Wilhelm Bade

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Wilhelm Bade 1891

Eduard Gustav Wilhelm Bade (born February 20, 1843 on Gut Hohen Wieschendorf near Wismar , † July 27, 1903 in Rostock ) was a pioneer of German north and polar tourism. After completing his nautical training in merchant shipping, he worked as a ship's officer and captain and organized the world's first regular tourist trips to the Arctic from the beginning of the 1890s until his death .

biography

Second German North Polar Expedition 1869/70

The Hansa leaves Bremerhaven on June 15, 1869.

Wilhelm Bade was the sixth of eight children of Friedrich August Axel Bade and Henriette Conradine Mathilde Bade, nee. Ihlefeld, born on their Hohen Wieschendorf estate near Wismar, which they have lived in since 1833 and are now in the fifth generation. In 1860 they left it to their eldest son Theodor and moved to Rostock, where they owned a house. At this time Wilhelm Bade was already going to sea, in 1858 for the first time in the northern Arctic Ocean. He was already an experienced seaman when he took part in the Second German North Pole Expedition under Captain Paul Hegemann (1836–1913) as the second officer of the schooner brig Hansa in 1869 . Carl Koldewey led the flagship of the expedition, the screw steamer Germania . The ships left Bremerhaven on June 15, 1869 , heading for the east coast of Greenland . The plan drawn up by the geographer August Petermann envisaged advancing north parallel to the coast of the island, breaking through a suspected pack-ice belt and - as Petermann believed - penetrating into the ice-free polar sea . At the end of July the ships separated and in September 1869 the Hansa froze in the pack ice off the east coast of Greenland. A month later it was crushed. Bade saved himself with the rest of the crew on an ice floe and drifted about 1,500 km south within 200 days. When the floe had shrunk to a size of only 300 m², the fourteen men continued the journey in their three boats, of which Bade led the largest and heaviest, the King Wilhelm . After another 36 days of hardship, they reached Friedrichstal on the southern tip of Greenland. From Frederikshåb they were able to return to Europe on the Danish sailing ship Constance and were back in Germany in September 1870.

Bade kept a comprehensive diary during the expedition, which authentically and vividly describes the experiences of the Hansa team. Today it is kept in the archives of the city of Wismar .

From 1870 to 1891

The knowledge of the next twenty years in Bades life is sketchy. It is known that he started an extensive lecture program in 1870. Two lecture texts, "Lecture about the purposes and goals of North Pole expeditions, their equipment, and the best paths to choose" and "Lecture about Greenland" , can already be found in his diary kept during the expedition. His attempt to find acceptance into the Imperial Navy was unsuccessful. On May 20, 1872, Wilhelm Bade married his cousin Lulu, who gave him five children over the next few years - Sara (* 1874), Axel (* 1876), Else (* 1878), Heinrich (* 1883) and Lulu (* 1889 ). The couple initially lived in Swinoujscie , and Bade was the captain of a passenger steamer for Baltic Lloyd in Stettin . In 1875, Bade became a corresponding member of the Association for the German North Pole Journey , from which the Geographical Society in Bremen emerged in 1877 , as well as the Association for Geography and Statistics in Frankfurt am Main , which changed itself through the financial support of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition from 1872 to 1874 the polar research deserved. When Baltic Lloyd went into liquidation in 1876 , Bade increased the number of his lecture tours again. In the 1880s he lived in Wismar, where he owned the fish shop "Ostseefischerei Wendorf".

In his lectures, Bade promoted a third German north polar trip. But he also aroused the interest in his audience to get to know the extreme nature of the Arctic for themselves and advocated greater use of the economic resources of the polar regions.

Return to the Arctic

Württemberg Spitzbergen expedition

1891 convinced some bathing Stuttgart investors from an expedition to the Bear Island and Spitsbergen equip the mineability of the local coal deposits and the possibilities of the whale - and fishing should explore in the surrounding waters. Through the mediation of Wilhelm Hauchecornes , the head of the Geological State Institute in Berlin, the Bochum mining engineer Leo Cremer (1866–1901) could be won over to carry out the geological work. As the leader of the Württemberg Spitzbergen expedition , Bade chartered the Amely fish steamer from the Hochseefischerei-Gesellschaft Droste, Gehrels u. Co. The ship left Bremerhaven on July 26, 1891 under the command of Captain Mahlstede, who had extensive polar experience, as he had already brought the German participants in the International Polar Year to Baffinland in 1882 and picked them up again in 1883. The zoologist Max von Zeppelin , the officer and explorer Karl von Urach (1865–1925), the chemist Richard Baur (1833–1910) and the ship's doctor Dr. Faber.

After visiting the whale station on the island of Skorøya , the bear island was called to examine the already known coal seams more closely. Then the Amely followed on the west coast of Svalbard. At the Magdalenenfjord the 80th parallel was almost reached. On the shores of the fjords leading deep into the country, Cremer repeatedly found coal deposits worth mining. The other passengers often spent their time on hunting trips. How much the Arctic nature and landscape impressed the passengers can be seen in the travel reports of Cremer and Zeppelin.

Nordic Deep Sea Fisheries Society

Wilhelm Bade 1902
Advertisement for polar and Mediterranean trips with the Thalia 1907

Bade used Cremer's vaguely optimistic assessments to promote the economic use of Spitsbergen with lectures in several West German cities in the autumn and winter of 1891. In particular, he sketched a picture of a German station on Bear Island, where the whales and fish caught in the surrounding waters could be processed with the help of local hard coal . He also considered exporting the coal to Norway and Northern Russia to be promising. Bades ideas were published in the Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift in May 1892 and submitted to a sharp critical analysis in June by the arctic zoologist Willy Kükenthal . He judged Bades plans "that they are without any basis and that any sums applied to their realization would be irretrievably lost."

But Bade had already succeeded in attracting potential investors among the large Rhenish companies to his project. In the spring of 1892, the Nordic Deep Sea Fishing Society was founded in Mülheim an der Ruhr with a share capital of 200,000 marks. In the statutes adopted by the constituent general assembly on July 2nd, polar tourism was named as corporate goals in addition to deep-sea fishing, whaling and mining. The company's board of directors consisted of Wilhelm Bade, Hugo Stinnes and the authorized signatory Hermann Doebel. Bade himself held ten percent of the shares. Further investors from the Rhenish coal and steel industry were Gustav Stinnes , Gerhard Küchen , August Haniel , Franz Haniel , Hugo von Gahlen , Emil Poensgen and Rudolf Waldthausen.

The company ordered a modern whaler, the steamship Glückauf , from Akers mekaniske Verksted in Christiania , which set out for its first voyage in 1893 and killed 17 whales between the beginning of July and the beginning of August. At the same time, Bade started a pleasure trip with 70 passengers on the Admiral steamer chartered by the German East Africa Line . The ships met in the port of Tromsø and first drove to the whale station on Skorøya, which could be visited by the participants of the cruise and where the Glückauf later wanted to bring their captured whales to Flensen. Then the ships set course together for Bear Island and Svalbard. When whales were sighted, the Admiral's passengers could cross over to the Glückauf and watch the harpooning at close range. The ships passed the 80th parallel west of Svalbard on August 16 and turned soon after the drift ice border had been reached. The Admiral returned to Germany via Hammerfest and again Tromsø .

The cruise was undoubtedly a success. However, the Nordic Deep Sea Fishing Society disbanded in February 1894 against Bades resistance. In 1895, shareholders only got a quarter of their investment back. The coal mining on Svalbard and Bear Island was assessed by investors as too risky, the income from whale and fishing as too low.

Polar cruises

At the beginning of the 1890s there was a strong interest in “Nordland” in Germany, as the German Emperor Wilhelm II spent a large number of summer holidays in Norway between 1889 and 1914 , partly on his yacht and partly on land. Wilhelm Bade recognized the niche in the market and from 1894 organized self-directed Norway and polar cruises for a bourgeois and aristocratic audience. A three-week trip along the Norwegian coast to Spitsbergen in 1903 cost 800 to 1,800 marks (this corresponds to today's 5,000 to 12,000 euros). In return, the guests received a boat trip in comfortable, albeit small, cabins in a breathtaking natural setting. The food on board is described as rich and varied. There was German wine and German beer. Bades guests enjoyed the family atmosphere on board, and the fact that his relatively small ships could go deeper into the fjords and bays than the larger ships of other providers, who were more restricted due to their length and draft.

Bade, who did not take on the role of the captain on any of his cruises but rather acted as a tour guide , offered his guests a special highlight meeting with local polar explorers such as Salomon August Andrée , Gerard De Geer or the Duke of Abruzzo . His travels attracted artists as well as scientists, whose wishes he certainly accommodated, taking into account the given schedule. The “bathing flag”, which satisfied passengers sewed on the cruise of 1898 and which actually waved on the mast of his ship, testifies to the special relationship with his guests. It was in the colors of the imperial flag black, white and red, but also contained the letter B for "bath" and the picture of a walrus .

Even after Bades passed away, his sons, Axel and Heinrich Bade, organized under the company name Kapt. Bades Söhne, Wismar i. Mecklenburg voyages to the North Sea until 1908.

Death and rest

In 1903 Wilhelm Bade died after an ear operation in a Rostock hospital and was buried in Proseken near Wismar. On Svalbard a group of nunataks named Badetoppane commemorates the pioneer of polar tourism.

Tourist trips to the Arctic

Overview

Bade organized its first tourist pleasure trip to the Arctic in 1893 for the Nordic Deep Sea Fisheries Society. From 1894 he made one trip a year on his own, after a break in 1901 two a year, in July and August. After Bades death in July 1903, his sons ran the company until it was closed after the last trip in 1908.

year ship Travel data target Remarks
1893 admiral August 1st to approx. August 30th Spitsbergen on behalf of the Nordic Deep Sea Fisheries Society; Travel reports by Friedrich Plass (1851–1928) and W. Lategahn.
1894 Szczecin August 5th to around September 2nd Spitsbergen
1895 Danzig July 17th to August 16th Spitsbergen The ship runs aground in Sørgatt. Travel reports by the ship's doctor Arthur von Sachsenheim and the Estonian writer Eduard Vilde .
1896 Erling Jarl July 15 to August 16 Spitsbergen Visit Andrées on Danskøya ; total solar eclipse on August 9; Travel reports by the geographer Georg Wegener , the chemist Georg Kahlbaum (1853–1905) and the Luxembourg lawyer Maurice Letellier (1862–1899); on board also the ethnographer Wilhelm Joest and the landscape painter Hans Beat Wieland
1897 Kong Harald August 3 to August 30 Spitsbergen Hans Beat Wieland is again on board as a passenger.
1898 Kong Harald July 30th to around August 27th Spitsbergen Travel reports by Wolf Baudissin under the pseudonym Freiherr von Schlicht ; on board also the anthropologist Hermann Klaatsch
1899 Kong Harald August 6th to August 30th Spitsbergen
1900 Hertha August 5th to September 15th Franz Josef Land Hunting trip, meeting with the Stella Polare of the Duke of Abruzzo and Umberto Cagni ; On board also the later inventor of the gyro compass Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe
1902 Oihonna July 4th to July 26th Spitsbergen
1902 Oihonna August 4th to August 31st Spitsbergen The Aero lodges Arthur Berson and Hermann Elias can rise from the deck of the ship Weather dragon. Also on board are the Swiss volcanologist Albert Brun (1857–1939) and the Belgian geographer Jules Leclercq (1848–1928), who left a travel report.
1903 Oihonna July 4th to July 27th Spitsbergen
1903 Oihonna August 4th to August 31st Spitsbergen
1904 Oihonna July 3 to July 27 Spitsbergen
1904 Oihonna August 3 to August 27 Spitsbergen
1905 Oihonna July 4th to July 28th Spitsbergen The ship brings the alpinists Aemilius Hacker (1870–1912), Günther Freiherr von Saar and Hermann Sattler to Spitzbergen.
1905 Oihonna August 3 to August 28 Spitsbergen The alpinists will be picked up again. The German landscape painter Themistokles von Eckenbrecher is on board.
1906 Oihonna July 4th to July 31st Spitsbergen
1906 Oihonna August 4th to August 31st Spitsbergen
1907 Thalia July 4th to July 18th western Norway
1907 Thalia July 20th to August 17th Spitsbergen The physicians Carl Fraenkel from Halle and Walther Kausch from Berlin as well as the then Freiberg mayor and later Dresden mayor Bernhard Blüher take part in this trip, which begins in Kiel .
1908 Andenæs August 3 to August 31 Spitsbergen

Szczecin and Danzig 1894/95

In 1894 he chartered the Stettin , a ship built in 1886 for the Far East line of North German Lloyd , for a four-week trip to Spitsbergen with around one hundred passengers. The ship was led by Captain H. Wempe. For the greater safety of the passengers, the experienced Norwegian skipper Henrik Næs (1862–1950) was on board as an ice pilot. The following year the voyage took place with the Danzig , a sister ship of the Stettin . The additional fixtures - the Danzig had served as a hotel during the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal - allowed more passengers to be taken along. There was an accident on the way when the Danzig ran onto an underwater rock in Sørgatt, south of Danskøya. The ship was released again on its own and was able to continue its journey.

Erling Jarl 1896

Erling Jarl
Postcard from the journey of the Erling Jarl , sender: Georg Wegener (above)
Kong Harald
Hertha
Oihonna
Postcard from “Capt. Bath's Sons "with the oihonna (design: Themistokles von Eckenbrecher , 1906)
Thalia
Andenæs

The accident in Danzig seems to have put a strain on business relations with Norddeutscher Lloyd, because in the period that followed, Bade chartered ships exclusively from Scandinavian shipping companies. The fact that he now preferred smaller, more agile ships with shallower drafts may have been a lesson from the accident with the Danzig . In 1896, Bade chartered the Erling Jarl , a 60 meter long steamship from the Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab in Trondheim under captain Erik Lund. The ship cast off in Hamburg on July 17, 1896 with 52 passengers, including the German geographer Georg Wegener and the Swiss painter Hans Beat Wieland . On July 24th the ship reached Virgohamna on Danskøya, where Salomon August Andrée was waiting for favorable winds to take his hydrogen balloon Örnen to the North Pole . Andrée took the time to explain his plan to the passengers and to show them his balloon hangar. The Erling Jarl then penetrated to the edge of the pack ice at 81 ° 38 ′ 8 ″ north latitude - as far north as no pleasure craft before it - and then returned to Virgohamna. In the meantime, Theodor Lerner had arrived on board the Expres with an English hunting party to see the balloon ascent. After Andrée said goodbye, the Erling Jarl ran south to Magdalenefjord , Kongsfjord , Isfjord and Adventfjord , where the scientific expeditions Gerard De Geers and Sir Martin Conways met. The Swedish expedition took a piece of bathing with them and dropped them off again in the Sassenfjord . The next stops on the cruise were the North Cape and Vadsø , where a total solar eclipse was to be observed on August 9th , but the overcast sky did not allow this. On August 31st, the Erling Jarl was back in Hamburg.

Kong Harald 1897-1899

The Kong Harald was an elegant saloon steamer from Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab, which was built in 1890 at the Joh. C. Tecklenborg shipyard in Geestemünde . It offered its passengers all the amenities of the time - electric lighting, luxurious cabins, bathrooms, a well-stocked library and a bar with a piano. Wilhelm Bade chartered the ship for his Arctic cruises from 1897 to 1899. In the first year the highlight of the trip was again a visit to Andrée on Danskøya. Hans Beat Wieland was once again on board as a "drawing reporter" on behalf of Leipziger Illustrierte . The documentary watercolors and paintings of the Arctic landscape of Svalbard created here represent a first significant group of works in the painter's oeuvre. Bades three cruises with the Kong Harald had an almost identical program that was written by the writer Wolf Baudissin , who took part in the 1898 voyage, under his pseudonym Freiherr von Schlicht was vividly described in humorous sketches. The ship left the port of Hamburg with 61 passengers on July 30, 1898. Two days later, the small Norwegian port of Kopervik on the island of Karmøy was called. On the Norwegian coast, the trip led to Tromsø, where Bade showed the guests special scenic beauties such as the Geirangerfjord or the Torghatten mountain . After visiting the whaling station Skorøya the bear island was called. Then it went along the west coast of Svalbard, visiting the Recherchefjord , the Adventfjord and the Smeerenburgfjord, and on to the ice edge, which was at 81 ° 5 ′ in 1898. In particular, Virgohamna was visited again, where Andrée's balloon hall was now in ruins. Here one met the yacht of Prince Albert of Monaco , who was doing oceanographic research in the waters around Svalbard. The Heidelberg anatomist Hermann Klaatsch examined the pelagic fauna on board the Kong Harald .

Hertha 1900

In the summer of 1900, Wilhelm Bade organized his most ambitious tourist trip, a hunting trip for a small number of well-heeled guests to the remote and difficult-to-reach Franz-Josef-Land. He chartered the Norwegian company Hertha , a seal catcher built in 1884 at Røedsverven shipyard in Sandefjord . The ship had been in the Antarctic in 1893/1894 as the escort of the Jason with Carl Anton Larsen , who had given one of the seal islands the name Herthainsel . The Jason was - renamed Stella Polare  - in 1899 as an expedition ship of Luigi Amedeo di Savoia-Aosta, the Duke of Abruzzo, sailed to Franz-Josef-Land, from where the North Pole was to be reached by sledge.

Bades trip with the Hertha was primarily designed as a hunting trip, but there was also the hope of encountering the Stella Polare and receiving first-hand information about the course of the North Pole expedition. The passengers were therefore mostly Italians. But among them was Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe , who came up six months later with the plan to reach the North Pole by submarine . In pursuit of this goal, he developed the gyro compass to replace the useless magnetic compass in a steel ship's hull .

The Hertha went to Norway's northern tip over by the Barents Sea directly to Franz Josef Land, where, however, it proved impossible to landing due to difficult ice conditions. To the west of the archipelago, the 80th parallel has been exceeded. The ship then sailed along the east coast of König-Karl-Land and past Hopen back to Norway. The hunted success of Hertha was rather modest, the prey consisted of four polar bears and a few seals. In Hammerfest, however, the hoped-for encounter with the Stella Polare took place . The Hertha passengers were asked on board by the Duke of Abruzzo and learned that a group led by naval officer Umberto Cagni had not reached the geographic North Pole, but had come closer to it than anyone before her.

Oihonna 1902-1906

In 1901, Wilhelm Bade did not organize a cruise, but the following year he resumed his activities with the Finnish steamer Oihonna , which was chartered for two trips on the Svalbard route for five consecutive years. The cruise of August 1902 is of scientific and historical importance. Among the guests was the main observer of the Aeronautical Observatory Berlin-Tegel, Arthur Berson , who enjoyed a certain popularity because the year before he and Reinhard Süring reached a record height in the open basket of the Preussen gas balloon of 10,800 m. Berson had brought a hand winch, twelve collapsible kites, and 14,000 meters of wire. With his assistant Hermann Elias , he let the kites, equipped with measuring devices, soar from the rear promenade deck , with some passengers and parts of the crew helping. Berson's weather kite ascents are the earliest to be undertaken in the Arctic. Wilhelm Bade not only supported the scientists by helping them financially, he also agreed that the ship, if the tight schedule allowed it, would adapt its speed and direction of travel to the needs of the meteorologists.

Alpinists also used the Oihonna several times to travel to Spitsbergen. In 1902, the Swiss volcanologist Albert Brun climbed with four other passengers (Berson, Elias, Klein, Straub) the today named after him Albert Bruntoppen , a 922 m high mountain in Nordenskiöld-Land . On July 15, 1905, the alpinists Aemilius Hacker, Günther Freiherr von Saar and Hermann Sattler had Wilhelm Bades son Axel (* 1876), who had organized the cruises since 1903, disembark at Nordenskiöldbreen in Bünsow-Land . For a month they climbed and named numerous mountains, including the Zeltberg ( Norwegian Teltfjellet ), the Zwischenkofel (Norwegian Midterfjellet ) and the Klaas Billen peak, which can no longer be clearly assigned today. On August 15, the men were picked up again by the Oihonna , which was already on the second voyage of the summer. This time the landscape and marine painter Themistocles von Eckenbrecher was also on board .

Thalia 1907

In 1907, Axel Bade chartered the Thalia , a ship built by the Austrian Lloyd in 1886 , which had just been converted into a pleasure steamer with four decks and a single cabin class and accommodated 171 passengers. Although originally two four-week tours to Spitzbergen were announced, the first only led to Trondheim and lasted 14 days. On the second voyage, in which Baron von Bretfeld was in command as captain, it went into the northern Arctic Ocean as usual in difficult weather and ice conditions. After the Isfjord, the Smeerenburgfjord and the Walter Wellman camp on Danskøya were visited. The American was waiting for favorable weather for a flight to the North Pole in August. In September he made an unsuccessful attempt with his airship America . The Thalia drove to the pack ice border at 80 ° 15 ′ north and then turned back. In the Sassenfjord, guests were also given the opportunity to hunt. Bades' wife is said to have also taken part in this trip to meet young American travelers and others. a. Wellmann's daughters Ruth and Rita to take under their wing.

Andenæs 1908

The last cruise organized by Wilhelm Bades' heirs took place in 1908. The Andenæs, built by Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab in 1903, set off from Kiel for a four-week Spitsbergen trip.

Organizer brand for the polar trips

lili rere
Postcard designed by Hans Beat Wieland from Axel Bades's trip on the SS Oihonna in 1903 (additional franking with "POLAR-POST" stamp, stamp: Hammerfest 21.VII.1903)
Souvenir envelope from 1983 on the 80th anniversary of Wilhelm Bade's death with an image of one of his private postage stamps and a special cancellation from Wismar for the same occasion

Wilhelm Bade offered his guests their own postcards for their holiday mail, which were designed by artists such as Hans Beat Wieland or Themistokles von Eckenbrecher, who had taken part in his cruises themselves. In 1897 he issued an edition of 1000 printed organizer stamps without postage, the motif of which is a skiing hunter with a dog in front of an arctic snowy landscape. These Cinderellas , worth 10 pfennigs, were labeled “ARCTISCHE POST” and “CAP. W. BADE “inscribed. It was followed by further issues of 1000 each in 1897 and 1898 with the motif of a walrus lying in the midnight sun on an ice floe and the inscription "POLAR POST" and in 1903 with the same motif but the inscription "POLAR-POST".

literature

  • Uwe Rüppel: Captain Wilhelm Bades tourist trips to Norway, Svalbard and the European Arctic Ocean from a polar philatelic point of view . Polarpost-Sammlerverein Bielefeld eV 2001, extended edition 2012, 217 pages with 12 pages annotated bathing bibliography by Klaus Barthelmess.
  • Klaus Barthelmess: The Commencement of Regular Arctic Cruise Ship Tourism: Wilhelm Bade and the "Nordische Hochseefischerei Gesellschaft" of 1892/1893 . In: Tourism in Marine Environments 4, 2007, pp. 113–120 doi: 10.3727 / 154427307784771977 (English).
  • Reinhard A. Krause: Two hundred days in pack ice. The authentic reports of the "Hansa" men of the German East Greenland expedition 1869–1870 , Kabel Verlag, Hamburg 1997 (= writings of the German Maritime Museum , Volume 46), ISBN 3-8225-0412-2 .
  • Reinhard A. Krause: In the North Sea, on the coasts of Greenland and Svalbard: The company of Captain Wilhelm Bade from Wismar to develop the Arctic regions . In: Martin Guntau (Ed.): Mecklenburgers abroad. Historical sketches on the life and work of Mecklenburgers in their homeland and far away . Edition Temmen, Bremen 2001, pp. 84–91. ISBN 3-86108-772-3 .
  • W. Vierow: Captain Wilhelm Bade. Pioneer of German polar tourism (02/20/1843 - 07/27/1903) , article from the FLUKE magazine .
  • Stefan Przigoda: Mining on Bear Island? German interest in raw materials and the exploration of Svalbard (1871–1914) . In: Cornelia Lüdecke, Kurt Brunner (Ed.): From A (ltenburg) to Z (eppelin). German research on Spitzbergen until 1914. 100 years of the expedition of Duke Ernst II of Saxony-Altenburg (PDF; 31.8 MB). Neubiberg 2012 (= series of publications by the Institute for Geodesy , issue 88), pp. 77–91.
  • Christel Kindler: From the estate of the north polar researcher Captain Wilhelm Bade . In: Wismarer Contributions 4, 1987.
  • John T. Reilly: Greetings from Spitsbergen. Tourists at the Eternal Ice 1827-1914 . Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim 2009, ISBN 978-82-519-2460-3 , pp. 67–102 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  • Sonja Kinzler, Doris Tillmann: Nordlandreise - The story of a tourist discovery . Publication for the exhibition “Nordlandreise” 2010 in Kiel, Mare-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-86648-137-4 .

Reports from participants in Bades Arctic cruises

  • Leo Cremer: A trip to Svalbard . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift 6, 1891, pp. 453–457 , 463–467 , 473–476 , 483–486 , 496–497 .
  • Max von Zeppelin: Travel pictures from Spitzbergen, Bären-Eiland and Norway , Stuttgart 1892
  • Friedrich Plaß: Travel memories from the northern Arctic Ocean in August 1893 on board the steamer “Admiral” . Boyse, Hamburg 1894
  • W. Lategahn: A trip to the north in August 1893. Travel memories from the polar sea , Hugo Baedeker, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1894
  • Eduard Wilde [Vilde]: Travel sketches from an excursion to Norway and Spitzbergen on the steamer "Danzig" of North German Lloyd in the summer of 1895 , self-published, Saaz 1896
  • M. von Kimakowicz: Dr. med. Arthur von Sachsenheim's mollusc harvest in the northern Arctic Ocean on the west and north coast of Svalbard . In: Negotiations and communications of the Transylvanian Society for Natural Sciences in Hermannstadt 46, 1896, pp. 67–81
  • Georg Wilhelm August Kahlbaum: A trip to the Spitzbergen , Barth, Leipzig 1896
  • Georg Wegener: In Spitzbergen with Andrée and meeting with Nansen and Fram . Lecture given on January 9, 1897 in front of the Geography Association in Leipzig, in: Communications from the Geography Association in Leipzig 1897 , Duncker and Humblot, 1898, pp. XI – XII
  • Georg Wegener: To the eternal ice. A summer trip to the northern polar sea and an encounter with Andrée and Nansen . Association for German Literature, Berlin 1897
  • Maurice Letellier: À travers la Norvège et Spitzbergen , Lamulle & Poisson, Paris 1897
  • Freiherr von Schlicht (Wolf Graf von Baudissin): Bathing in Spitzbergen . In: Das kleine Journal 217, 221 and 240 , 1998; With a bath in Svalbard . In: Lübecker Eisenbahn-Zeitung 224, 1898, p. 2 ; With a bath in Svalbard . In: Über Land und Meer 17, 1899, p. 283
  • Hugo Fromholz: From East and North. Travel directions. I. Through Russia. II. After Spitzbergen , Driesner, Berlin 1898
  • H. P van W .: Reisverslag van een jachtexpeditie met het zeilschip 'Hertha' naar Franz Josephsland en Spitsbergen in 1900 , manuscript in the possession of the Maritime Museum Rotterdam
  • Jules Leclercq: Une croissière au Spitzberg sur un yacht polaire , Librairie Plon, Paris 1904
  • Arthur Berson, Hermann Elias: Report on kite ascents on the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian waters and the northern Arctic Ocean, carried out on the occasion of a vacation trip to Spitsbergen, on board the pleasure liner “Oihonna” . In: R. Assmann and A. Berson (eds.): Results of the work at the Aeronautical Observatory, October 1, 1901 to December 31, 1902 , Braunschweig 1904, pp. 1-20.
  • Aemilius Hacker, Günther Freiherr von Saar: The mountains around the Klaas-Billen-Bay . In: Journal of the German and Austrian Alpine Association 40, 1909, pp. 109–135

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Klaus Barthelmess: The Commencement of Regular Arctic Cruise Ship Tourism: Wilhelm Bade and the "Nordische Hochseefischerei Gesellschaft" of 1892/1893 .
  2. ↑ a b Reinhard A. Krause: In the North Sea, on the coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen: The company of Captain Wilhelm Bade from Wismar for the development of the arctic regions , p. 141
  3. ↑ Travel memories from the polar sea , notes of Capt. W. Bade from the templates by Hal Vogel, published by Polarphilatelie eV, Arbeitsgemeinschaft im BDPh, Leverkusen 1983, p. 3
  4. ↑ Reinhard A. Krause: Two hundred days in pack ice. The authentic reports of the "Hansa" men of the German East Greenland expedition 1869–1870 , p. 325
  5. ↑ Reinhard A. Krause: Two hundred days in pack ice. The authentic reports of the "Hansa" men of the German East Greenland Expedition 1869–1870 , p. 8
  6. ^ F. Berger: Frankfurt and the North Pole. Researchers and explorers in the eternal ice . In: Jan Gerchow (Ed.): Writings of the Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main . tape 26 . Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-86568-285-7 , p. 107-114 .
  7. ↑ Reinhard A. Krause: In the North Sea, on the coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen: The company of Captain Wilhelm Bade from Wismar for the development of the Arctic regions , p. 146
  8. ^ Leo Cremer: A trip to Spitzbergen . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift 6, 1891, pp. 453–457, 463–467, 473–476, 483–486, 496–497.
  9. ^ Max von Zeppelin: Travel pictures from Spitsbergen, Bear Island and Norway
  10. ↑ About the riches of the polar world and their importance for Germany . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift 7, 1892, pp. 188–190
  11. ↑ Willy Kükenthal: About the projected participation of Germany in the exploitation of the northern Arctic Ocean . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift 7, 1892, pp. 255-257
  12. ↑ Stefan Przigoda: Mining on Bear Island? German Resource Interests and the Exploration of Svalbard (1871–1914) , p. 82
  13. ^ Friedrich Plaß: Travel memories from the northern Arctic Ocean in August 1893 on board the steamer "Admiral" , p. 16 ff
  14. ↑ Stefan Przigoda: Mining on Bear Island? German Raw Material Interests and the Exploration of Svalbard (1871–1914) , p. 83
  15. ↑ Calculation using a template: inflation .
  16. ^ Yngvar Nielsen: Norway, Sweden and Denmark , 8th edition, Meyer's travel books, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig and Vienna 1903, p. 170
  17. ↑ Bathing tops . In: The Place Names of Svalbard (first edition 1942). Norsk Polarinstitutt , Oslo 2001, ISBN 82-90307-82-9 (English, Norwegian).
  18. ↑ Compare the passenger list with the entries “Privy Councilor Prof. Dr. Fraenkel, Halle aS "(this is how he is listed in the Leopoldina's membership list from 1910)," Prof. Dr. Kausch, Berlin ”and“ Mayor Blüher, Freiberg iS ”.
  19. ↑ Arthur von Sachsenheim in: M. von Kimakowicz: Dr. med. Arthur von Sachsenheim's mollusc harvest in the northern Arctic Ocean on the west and north coast of Svalbard , p. 71 f
  20. ↑ Reinhard A. Krause: In the North Sea, on the coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen: The company of Captain Wilhelm Bade from Wismar for the development of the Arctic regions , p. 147
  21. ↑ Georg Wegener: In Spitzbergen with Andrée and meeting with Nansen and the Fram
  22. ↑ Isabelle Chappuis: Wieland, Hans Beat. In: Sikart
  23. ^ Baron von Schlicht: Bathing in Spitzbergen . In: Das kleine Journal 217, 221 and 240 , 1998; With a bath in Svalbard . In: Lübecker Eisenbahn-Zeitung 224, 1898, p. 2 ; With a bath in Svalbard . In: Über Land und Meer 17, 1899, p. 283
  24. ^ H. P van W .: Reisverslag van een jachtexpeditie met het zeilschip 'Hertha' naar Franz Josephsland en Spitsbergen in 1900 , description on the website of the Maritime Museum Rotterdam, accessed on April 21, 2014
  25. Jump up ↑ Jobst Broelmann : “The technology is so completely different.” The entrepreneur and private scholar Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe and Albert Einstein's contribution to the invention of the gyro compass
  26. ^ John T. Reilly: Greetings from Spitsbergen. Tourists at the Eternal Ice 1827-1914 . S. 81 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  27. ↑ Arthur Berson, Hermann Elias: Report on kite ascents on the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian waters and the northern Arctic Ocean, carried out on the occasion of a vacation trip to Spitsbergen, on board the pleasure liner “Oihonna” .
  28. ↑ Jules Leclercq: Une croissière au Spitzberg sur un yacht polaire , pp. 150–160 (French)
  29. ↑ Albert Bruntoppen . In: The Place Names of Svalbard (first edition 1942). Norsk Polarinstitutt , Oslo 2001, ISBN 82-90307-82-9 (English, Norwegian).
  30. ↑ Aemilius Hacker, Günther Freiherr von Saar: The mountains around the Klaas-Billen-Bay . In: Journal of the German and Austrian Alpine Association 40, 1909, pp. 109–135
  31. ↑ Klaas Billen Point . In: The Place Names of Svalbard (first edition 1942). Norsk Polarinstitutt , Oslo 2001, ISBN 82-90307-82-9 (English, Norwegian).
  32. ^ John T. Reilly: Greetings from Spitsbergen. Tourists at the Eternal Ice 1827-1914 . S. 98 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  33. ↑ Discussion of a telegram from Captain von Bretfeld ( Die "Thalia" on Spitzbergen. In:  Innsbrucker Nachrichten , August 8, 1907, p. 9 (online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / ibn).
  34. ^ Wellmann's North Pole Journey. In: Neues Wiener Tagblatt (daily edition), July 3, 1907, p. 12 ( ANNO online ).
  35. ↑ Compare the output data and images on the homepage of the Research Association for Nordic States in the Bund der Philatelisten e. V., accessed on September 22, 2014, and the images on www.philateria.com, accessed on September 23, 2014.
personal data
SURNAME Bath, Wilhelm
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bade, Eduard Gustav Wilhelm (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German captain and entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH February 20, 1843
PLACE OF BIRTH Gut Hohen Wieschendorf near Wismar
DATE OF DEATH July 27, 1903
Place of death Rostock