Arthur Berson

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Arthur Berson

Josef Arthur Stanislaus Berson (also: Joseph Arthur Stanislaus Berson ; * August 6, 1859 in Neu-Sandez , Galicia , † December 3, 1942 in Berlin ) was a German meteorologist and pioneer of aerology . He is also known for his spectacular balloon flights for scientific purposes. From 1894 to Auguste Piccard's stratospheric journey in 1931, he held the world record for balloonists.

In the 1890s, Berson was a major player in Berlin's scientific aviation and on July 31, 1901, he and Reinhard Süring performed a balloon flight to an altitude of around 10,800 m, which led to the discovery of the stratosphere . The results of his aerological expedition to East Africa in 1908 significantly influenced the further development of climatology .

Life

Early years

Arthur Berson was born in 1859 to the Jewish attorney Leon Berson. Even as a child he was enthusiastic about geography and dreamed of traveling to distant countries. After attending grammar school in Neu-Sandez, his extraordinary talent for languages ​​- he later became fluent in six living languages ​​- initially studied modern philology in Vienna . In 1882 he passed the Austrian senior teacher examination. In 1885 he passed the exam of the College of Preceptors in London , which allowed him to work as a teacher abroad, in England and on Malta . In 1887 he gave up his position to study geography and meteorology at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin , among others with Ferdinand von Richthofen and Wilhelm von Bezold .

Berlin scientific aviation

Ballon Humboldt with Berson, Aßmann and Groß, drawing by Hans Groß
Arthur Berson with Richard Assmann (left)
Phoenix balloon basket with Berson (left) and Groß, drawing by Hans Groß
Berson's ascent with the Excelsior in 1898 at Crystal Palace

On June 2, 1888, von Bezold gave a speech in front of the German Association for the Promotion of Airship Travel on the topic of the importance of airship travel for meteorology . The program presented in it was implemented in the following decade by Berlin Scientific Aviation, organized by Richard Assmann , professor at the Berlin Meteorological Institute. When Berson became Assmann's assistant on April 1, 1890, the series of so-called preparatory aviation flights had already begun. He took part in the 4th Aviation for the first time as a meteorological observer in the balloon MW . In the period that followed, he became the main actor in Berlin's scientific aviation industry and played a key role in its success. He took part in 50 of the 65 manned balloon ascents as an observer, 19 times he was balloon pilot at the same time, a role that was usually carried out by officers of the Prussian airship department.

On December 4, 1894, Berson took a solo trip on the Phoenix hydrogen balloon . Ascending from Leopoldshall near Staßfurt , the balloon reached a height of 9155 m above sea level within 2.5 hours. NN . Berson measured a temperature of −47.9 ° C and could only withstand the effects of the low air pressure by breathing pure oxygen . The journey ended after 6.5 hours near Schönwohld, west of Kiel . Before Berson, no one had reached such a height, which earned him the nickname "the highest man".

In the 1890s there were the first beginnings of a stronger international cooperation in aerology. As early as 1893, Berson took part in simultaneous ascents with Salomon Andrée in Stockholm and Michail Pomortzeff in Saint Petersburg . On September 15, 1898, he rose in Crystal Palace with Stanley Spencer in the English balloon Excelsior at the same time as Reinhard Süring in Berlin to prove that the temperature in the higher atmospheric layers above Great Britain is comparable to that on the European mainland. Older and, as it turned out, unreliable temperature measurements by James Glaisher had shown significantly higher temperatures for the British Isles .

The Berlin scientific aviation ended with the publication of a three-volume report by Assmann and Berson in the years 1899 and 1900. About half of the content comes from Berson's pen. His description of the stratification of the lower troposphere is already very similar to the conception of a tropospheric base layer developed much later by Karl Schneider-Carius (1896–1959).

Berson was active in the German Association for the Promotion of Airship Travel and was its secretary. From 1896 to 1899 he edited the magazine for aviation and physics of the atmosphere . In 1897 he published his last warning call to Salomon Andrée here when he was preparing to fly over the North Pole with a free balloon. Berson was decidedly critical of the company and had already called it "not much better than certain suicide" in 1895 . Andrée's polar expedition ended tragically in October 1897 with the deaths of the three participants, whose last camp on the island of Kvitøya was not found until 1930. Berson wrote a tribute obituary for Die Woche magazine .

During this time, Berson worked intensively on the possible use of the balloon for geographic research. In a lecture to the Berlin Geography Society on December 7, 1895, he summed up his visions. For example, he advocated the use of tethered balloons on ship voyages in polar regions, "where even an overview of the ice conditions over 60 to 80 km can be extremely valuable" . The article was also published in abbreviated form in the renowned Geographical Journal , so that it met with a broad response. Various polar explorers put Berson's idea into practice, such as Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition (1901–1904) and Evelyn Baldwin on the Baldwin-Ziegler Expedition (1901–1902). Also Erich von Drygalski Gauss Expedition (1901-1903) in the Antarctic led to a tethered balloon.

Aeronautical Observatory Berlin-Tegel

Plans for a major aerological expedition

Berson's approach to science was that of an engineering physicist . He saw meteorology as a physics of the atmosphere. His goal was to study the cycle of the atmosphere under different latitudes using recording balloons and the weather kite introduced by the American Abbott Lawrence Rotch since 1894 . When Berson became the main observer at the newly founded Aeronautical Observatory in Berlin-Tegel on April 1, 1900 , whose director was Richard Assmann, he had already worked out a complete plan. This provided for aerological soundings, which until then had only been carried out in Europe and North America, over other areas of the world. Two meteorologists should go on an expedition and, with the help of local people, carry out kite ascents. The intended stations were: Naples for the Mediterranean climate , a place in Egypt for the subtropical desert climate, Aden for the tropical dry climate , Ceylon for the south-west and Batavia for the north-west monsoon and on the return journey again Ceylon for the north-east monsoon. The execution of the plan initially failed because Berson was assessed as not suitable for the tropics. Thereupon Berson proposed a year-long ship expedition to study the Atlantic trade winds and Indian monsoons with the help of weather kites. This project also failed because of the estimated cost of 300,000 marks.

The first Baltic Sea crossing

Even after the Berlin aviation program was over, manned scientific balloon flights took place, albeit less often. Between 1900 and 1905 Berson made a total of 49 free balloon trips. He achieved another pioneering act on January 10, 1901. After the start in Berlin, a strong south wind had carried the balloon, which was occupied by Berson and the artillery officer Alfred Hildebrandt , to Stralsund within five hours . In view of the abundant ballast, the balloonists decided to continue the journey across the Baltic Sea. They finally landed at Markaryd in Sweden and had thus accomplished the first Baltic Sea crossing with a free balloon.

The Preussen balloon being filled with hydrogen on July 31, 1901

The record run of July 31, 1901

The Berlin scientific aviation industry had opened up the third dimension to meteorology and brought a number of new findings. But they also raised new questions. With unmanned recording balloons , a constancy or even a rise in temperature was measured at altitudes over 10 km. Léon-Philippe Teisserenc de Bort made similar observations in Trappes near Paris . The desire arose to check the reliability of the automatic measurements at these altitudes by means of a manned balloon ascent. Initially, however, there was no suitable balloon available in Berlin. Preparations could only begin when the Potsdam building contractor Carl Enders gave the Aeronautical Observation the Preussen balloon with a capacity of 8,400 cubic meters and Kaiser Wilhelm II provided the company with the sum of 10,000 marks.

One was aware of the personal risks for the balloonists during the planned ascent. Therefore the testing of the Prussian by Berson and Süring took place in the presence of the Austrian doctor Hermann von Schrötter , an expert in the field of altitude sickness . On July 11, 1901, the balloon was filled with coal gas and reached a height of 7450 m on the journey from Berlin to Pirmasens .

The main voyage took place on July 31, 1901. After the decision to climb up at 6 a.m., the Prussian was filled and charged with 5,400 cubic meters of hydrogen on the Tempelhofer Feld near Berlin within 4.5 hours. The ascent started at 10:50 am. At an altitude of 6,000 m, the balloonists began to breathe oxygen through tubes connected to the oxygen bottles they were carrying . Above 10,000 m, both meteorologists passed out after Berson had registered an altitude of 10,500 m and released hydrogen by pulling the valve rope several times. Since the balloon was still rising, it is estimated that the altitude ultimately reached was 10,800 m above sea level. NN. After they woke up, Berson and Süring were able to land the balloon safely after a 7.5 hour journey near Briesen north of Cottbus .

The altitude record set by Berson and Süring lasted thirty years until Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer reached 15,781 m in the hermetically sealed gondola of their stratospheric balloon FNRS-1 on May 27, 1931 . But the ascent was also of great scientific importance. The temperature values ​​read directly by Süring agreed well with those of a recording balloon launched simultaneously, even at high altitudes. Assmann no longer had any reason to mistrust the temperatures measured with the help of unmanned free balloons. This led directly to the discovery of the stratosphere by Aßmann and Teisserenc de Bort in 1902.

Sporting records

While Berson's balloon rides were scientifically motivated, he was definitely interested in the sporty side of aeronautics. As early as July 1894, he had set a German record for free balloons with a 515 kilometer journey in the Phoenix from Berlin to Troldhede in Denmark. The journey time of 18:35 hours was also the German long-term driving record. Together with Süring, he improved the latter to 20:08 hours in June 1900. In November 1901 he and Hermann Elias regained the German course record, which had been owned by Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld in the meantime . On January 9 and 10, 1902, he and Elias drove 1,470 kilometers from Berlin to Pyriatyn in eastern Ukraine . This trip set a new course record, but with a driving time of 28:47 hours it was also the endurance record.

In the service of aviation medicine

The record run with Süring once again showed the enormous dangers balloonists expose themselves to at great heights. Berson therefore supported the advancement of developing aviation medicine with personal commitment. On June 21, 1902, he went on a balloon ride with the pioneers of this branch of medicine, Hermann von Schrötter and Nathan Zuntz , who were looking for information about the appropriate type of oxygen breathing. The balloon moved at an average altitude of 5200 m. Berson made himself available from Schrötter for medical experiments in the pneumatic chamber of the Jewish hospital in Berlin. On June 24, 1903, Berson and von Schrötter ascended to 8800 m to test the use of pressure cylinders with liquid oxygen.

Dragon ascents in the Arctic

In May 1902, at the third conference of the International Aeronautical Commission in Berlin, Berson and Rotch jointly presented a plan for exploring the atmosphere over the world's oceans. A year earlier, the American had carried out his first preparatory kite ascent from a ship in the Atlantic. The commission passed a resolution expressly in favor of a ship expedition to the oceanic trade winds. While efforts to raise the necessary funds dragged on, Berson took a first practical step to prepare for the expedition. On a cruise organized by Captain Wilhelm Bade on the Finnish steamer Oihonna to Spitzbergen in August 1902, he and Hermann Elias let weather kites rise. These were the first investigations of the free atmosphere using weather kites in the Arctic . With Hermann Elias, the Swiss volcanologist Albert Brun (1857-1939) and two other passengers of the Oihonna , Berson managed the first ascent of a 922 m high mountain on the Sassenfjord , which is now called Albert Bruntoppen .

Since Berson did not succeed in obtaining the financial means necessary to implement his plans, it was finally Hugo Hergesell who, together with the Prince of Monaco , undertook the ship expedition to the Passat region.

Lindenberg Aeronautical Observatory

In 1905 Berson moved to the Aeronautical Observatory Lindenberg near Beeskow, which was newly founded by Aßmann . A growing estrangement developed between the two men. By the end of 1905 their personal relationship was irreparably disturbed. In November Assmann wrote to Friedrich Schmidt-Ott in the Ministry of Culture : “You generally know my personal antipathy towards Berson, [...] he alienates my young officials by flattering them and inciting them against me. He does next to nothing that is not 'sport', and my dearest wish is to get rid of him in a decent way [...]. ”Nevertheless, Berson stayed in Lindenberg until 1910.

The observation of the total solar eclipse on August 30, 1905

At the invitation of the Spanish military airships, Berson took part in a balloon flight in Burgos on August 30, 1905 as an observer . The ascent took place in the 180 km wide totality strip of the solar eclipse that occurred that day . Also in the basket were the head of the Spanish military airships, Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Vives Vich (1858–1938) as a balloon pilot and a Spanish physicist. Berson wanted to clarify two questions: 1. whether the temperature decrease of about two degrees observed on the ground during solar eclipses could also be observed in the height, and 2. whether - as the American meteorologist Henry Helm Clayton claims - there is one in the totality zone the umbra forms wandering cyclones with outflowing air. During the total eclipse, which lasted 3 minutes and 41 seconds, the balloon was at an altitude of around 4000 m. As he expected, Berson could not measure any sudden cooling at this altitude. He could not answer the second question with certainty because he had too little view of the ground due to the cloud cover. At least he didn't notice the changing air currents. In a lecture to members of the Berlin Airship Association, Berson was deeply impressed by the natural spectacle.

The 1908 East Africa Aerological Expedition

Ascent of a pilot balloon on Mori Bay in the east of Lake Victoria

Berson had not given up his expedition plans, even if parts of the program had since been worked through by others. His goal was now aerological studies of the tropical continents and the monsoon areas . He planned a series of simultaneous stations from German East Africa via the Seychelles and Maldives to the Indian mainland and the Himalayas . However, this program could not be realized. The beginning of the expedition had to be postponed again and again, its scope shortened. Only on June 12, 1908 did Berson leave Berlin, accompanied by Hermann Elias. From late July to early December, they launched registration balloons, pilot balloons and weather kites to research the vertical temperature and wind distribution over East Africa. Berson chose Lake Victoria and Dar es Salaam as locations for the investigations . At times, simultaneous ascents were carried out at both locations. Finally, soundings were carried out on the Indian Ocean off the coast of German East Africa.

Overall, the expedition was very fruitful and is now considered a “milestone in the history of meteorology”. Berson was able to prove the existence of the stratosphere in the tropics and determine that it is much higher than in the temperate latitudes. This results in lower temperatures in the upper troposphere . Berson measured only −84.3 ° C at an altitude of 19,300 m - the lowest temperature that had been measured outside of a laboratory until then. His discovery of the westerly winds named after him at an altitude of over 18,000 m is particularly significant. Until then, observations of the cloud of smoke and dust from Krakatau after its eruption in 1883 had led to the conclusion that stable easterly winds prevail over the equatorial region at these heights . It was not until sixty years later that Richard Lindzen and James Reed Holton (1938–2004) could solve the riddle . Today, the Berson westerly winds, like the Krakatau east winds, are part of the quasi-biennial oscillation .

In September the expedition crossed Lake Victoria from Shirati to Bukoba for the first time with the steamer Husseni . Regular soundings revealed that Lake Victoria forms a trough with a roughly uniform depth of around 70 m.

Late years

Arthur Berson (right) in 1928 with polar pilots Carl Ben Eielson (left) and Hubert Wilkins
Arthur Berson (right) in 1929 with Umberto Nobile

In 1910, Berson said goodbye and moved back to Berlin from the unloved provincial Lindenberg. The Goerz in Friedenau had previously set up a year, a Department of meteorological and aeronautical instruments whose scientific management Berson took over.

In 1913 he undertook a second aerological expedition to the tropics. He wanted to investigate the origin of the large amounts of rain in the Amazon . However, it was only a preparatory expedition, the main expedition no longer took place due to the outbreak of the First World War .

In 1920 Berson became an employee of the Junkers factories in Dessau . He was on friendly terms with Hugo Junkers . He was also an advisor to the Scientific Aviation Society , of which he was a member of the board of directors.

In 1922, Berson was a member of the preparatory scientific committee for exploring the Arctic with airships . Together with Walther Bruns , who had commanded the airships LZ 26 and LZ 97 during World War I , he wrote the memorandum The Airship as Research Means in the Arctic , on which the founding of the International Study Society for Exploring the Arctic with Aircraft (Aeroarctic) was based in 1924 . Berson was Deputy General Secretary on the Aeroarctic Board of Directors and, thanks to his international contacts, played a major role in the fact that the initially purely German society was joined by personalities from other nations - an important step in avoiding the restrictions imposed on German aviation by the Treaty of Versailles . In preparation for the Arctic voyage of the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin , he traveled to Murmansk in 1928 following the 2nd Ordinary General Assembly of the Aeroarctic in Leningrad . Berson edited the magazine of the Aeroarctic , which appeared under the name Arktis from 1928 to 1931 by Justus Perthes Verlag . After Fridtjof Nansen's death , Berson became editor of the magazine alongside Leonid Breitfuß and Walther Bruns in 1930 .

Arthur Berson died on December 3, 1942 after a stroke. His grave in the Lichterfelde Park Cemetery was declared an honorary grave by the Berlin Senate on November 18, 1980 .

Private

Arthur Berson was married twice. His first wife, the German-American Helen B. Feininger, died in 1899 after only five years of marriage. In 1904 he married Ruth Bergstrand (1879–1945) from Sweden. He had six children. His son Arthur Felicjan Andrzej Berson (1912-2003) was also a meteorologist and was part of the Sverre Petterssen team in 1944 , which persuaded Dwight D. Eisenhower to postpone the Allied landing in France by one day.

Berson was a person interested in culture who also translated poems into German in foreign languages. Important men like Sven Hedin frequented his house in Lichterfelde . He was also known as a passionate butterfly collector.

Honors

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences honored Berson and Assmann in 1903 by awarding them the Buys Ballot Medal for the most important meteorological work of the past decade.

Before that he had already received the Red Eagle Order IV class from Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1900 for the completion of the Scientific Aviation Works , in 1901 the Crown Order IV class for the ascent with Süring and on his retirement on January 1, 1910 the Crown Order III. Class received.

On Berson's 70th birthday, a special issue dedicated to him was published in the Zeitschrift für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt in 1929 .

On August 24, 2011, the municipal council of Schönefeld decided to name a street in the entrance area of Berlin Brandenburg Airport after Arthur Berson.

Works (selection)

  • Arthur Berson: Critical Comments on Glaisher's Aviation . In: Zeitschrift für Luftschiffahrt 10, 1891, pp. 281–286.
  • Arthur Berson: A Journey into the Realm of the Cirrus . In: Das Wetter 12, 1895, pp. 1–10.
  • Arthur Berson: Geographical information from the balloon . In: Negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin 23, Issue 1, 1896, pp. 49–58.
  • Arthur Berson: In Glaisher's footsteps. A balloon ride in England . In: Das Wetter 15, 1898, pp. 217–226.
  • Richard Aßmann and Arthur Berson (eds.): Scientific aviation . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1899 (volume 1), 1900 (volume 2, 3).
  • Arthur Berson: The second run of the "Humboldt" on March 14, 1893 - 2nd overview of the meteorological results . In: Richard Aßmann (Ed.): Contributions to the exploration of the atmosphere by means of the balloon , Mayer and Müller, 1900, pp. 113-134, Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  • Arthur Berson, Reinhard Süring: The XV. Trip of the “Phoenix” balloon on July 1, 1895 . In: Richard Assmann (Hrsg.): Contributions to the exploration of the atmosphere by means of the balloon . Mayer and Müller, 1900, pp. 134–159, Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  • Arthur Berson, Reinhard Süring: A balloon ascent to 10500 m . In: Illustrirte Aeronautische Mitteilungen 4, 1901, pp. 117–119, Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  • Arthur Berson, Hermann Elias: Report on kite ascents on the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian waters and the northern Arctic Ocean, carried out on the occasion of a vacation trip to Spitsbergen, on board the pleasure liner “Oihonna” . In: R. Assmann, A. Berson (Ed.): Results of the work at the Aeronautical Observatory, October 1, 1901 to December 31, 1902 , Braunschweig 1904, pp. 1-20.
  • Arthur Berson: Report on the Royal Aeronautical Observatory's aerological expedition to East Africa in 1908 . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1910.
  • Franz Weidert and Arthur Berson: About pillars of light on the moon and sun on May 19, 1910 . In: Festschrift Optische Anstalt CP Goerz on the occasion of the celebration of its 25th anniversary 1886–1911 , Berlin-Friedenau 1911, pp. 163–170.
  • Arthur Berson: Results of Pilot Balloon Ascent in Amazonia . In: Das Wetter , Aßmann-Sonderheft, 1915, pp. 110-113.
  • Umberto Nobile, Franz Běhounek , Arthur Berson, Leonid Breitfuß a. a .: The preparations and the scientific results of the polar expedition of the "Italia" . In: Petermanns Mitteilungen , supplementary booklet 205, 1929.
  • Arthur Berson, Rudolf L. Samoilowitsch , Ludwig Weickmann : The Arctic voyage of the airship "Graf Zeppelin" in July 1931. Scientific results . International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic with Aircraft (Aeroarctic). In: Petermanns Mitteilungen , supplementary booklet 216, 1933, pp. 1–113.

Web links

Commons : Arthur Berson  - Collection of Images
Wikisource: Arthur Berson  - Sources and full texts

References and comments

  1. ^ Alfred Hildebrandt: The airship after its historical and current development . Oldenbourg, Munich / Berlin 1907, p. 252, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  2. ^ M. Hagenau: Advances and inventions of the modern age. New discoveries in the air . In: The Gazebo . Issue 15, 1895, pp. 250 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  3. ^ Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the foundation festival of the Physical Society in Berlin. In: Negotiations of the Physical Society in Berlin 15 (1), 1896, p. 15, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  4. ↑ Abbott Lawrence Rotch: The Conquest of the Air . Moffat, Yard & Co., New York 1909, p. 66, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  5. ^ A. Berson, R. Süring: The simultaneous journeys of September 15, 1898 . In: R. Assmann, A. Berson (ed.): Scientific aviation . Volume 2. pp. 591-610.
  6. ↑ Five miles up in a balloon (PDF). In: The New York Times , September 26, 1898, p. 4. Retrieved October 16, 2011. 
  7. ^ Karl-Heinz Bernhardt : To explore the atmosphere with the free balloon - the Berlin scientific aviation (1888-1899) . In: Dahlemer Archive Talks 6, 2000, pp. 52–82
  8. ↑ a b Arthur Berson: Geographical from the balloon . In: Negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin 23, Issue 1, 1896, pp. 49–58 .
  9. ↑ Arthur Berson: How the pole flight was intended . In: Die Woche 37, September 13, 1930, pp. 1088-1090
  10. ^ Arthur Berson: The use of balloons in geographical work . In Geographical Journal 7, 1896, pp. 541-544
  11. ^ PJ Capelotti: A “radically new method”: balloon buoy communications of the Baldwin – Ziegler Polar Expedition, Franz Josef Land, June 1902 . In: Polar Research , Volume 27, 2008, pp. 52-72. doi: 10.1111 / j.1751-8369.2008.00045.x
  12. ↑ Erich von Drygalski: To the continent of the icy south . Georg Reimer, Berlin 1904, pp. 271f
  13. ↑ Reinhard Süring: Obituary for Arthur Berson . In: Meteorolog. Magazine 60, 1943, pp. 26-28
  14. ↑ Richard Assmann in the foreword to: Arthur Berson: Report on the aerological expedition of the Royal Aeronautical Observatory to East Africa in 1908 , Vieweg, Braunschweig 1910
  15. ↑ H. Steinhagen: Richard Assmann . In: dmg-Mitteilungen 03/04, 2005, pp. 10–12.
  16. ↑ Record list (PDF; 33 kB) of the German Free Ballon Sports Association. V., accessed on August 25, 2019
  17. ↑ Balloon flight to examine oxygen breathing . In: Neues Wiener Tagblatt of June 24, 1902, p. 5 ( ANNO online )
  18. ↑ Arthur Berson, Hermann Elias: Report on kite ascents on the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian waters and the northern Arctic Ocean, carried out on the occasion of a vacation trip to Spitsbergen, on board the pleasure liner “Oihonna” . In: R. Assmann and A. Berson (eds.): Results of the work at the Aeronautical Observatory, October 1, 1901 to December 31, 1902 , Braunschweig 1904, pp. 1-20
  19. ↑ Jules Leclercq: Une croissière au Spitzberg sur un yacht polaire , Librairie Plon, Paris 1904, pp. 150–160 (French)
  20. ↑ Albert Bruntoppen . In: The Place Names of Svalbard (first edition 1942). Norsk Polarinstitutt , Oslo 2001, ISBN 82-90307-82-9 (English, Norwegian).
  21. ^ Richard Assmann: Letter to Friedrich Schmidt-Ott of November 8, 1905, GStA PK, vi. HA Family Archives and Legacies, Schmidt-Ott Estate, Volume XXIV, Bl. 106-107, quoted from Steinhagen: Der Wettermann , p. 350
  22. ↑ see Illustrated Aeronautical Communications . Volume 10, No. 1, 1906, pp. 24-26
  23. ^ Stefan Brönnimann, Alexander Stickler: Aerological observations in the Tropics in the Early Twentieth Century. In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, 2013, pp. 349–358, doi: 10.1127 / 0941-2948 / 2013/0458
  24. ↑ The Quasi-Biennial-Oscillation (QBO) data series , Institute for Meteorology at the Free University of Berlin , accessed on May 28, 2013
  25. ^ Heinrich Schnee (Ed.): German Colonial Lexicon . Volume 1. Leipzig 1920, p. 17
  26. ↑ Jörg Zaun: Instruments for Science. Innovations in the Berlin precision mechanics and optics 1871-1914 , Verlag für Wissenschafts- und Regionalgeschichte, Berlin 2002, p. 151, ISBN 3-929134-39-X
  27. ↑ The airship as a research tool in the Arctic. A memorandum , International Study Society for Exploring the Arctic with the Airship (Ed.), Berlin 1924
  28. ^ Cornelia Lüdecke: The German polar research since the turn of the century and the influence of Erich von Drygalski . (PDF; 11 MB). Reports on Polar Research No. 158, Bremerhaven 1995.
  29. ^ Diedrich Fritzsche: Walther Bruns and the Aeroarctic . In: Polar Research . Volume 88, No. 1, 2018, pp. 7-21. doi: 10.2312 / polar research. 88.1.7
  30. ↑ List of Berlin honorary graves (PDF; 566 kB), accessed on August 9, 2009
  31. ↑ Felicjan A. Berson: Clouds on the Horizon. Reminiscences of an International Meteorologist (PDF) In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 72, 1971, pp. 201-211
  32. ↑ Peter Supf :  Berson, Josef Arthur Stanislaus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 2, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1955, ISBN 3-428-00183-4 , p. 148 ( digitized version ).
  33. ↑ Template - GV / 065/2011 , decided on at the 27th meeting of the municipal council of Schönefeld on August 24, 2011, accessed on August 17, 2012
personal data
SURNAME Berson, Arthur
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Berson, Arthur Josef Stanislaus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German meteorologist
DATE OF BIRTH August 6, 1859
PLACE OF BIRTH New Sandez
DATE OF DEATH December 3, 1942
Place of death Berlin