Economy of Albania

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Albania
Flag of Albania
World economic rank 124th (nominal)
122th (PPP)
currency Albanian Lek (ALL)
Conversion rate 125.29 ALL = 1 EUR
(as of March 22, 2019)
Trade
organizations 		WTO , SMWK
Key figures
Gross domestic
product (GDP) 		$ 15.121 billion (nominal) (2018)
$ 38.315 billion (PPP) (2018)
GDP per capita $ 5,261 (nominal) (2018)
$ 13,330 (PPP) (2018)
GDP by economic sector Agriculture : 21.7% (2017)
Industry : 24.2% (2017)
Services : 54.1% (2017)
growth   3.7% (2018)
inflation rate 2.4% (2018)
Gini index 0.269 (2012)
Employed approx. 1.2 million (2017)
Employed persons by economic sector Agriculture : 41.4% (2017)
Industry : 18.3% (2017)
Services : 40.3% (2017)
Activity rate approx. 55.9% (2018)
Unemployed approx. 504,000 (2014)
Unemployment rate 13.7% (2018)
Foreign trade
export $ 2.79 billion (2018)
Export goods Building materials, food, machinery and equipment, raw materials, footwear, electricity, textiles, tobacco
Export partner Italy : 48% (2018)
Kosovo : 8.7% (2018)
Spain : 7.8% (2018)
import $ 5.77 billion (2018)
Import goods Building materials, chemicals, food, machinery and equipment, textiles
Import partner Italy : 27.3% (2018)
Turkey : 8.5% (2018)
Greece : 8.1% (2018)
Foreign trade balance $ 2.98 billion (2018)
International direct investment (FDI) approx. 8.2% of GDP (2018)
public finances
Public debt 63% of GDP (2018)
Government revenue $ 3.476 billion (2014)
Government spending $ 4.160 billion (2014)
Budget balance $ 684 million (2014)

The economy of Albania ( Albanian  Ekonomia e Shqipërisë ) is one of the least developed in Europe . Since the fall of communism in 1990/91, Albania has been in a process of transformation from the formerly socialist planned economy to a modern, open market economy . Around two fifths of the workforce are currently employed in the agricultural sector , which, however, only generates a little more than a fifth of the gross domestic product ( GDP for short ). The GDP per capita is still only around 40 percent of the EU average. This illustrates the very difficult economic situation in the country, which has, however, improved continuously since the end of the lottery uprising , which was similar to a civil war in 1997. Albania was initially spared the global financial crisis that began in 2007 , and GDP growth was constant. However, in 2012 and 2013 economic growth fell and national debt exceeded the 60 percent mark.

history

Until the communist takeover after the Second World War , there were only very isolated industrial companies in Albania, which was a province on the outer borders of the Ottoman Empire . The infrastructure was very modest; there was hardly any traffic or electricity. Craft businesses and agriculture dominated economic life, with most farmers dependent on large landowners . During the slightly more than 45 years of the People's Socialist Republic , the country was heavily industrialized as a result . But agriculture was still very important.

The steel mill steel of the party in Elbasan , which opened in the 1970s, employed up to 12,000 workers.

The Party of Labor of Albania and its General Secretary Enver Hoxha came to power when the country was re-established in November 1944. In around 45 years, large heavy industrial companies, numerous coal , chrome , copper and iron ore mines , dozens of commercial buildings and many factories were built in Albania . Many oil areas were also developed. The traffic routes were expanded; new roads were laid and the Hekurudha Shqiptare now connected more cities and also the neighboring country of Yugoslavia (via Shkodra and Podgorica ). The railroad was mainly used for freight transport. During the rule of Hoxha, the many hydropower plants were built on the larger rivers in the interior, mainly with Soviet and Chinese help, who were the most important economic and political partners for a certain time. As mentioned above, agriculture has not been neglected. The regime established new wine-growing areas, large olive, lemon and orange tree plantations and new agricultural zones by draining wetlands, especially in the coastal regions, such as the Myzeqe plain near Lushnja , which is now the most fertile plain in the country. All in all, one can say that Albania experienced a period of relative economic dynamism during socialism and went through a phase of industrialization focused on the cities.

The fall of the dictatorship in Albania came relatively late in an Eastern European comparison. Its course was also much more chaotic, which was shown above all by the waves of mass refugees to Italy and Greece in 1991/92. Industrial production, mining and agriculture, organized as a cooperative, fell into disrepair in a very short time. The first reforms - also in the economic field - did not come about until the beginning of 1992, when the gross domestic product had already fallen by more than 50% since 1989. The newly elected, democratic government under student leader Sali Berisha ( PD ) envisaged an ambitious reform program in April 1992 to prevent economic decline and pave the way for a free market economy. The key points of this program were the liberalization of the price system, budget consolidation , the support of the currency and a strict income policy . This included further structural reforms, including corporate privatization, reform of the financial sector and the creation of a legal framework for market economy and private sector activities. First, agriculture, government housing, and small industry were privatized. In addition, transport , services and small and medium-sized companies complemented each other . In 1995, the privatization of large state-owned companies began. The economy of Albania gradually recovered in the following years and reached the stability it had in 1989. The delayed recovery is largely due to the bloody unrest in the country in 1997 , when huge pyramid schemes collapsed, the population lost all of its capital, and then inflation rose to a dangerous 32.1%.

For a long time Albania was heavily dependent on transfers from Albanians who had emigrated. However, payments from foreign Albanians to their home country fell significantly, from almost 25% of GDP in high times to 6% in 2015.

The most important privatizations to date have included the Sparkassenbank (alb.Banka e Kursimeve ) in 2004 (for 126 million US dollars to the Austrian Raiffeisen Bank ), ALBtelecom in 2007, Albanian Airlines in 1997 and ARMO oil refinery in 2008 (for 128.7 million euros to an American US - Swiss consortium).

Current developments

Settling basin of the chrome mining in Bulqiza

Between 2000 and 2010 the Albanian economy grew strongly. After the crisis of 2009, in which Albania still achieved growth of 3%, radical steps were taken towards further deregulation of the economy. A neo-liberal economic and tax policy should facilitate investments and business start-ups, but this primarily benefited foreign investors and young elites trained abroad. The World Bank named the country the “Top Reformer” in 2008. In the 2009 international ranking by Transparency International , Albania moved up from the bottom to position 95 and was able to work its way up to position 87 out of 180 countries in the 2010 ranking.

A large part of the investments went into private construction activities. In contrast, hardly any investments were made in agriculture. The International Monetary Fund warned the Albanian government about the country's national debt , which has risen sharply since 2010 and now accounts for almost 60% of GDP. In 2012 they were around four times the amount in 2005, almost $ 6 billion. In December 2011, the head of the World Bank in Albania, Kseniya Lvovsky, warned the Albanian government of the high national debt, which must be reduced as soon as possible. She proposed to moderate investments in road construction and to improve the tax revenue system. For the health and education system, she said that investments there should remain at the same level as before, as Albania should not save in these areas.

The flat tax rate of 10 percent for income and corporate profits introduced in 2008 did not meet the expectations placed on it, even if it managed to pull a number of companies out of the shadow economy , the extent of which is estimated by the International Monetary Fund to be 60 percent of the overall economy.

While investors on the one hand generally view the location positively because of the low labor costs and the government's neoliberal policy, they also complain about the low efficiency of the public administration, the tax authorities and the infrastructure, especially the electricity supply. The Albanian government is particularly required to act in the areas of fighting corruption and crime as well as legal security. All of the companies surveyed by the German Association of Industry and Commerce in Albania in 2011/12 stated that they were dissatisfied with the legal security in the country. 39% of entrepreneurs state that they are very dissatisfied with the quality of the vocational training system and the availability of skilled workers.

Key figures

Kalimash mine near Kukës

Various macroeconomic indicators of the Albanian economy from 1990 to 2018. All GDP values ​​are given in US dollars.

year GDP
(in billion US $) 		GDP per capita
(in US $) 		GDP growth
(real) 		Inflation rate
(in percent) 		Unemployment rate
(in percent) 		Public debt
(in% of GDP)
1990 2.22 672 −10.0% −0.2% 8.5% k. A.
1991   1.33   410   -28.0% 35.7%   8.9% k. A.
1992   0.84   262   -7.2% 226.0%   26.5% k. A.
1993   1.46   456   9.6% 85.0%   22.3% k. A.
1994   2.36   753   9.4% 22.6%   18.4% k. A.
1995   2.88   917   8.9% 7.8%   12.9% k. A.
1996   3.2   1010   9.1% 12.7%   12.3% k. A.
1997   2.2   717   -10.9% 33.2%   14.9% 72.2%
1998   2.6   818   8.8% 20.7%   17.7%   71.2%
1999   3.2   1032   12.9% 0.4%   18.4%   68.2%
2000   3.5   1128   7.0% 0.04%   16.8%   63.8%
2001   3.9   1284   8.3% 3.1%   16.4%   60.6%
2002   4.4   1425   4.5% 5.2%   15.8%   64.1%
2003   5.6   1846   5.5% 2.4%   15.0%   60.0%
2004   7.2   2374   5.5% 2.9%   14.4%   57.5%
2005   8.1   2674   5.5% 2.4%   14.1%   58.2%
2006   8.9   2976   5.9% 2.4%   13.8%   56.7%
2007   10.7   3594   6.0% 3.0%   13.4%   53.6%
2008   12.9   4377   7.5% 3.3%   13.1%   55.1%
2009   12.1   4131   3.4% 2.2%   13.8%   59.7%
2010   11.9   4098   3.7% 3.6%   14.0%   57.7%
2011   12.9   4439   2.6% 3.4%   14.0%   59.4%
2012   12.3   4249   1.4% 2.0%   13.4%   62.1%
2013   12.8   4416   1.0% 1.9%   16.0%   70.4%
2014   13.3   4585   1.8% 1.6%   17.5%   72.0%
2015   11.4   3936   2.2% 1.9%   17.1%   74.0%
2016   11.8   4125   3.4% 1.2%   15.2%   73.3%
2017   13.2   4583   3.9% 2.0%   13.9%   71.3%
2018   15.3   5319   3.7% 2.4%   13.7%   71.4%
 
Employees by sector in 2014
sector Employees in percent
Mining 11,169 03
Industry 73,386 20th
Electricity, gas, water, disposal 18,708 05
construction 34,745 09
trade 91,943 25th
Hospitality 36,098 10
Transport, information, communication 30,653 08th
Other services 74,148 20th

structure

Agriculture and fishing

Not only like here in Vermosh in the Albanian Alps , but everywhere in the country, agriculture is mostly not very mechanized.

Almost half of the workforce in Albania is employed in the agricultural sector. This generates around 19% of GDP. However, mostly subsistence farming is practiced on very small family farms. In rural areas in particular, where around half of the population lives, agriculture is still by far the most important branch of the economy.

The most important products of Albanian agriculture are wheat, maize, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes (see viticulture in Albania ), meat, dairy products and tobacco. Parts of the vegetable, fruit and tobacco harvests are exported abroad; The most important export products are canned fish, leather and herbs. Albania is the world's largest exporter of sage , and the country is also one of the most important exporters of other medicinal plants such as rosemary and yellow gentian . The herbs are mostly collected in the wild. In 2016, the annual production of olive oil was given as 10 tons, which is pressed by around 240 factories; the area under cultivation is around 60,000 hectares.

6955 square kilometers of the country's area can be used for agriculture. Agricultural productivity is still very low today, and the economic sector is underdeveloped. The main problems are the lack of capital for investments in machinery and equipment as well as in maintaining or restoring soil fertility, inadequate irrigation systems, outdated production methods ( know-how ) and a lack of access to markets. Most farmers are not only manufacturers of their products, but also take care of logistics, marketing and time-consuming sales. The strong fragmentation of the cultivated areas and widespread reservations about the cooperative system represent further structural problems which will hamper the development of Albanian agriculture for a long time to come.

After state investments were initially made under the government of Berisha , mainly in infrastructure, especially in the road network and in sea ports, Prime Minister Sali Berisha planned in 2011, every walnut, almond, hazelnut, chestnut and chestnut planted in Albania To subsidize the pomegranate tree and thereby make the country an export country in this area; However, this project was ultimately not implemented as there was a change of government in 2013. The new Prime Minister Edi Rama said that the development of agriculture and animal husbandry would have higher priority. For this purpose, a plan has been drawn up which provides for the "regionalization" of agriculture: Certain products are to be grown primarily in certain regions. For example, the south of Albania by the sea is said to be growing more citrus fruits , while cattle breeding is more likely to dominate in the mountainous parts of the country. A government- created map of agricultural products gives Albanian farmers a recommendation as to which products are best to grow in their area - based on local conditions and climate. Furthermore, Agriculture Minister Edmond Panariti announced the introduction of a new quality label for Albanian products. Consumers will soon have the opportunity to purchase food that is purely Albanian in supermarkets.

The fishery has seen an increase in catches but continues to struggle with structural problems. Between 2006 and 2009, catches grew from 4,546 to 4,877 tons. Almost half of it was sea fishing. Canned fish is one of the country's most important export goods. In 2009 there was also growth in mussel breeding after the tonnage had fallen by a third between 2006 and 2008. It grew from 950 to 1,500 tons of mussels. With the number of catches, the fishing fleet also grew by 21 vessels to 280 between 2006 and 2009. However, it is still one of the smallest in the region.

Raw materials and mining

Oil production at Ballsh (1995)

Albania was an important chrome producer before the 1990s, but is now of little importance in the global market. The reserves are given by the Ministry of Economic Affairs (alb. Ministria e Ekonomisë ) at 37.3 million tons. In 2007 around 325,000 tons of this raw material were mined in the country. The largest chrome mine is in the central Albanian city of Bulqiza ; the largest chromite hut is in Elbasan . The most extracted mineral resources include copper (100,000 tons in 2007), ferronickel (370,000 tons), coal (4000 tons), marbled limestone blocks (20,000 m³), ​​clay (800,000 tons) and gypsum (40,000 tons). In addition, there are large deposits of basalt , which, however, are rarely mined. In recent years, foreign investors have become aware of the existing gold deposits. In 2013, for example, a Canadian company acquired an exploration license in the Kaçinar region of Mirdita County .

Industry

The most important industrial products include clothing and shoes (exported goods worth EUR 365 million in 2009), machinery and equipment (EUR 37 million), wood and paper processing (EUR 26 million), chemical products (EUR 12 million). Euros) as well as leather and leather products (12 million euros).

In the course of the global economic crisis since 2007 , the industrial sector of Albania's economy has suffered in particular. In particular, the textile industry has suffered deep losses over the past few years, as it has its main trading partners in the neighboring countries of Greece and Italy, where the economy is grappling with major problems. Since the beginning of the crisis, around 130 companies in this area have temporarily closed their doors, while around 10,000 employees have to work short-time. The export trade of textiles fell by 28% between 2008 and 2012. For this reason, Albanian textile production companies are looking for other trading partners in countries less affected by the crisis, such as Germany, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

energy

Dam in Ulza am Mat from the 1950s

Albania has had problems with electricity supply for many years. In remote mountain regions, households are left without electricity for several days. But power outages are also not uncommon in cities. The government therefore started a number of projects to provide the country with a stable power supply. One of the most unreal plans was the construction of a nuclear power plant in the port city of Durrës . This will probably never really be built, but expresses the willingness of the Albanian authorities to counteract the problem in the country. 97.1% of the electricity produced came from hydropower plants in 2001, the remaining 2.9% from fossil fuels. This results in a great dependence on the precipitation situation with correspondingly fluctuating values. While electricity consumption in 2001 was 5.511 billion kilowatt hours , in 2013 it was already 9.31 billion kilowatt hours. This contrasted with Albanian in-house productions of 6.99 billion kilowatt hours. However, most of this production is lost because of old power lines and other reasons. In the same year, 2.32 billion kilowatt hours had to be imported. 16.4% of electrical energy is now generated by private operators. This is based on the laws that came into force in 2006 on the awarding of concessions to private companies.

Today's largest hydropower plants are located on the north Albanian river Drin . The three dams on this river - Ashta , Vau-Deja , Koman and Fierza (upstream sequence) - have a total capacity of around 1,400 megawatts. Two more hydropower plants have been in operation on the Mat since the 1950s. All existing power plants have been refurbished and expanded with Swiss and Austrian aid in recent years . The electricity bottlenecks in Albania could be eliminated with further projects. For example, the Norwegian Statkraft built two new plants on the southern Albanian River Devoll with a total output of up to 280 megawatts; the project cost over half a billion euros and delivers 729 gigawatt hours of electricity annually.

There are no wind farms in Albania, but an Italian company was planning to set up energy parks in Lezha and on the Karaburun peninsula ; The former should contain a biodiesel power plant with 140 megawatts and two wind farms with a total output of 230 MW, the latter a nominal output of 500 MW through wind energy. The largest Italian electricity supplier, Enel, also wanted to set foot in Albania to enable the construction of a coal-fired power plant in Porto Romano (north of Durrës ). The costs of the projects mentioned will amount to over 3.4 billion euros.

The oil reserves of Albania were given in 2013 at around 170 million barrels . 17,000 barrels / day were extracted (as of 2013). The consumption was 28,000 barrels / day, 60% of the demand can be met from domestic production. For the year 2008 a figure of 849.5 million cubic meters was given for the natural gas reserves. Consumption and production were at the same level in 2006 (30 million cubic meters). The most famous oil fields are in Ballsh and Patos . Oil deposits are also suspected in the Ionian Sea off the Albanian Riviera .

The route for the planned Trans-Adria-Pipeline (TAP), which is to carry Caspian natural gas via Italy to Western Europe, runs through Albania. Albania will thus collect transit fees and be connected to the international network of gas pipelines. In addition, jobs are likely to be created and industry could benefit from the supply of natural gas.

Services

Car wash service at Tirana

The service sector is - measured in terms of GDP - the largest branch of the economy in Albania. In 2010 it generated 57.6% of the gross domestic product. Around 310,000 people are employed in this sector. The following branches of industry belong to it: trade, transport / logistics, tourism / hotel and catering, communications, credit institutions, insurance, real estate and other service providers.

Of 16 banks in the country, 14 are foreign-owned. The largest banks in the country include Raiffeisen Bank Albania (net income around 10 billion Lek in 2008, around 72 million euros), Banka Kombëtare Tregtare (gross income 14.56 million US dollars in 2009), Banka Credins (gross income 31.45 billion Lek in 2009, around 228 million euros), the Intesa Sanpaolo Bank Albania (gross income 1.78 billion Lek in 2009, around 13 million euros) and the central bank of Albania, which determines the currency policy . Microfinance institutions are important for many small and agricultural businesses , of which there are five large and numerous small ones. Some banks also grant microloans .

Telekom Albania (subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom , formerly Albanian Mobile Communications ), ALBtelecom , its subsidiary Eagle Mobile , Vodafone Albania and plus are among the country's largest telecommunications companies . The postal company Posta Shqiptare , which also provides certain financial services, is still owned by the state.

The retail, hotels and restaurants sector generated around a fifth of the gross domestic product in 2009. Tourism is particularly important in many areas . In 2009, according to a report by Instituti i Statistics , the country had 369 hotels with 5888 rooms and 11,932 beds. Around 1.5 million tourists were also counted this year; including almost 250,000 hotel guests who spent around 540,000 hotel nights. Summer tourism is most developed in Albania; the tourist coastal towns of Velipoja , Shëngjin , Durrës , Vlora , Himara and Saranda have high numbers of tourists in midsummer. There the tourism sector has become the main occupation for many people. Some local investments have also been made for hiking tourism, especially in the Albanian Alps .

The Albanian service economy is also known as the "kiosk economy". Value added, growth opportunities and employment effects of most service providers are low. In recent years, however, services have also increasingly been exported. At the end of 2014 around 50 call centers were active in Albania, mainly working for Italian companies.

trade

Typical small shop in Shkodra

Albania is a typical import country. The trade deficit is considerably large, but has been falling in recent years (as of 2013). The main export products to the European Union include minerals, electrical energy and clothing. The majority of agricultural products are exported to neighboring countries - above all to Kosovo . Other export items are chrome, crude oil, asphalt, fruits, tobacco and cotton. Important target countries for Albanian exports are Italy , Spain , Kosovo, Greece , Turkey and China .

Food, machinery, chemicals, textiles and clothing as well as other consumer goods are imported. For 2011, exports were $ 1.886 and imports were $ 5.022 billion. This resulted in a trade deficit of $ 3.136 billion, or about 23.57 percent of the gross domestic product. However, the trade deficit is decreasing annually and reached a new low in the first ten months of 2013. During this period, goods worth around 1.4 billion euros were exported, which is about half of the income from imports.

State budget 2014

Goods in the port of Durrës

The state budget for the year 2014 saw revenues of 367.704 billion. ALL (2.673 billion. Euros ) and expenditure of 456.404 billion. ALL (3.318 billion. Euros) before. For the president, parliament, prime minister, ministries and other state institutions, expenditures of ALL 256.126 billion (1.927 billion euros) were forecast. For example, the Ministry of Health should receive ALL 30.319 billion (EUR 220.442 million), the Ministry of Defense 14.231 billion ALL (EUR 103.472 million), the Ministry of the Interior 17.022 billion ALL (EUR 123.767 million), the Ministry of Education and Sports 40.111 billion ALL (291.636 million euros), the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure 37.628 billion ALL (273.587 million euros), the Ministry of Social Welfare and Youth 72.820 billion ALL (529.455 million euros) and the Ministry of Culture 1.416 Billion ALL (10.297 million euros).

Monetary and financial system

The Albanian central bank Banka e Shqipërisë controls the country's fiscal policy . The main goal of the bank is to maintain price stability. The Albanian Lek is kept relatively stable against the euro and has mostly been traded between 120 and 140 Lek since its introduction. In addition to the national currency, the euro and US dollar are also widely used as means of payment in Albania .

Biggest company

According to a report by the Albanian business magazine Monitor, the following companies were the largest in the country in terms of profit in 2017:

rank
 Surname
 Profit
(million €)		 Sales
(€ million)
 Branch
1. Banka Kombëtare Tregtare 67.6 153.9 Banks
2. Raiffeisen Bank Albania 35.9 85.3 Banks
3. Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike (OSHEE) 27.4 485.4 power supply
4th SPIECAPAG - Shqipëria 24.3 223.9 Construction industry
5. Tirana International Airport Mother Teresa 22.6 48.2 Airport operator
6th AlbChrome 17.0 78.9 Mining
7th Intesa Sanpaolo Bank Albania 17.0 45.8 Banks
8th. SPIECAPAG - Transadriatica 14.5 135.2 Construction industry
9. Apex-AL 20.0 135.2 Gambling
10. GSA Group 11.4 95.6 power supply

literature

  • Anastas Angjeli: Transition and Economic Freedom in Albania . GEER, Tirana 2011, ISBN 978-9928-10589-9 .
  • Forcim Kola: Measuring the Impact of Microcredit Programs in Albania . Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne 2017, ISBN 978-1-4438-2304-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Official website of the Bank of Albania. Retrieved February 9, 2016 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Report of the International Monetary Fund: World Economic Outlook Database. Imf.org, October 2018, accessed on March 20, 2017 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i The World Factbook. cia.gov, accessed March 22, 2019 .
  4. ^ Labor force participation rate. World Bank, September 2018, accessed March 22, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g International Trade in Goods. Instituti i Statistics , accessed on March 23, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Giannis Mavris: Wilde past, shaky hopes . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . No. 8 , January 11, 2017, p. 27 ( nzz.ch [accessed January 12, 2017]).
  7. ^ Eastern Committee of German Business in June 2012 on Albania. Eastern Committee of German Business , June 20, 2012, accessed on January 10, 2013 .
  8. ↑ FMN, Bell: 2,7 për qind, bëni kujdes me borxhin. (No longer available online.) In: Shekulli. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011 ; Retrieved June 22, 2011 (Albanian).
  9. ↑ External government debt. Indexmundi.com, accessed January 10, 2013 .
  10. ^ Thomas Forster, New Fridges and Old Problems in Albania , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, International Edition June 19, 2013
  11. ↑ Economic report 2012 - "Entrepreneurs in Albania demand improvement of the economic policy framework". (PDF) (No longer available online.) German Industry and Trade Association in Albania, April 2012, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on January 10, 2013 (PDF file, 714 kB). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dih-al.com
  12. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. Retrieved September 1, 2018 (American English).
  13. ↑ Results of Structural Survey of Economic Enterprises, 2014. (PDF) (No longer available online.) INSTAT , 2016, archived from the original on May 24, 2016 ; accessed on May 24, 2016 .
  14. ↑ a b Jochen Blanken: Problems of Albanian Agriculture . In: German-Albanian Friendship Society (Hrsg.): Albanische Hefte . tape 4/2012 , 2013, ISSN  0930-1437 , p. 16-18 .
  15. ↑ a b c Forcim Kola: Measuring the Impact of Microcredit Programs in Albania . Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne 2017, ISBN 978-1-4438-2304-3 , pp. 13 ff .
  16. ↑ Dhimitër Doka: Albania's forgotten export hit. In: www.humboldt-foundation.de. Retrieved May 10, 2016 .
  17. ↑ Thomas Bernet, Iris S. Kazazi: Organic Agriculture in Albania. Sector Study 2011 . Ed .: Research Institute for Organic Agriculture. Tirana 2012, ISBN 978-3-03736-217-4 , pp. 31 ( fibl.org [PDF; accessed on May 6, 2019]).
  18. ↑ Albanian olive oil now also in Switzerland. In: Albinfo.ch. June 29, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  19. ↑ a b Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Consumers Protection (ed.): Vjetari statistikor / Statistical yearbook 2011 . Tirana April 2012 ( publication online ( Memento from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 43.3 MB) [accessed on April 13, 2013]). Vjetari statistikor / Statistical yearbook 2011 ( Memento from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ↑ Berisha: Qeveria subvencionon çdo dru arror të mbjellë. In: Peshku pa ujë. January 12, 2011, accessed April 28, 2016 (Albanian).
  21. ↑ VizionPlusAlbania: "Rama: Bujqësia e Blegtoria, prioritet kombëtar" on YouTube
  22. ↑ Shqipëria drejt Hartës së Produkteve Bujqësore. In: agroweb.org. Retrieved April 28, 2016 .
  23. ^ A1 Report - "Produktet shqiptare, Panariti: Shpejt do të kenë vulë cilësie" on YouTube
  24. ↑ a b Ines Nurja: Shqipëria në Shifra / Albania in Figures. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Instituti i Statisticsave, 2010, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved December 20, 2015 (Albanian, &, English).
  25. ↑ Thomas Heise: Fundamentals relevant to investment for carrying out mining activities in Albania . GRIN, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-640-29495-4 ( excerpt from Google Books ).
  26. ↑ Waldemar Lichter: Albania's mining industry offers opportunities for investors. Tender for chrome concessions in progress / gypsum and limestone mining with prospects. (No longer available online.) Germany Trade and Invest, April 10, 2009, formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 18, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.gtai.de
  27. ^ Arian Resources Corp. receives gold exploration license in Albania. IRW Press, July 12, 2013, accessed July 19, 2013 .
  28. ↑ a b Waldemar Lichter: Compact economic trends in Albania in mid-2010. (No longer available online.) Germany Trade and Invest, June 9, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 18, 2011 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.gtai.de  
  29. ↑ Kriza godet fasonët (crisis hits textile production). Top Channel , April 28, 2013, accessed April 28, 2013 (Albanian).
  30. ^ Albania - Electricity: Consumption and Generation. (No longer available online.) Albania Statistics Office, archived from the original on October 24, 2014 ; Retrieved October 24, 2014 .
  31. ↑ Përfundon ndërtimi i HEC-it të Moglicës, rritet prodhimi i energjisë me 17%. In: Shqiptarja.com. January 7, 2020, accessed January 7, 2020 (Albanian).
  32. ^ Wind power in Albania - Albania to Build Major Wind Farm. Regulación Eólica con Vehículos Eléctricos, August 28, 2009, accessed on March 20, 2011 .
  33. ^ Oil reserves and production in Albania. US Energy Information Administration, March 1, 2013, accessed October 24, 2014 .
  34. ^ TAP: TAP history. TAP, July 15, 2013, accessed July 15, 2013 .
  35. ↑ Raporti vjetor Raiffeisen Bank Albania 2008. ( ZIP ; 2.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 5, 2012 ; Retrieved March 19, 2011 (Albanian).
  36. ↑ BKT Annual Report 2009. (PDF; 9.4 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 28, 2010 ; accessed on March 19, 2011 (English).
  37. ↑ Raporti vjetor Banka Credins 2009. (PDF; 3.7 MB) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 19, 2011 (Albanian).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bankacredins.com  
  38. ↑ Raporti vjetor Intesa Sanpaolo Bank Albania. (PDF; 7.3 MB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 31, 2011 ; Retrieved March 19, 2011 (Albanian).
  39. ^ A kiosk economy , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Internat. Issue June 19, 2013, p. 13
  40. ↑ Marco Bertacche, Daniele Lepido: Italian TV stars, businesses flock to low-cost Albania. (No longer available online.) In: Chicago Tribune. Bloomberg, December 6, 2014; archived from the original on December 9, 2014 ; accessed on December 7, 2014 (English).
  41. ↑ a b Blerina Hoxha: Albanian exports discover Spain, reach 800 million US dollars. (No longer available online.) In: Mapo.al. July 1, 2012, archived from the original on July 8, 2012 ; Retrieved July 1, 2012 (Albanian).
  42. ↑ CIA World Factbook: Albania July 1, 2012 (English).
  43. ↑ Eksportet shpëtojnë ekonominë (Exports save the economy). In: Top Channel . November 30, 2013, Retrieved November 30, 2013 (Albanian).
  44. ↑ State budget 2014. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Ministry of Finance. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014 ; Retrieved April 21, 2014 (Albanian).
  45. ↑ monitor.al: 100 kompanitë me fitimet më të larta. October 19, 2018, accessed March 24, 2019 (Albanian).