour) | ||
schlurksn | shuffle, go sipping | ||
sèèng | urinate | literally seichen | |
to drool | [ ˈSiːfɔɰn ] | drizzle lightly | see. drinking, german. Goddess Sif |
urschn | waste | ||
vrhunebibln | deface | see. mockery, mockery | |
awake | flicker, flicker (fire) | to bayr./öst. wach - wag | |
wiibln un wabln | Teeming, teeming | to mhd. wibel (beetle) and dt. wabern | |
right | slurp out |
Other words
Like many German dialects, Erzgebirge is also very rich in adverbs . The use and translation of fei is very complex and needs further study. It is used both in prompts ( Gii fei wag!, Ger . "Go away!") And in statements ( S'reengd fei. , Ger . "It's raining, by the way."). Fei often reinforces or reinforces in the sense of real or real. Dr Omd wàr fei schii (The evening was really nice). Des gett fei net (that really doesn't work).
word | Pronunciation (Nordwestdial.) |
translation | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
over | crazy, crazy | too dt. silly | |
bill, bissl | little | ||
doddish | crazy, crazy, wild | probably to German stutter or Hottentot | |
Dorwalle | there, although (meanwhile) | i. S. v. I stayed there I wanted to go | |
things on | [ ˌTɪŋəˈnaʊ̯f ] | uphill, uphill | |
emènde | [ əˈmɛndə ] | possibly | literally: at the end |
enùseja | well, so, that's why | literally: ei well so yes | |
feeder | [ ˈFeːtɔɰ ] | forward, further | see. engl. further |
fei | [ ˈFaɪ̯ ] | but, namely, finally, pretty much | |
for | [ ˈFiːɰ ] | in front | also in compositions |
gaaling | [ ˈGæːlɪŋ ] | violently, vehemently | literally: suddenly |
bile | right | ||
hae | Yes | ||
hot | [ ˈHaɪ̯ɔɰ ] | this year | literally: this year |
hèm | [ ˈHɛm ] | home | literally: home, also è'hèm or ham |
hiimundriim | [ ˌHiːmʊnˈtxiːm ] | on both sides | literally: over here and over there |
into it | [ ˌHɪnəˈviːtɔɰ ] | back and forth | literally every now and then |
hutzelich | shriveled, shriveled, wrinkled | ||
ize | [ ˈꞮtsə ] | now | by itzund |
next | [ ˈNʌːxɔɰt ] | later | also nòòcherts |
numero | now | ||
oltvatersch | old-fashioned | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
get out | to harvest | in the Middle Ore Mountains | |
zàm | [ ˈTsʌm ] | together | |
zàmnamsch | economical | literally: taking together, also zàmnamit | |
zomgeroten | get into an argument | in the Middle Ore Mountains |
Exclamations
The interjections used in the Erzgebirge sometimes differ greatly from those in standard German. Due to the language area dominated by mining, the miner's greeting Glig is still very common in everyday use today ! or contracted Gauf! (Eng. "Glück auf!") used. If a negative statement is to be answered in the affirmative, one says Ujuu! [ ˈƱjuː ], in some places also Ajuu! [ ˈAjuː ], ( Eng . "Yes!"). In the Zwickau form Oia! the derivation of "Oh, yes!" is most clearly recognizable. - On the other hand, if a positive statement is negated, È (schà) is used! [ ˈƐ (ˌʂʌ) ] (Eng . "No!"). This exclamation is also used, albeit with a different intonation, to express surprise.
credentials
- ↑ Overview page on languages, names and codes at Braunschweig University Library
- ^ Instead of many: Peter Wiesinger: The division of German dialects. In: Werner Besch u. a .: dialectology. A manual on German and general dialectogy. Berlin / New York 1983 (HSK 1), pp. 807–900, with maps 47.4 and 47.5.
- ↑ The topos of East Franconian can be found especially in Sudeten German literature, for example in the history of the Sudetenland
- ↑ * 2
- ↑ * 1
- ↑ z. B. at Anton Günther , see z. B. s: Da Uf'nbank .
- ↑ Quoted in Borchers 1929 (see literature), pages 135-136. Borchers orthography. However, ae , oe and ue are written in Borchers as a, o and u with a small e above.
- ↑ List in erzgebirgisch.de. Retrieved February 20, 2017 .
literature
Grammars and other linguistic publications
- Friedrich Barthel : The Vogtland-West Ore Mountains Language Area - Cultural Geographical Investigations on the Border Problem , Diss. University of Leipzig. Graefenhainichen 1933
- Friedrich Barthel: Afterword . Dialect and dialect poetry of the Ore Mountains and Vogtland. In: Manfred Blechschmidt (Ed.): Voices of the homeland . Poems in the Ore Mountains and Vogtland dialect from the beginning to the present. 2nd revised edition. Friedrich Hofmeister, Leipzig 1965, p. 349-364 .
- Horst Becker: Saxon dialect lore . Origin, history and sound level of the dialects of Saxony and North Bohemia, Dresden undated (around 1938)
- Manfred Blechschmidt : From the dialect in the Erzgebirge, in: Mutterssprache 96 (1986), pp. 53–57.
- Oswin Böttger: The syntax of the Erzgebirge dialect . Inaugural dissertation. Leipzig 1904. ( Internet Archive )
- Erich Borchers: Language and founding history of the Erzgebirge colony in the Upper Harz . Marburg 1929.
- Ernst Goepfert: The dialect of the Saxon Ore Mountains is presented according to the sound ratios, word formation and inflection. With an overview map of the language area . Leipzig 1878. ( Internet Archive )
Other literature
- Irmtraud Susanka: As I said drham. Our dialect in the Kaaden-Duppau district . Publisher of the Kaadener Heimatbrief, Bayreuth no year, without ISBN.
- Elvira Werner : Dialect in the Ore Mountains. Edited by the Saxon State Office for Folk Culture. Weiss-Grün series, number 17, Marienberg 1999. ISBN 3-931770-18-4 .
- Harald Kraut, Günter Claussnitzer, Herbert Kaden , Albrecht Kirsche: Osterzgebirgsche dialects. 800 phrases and quotes. Freiberg 2009.
- Louis Kühnhold: Tales from the Upper Harz in Upper Harz dialect . Self-published, 1928.