History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development) and Nuno Gomes: Difference between pages

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{{Canadianpetroleumhistory}}[[Image:Map Canada political-geo.png|thumb|left|325px|This geopolitical map of Canada shows the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]]. Some petroleum production takes place today in every province and territory but [[Prince Edward Island|PEI]] and [[Nunavut]]. Today's oil and gas frontiers are in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories of Canada|territories ]] and in the offshore regions of [[Atlantic Canada]] and [[British Columbia]].]]Canada's early [[petroleum]] discoveries took place near population centres or along lines of penetration into the frontier.
{{otherpersons}}
{{Football player infobox
| playername = Nuno Gomes
| image = [[Image:Nuno Gomes (1388215345).jpg|270px|]]
| fullname = Nuno Miguel Soares Pereira Ribeiro
| dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1976|7|5}}
| cityofbirth = [[Amarante]]
| countryofbirth = [[Portugal]]
| height = {{Height|m=1.81}}
| currentclub = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]
| clubnumber = 21
| position = [[Striker]]
| youthyears =
| youthclubs =
| years = 1994-1997<br>1997-2000<br>2000-2002<br>2002-Present
| clubs = [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista]]<br>[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]<br>[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]<br>[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]
| caps(goals) = 79 (31)<br> 101 (60)<br>53 (14)<br>152 (53)
| nationalyears = 1996-
| nationalteam = [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]]
| nationalcaps(goals) = 74 (29)
| pcupdate = [[August 25]] [[2008]]
| ntupdate = [[September 15]] [[2008]]
}}


'''Nuno Miguel Soares Pereira Ribeiro''', born on 5th July, 1976 in [[Amarante]]. He is a [[striker]] who plays for the [[Portugal national football team]] and currently plays for [[S.L. Benfica]]. He was given the nickname ''Gomes'' during childhood, after [[Fernando Gomes]], who was the [[European Golden Boot|top European goalscorer]] in 1983 and 1985. A striker who works tirelessly for his team-mates, Nuno Gomes's star shone bright at [[UEFA Euro 2000]]. He also took part in the [[UEFA Euro 2008]] qualifiers, proving himself crucial after [[Pauleta]] retired. He scored against [[Finland national football team|Finland]] in Portugal's first qualifier. Nuno Gomes was also on the cover of the game [[FIFA 2003]] in [[Portugal]].
The first oil play, for example, was in southern [[Ontario]]. The first western [[natural gas]] discovery occurred on a [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]]. The site of the first discovery in the far north, the 1920 [[Norman Wells, Northwest Territories|Norman Wells]], [[Northwest Territories]] wildcat, was along the [[Mackenzie River]], at that time the great transportation corridor into [[Arctic|Canada's Arctic]].


==Career ==
From those haphazard beginnings the search for petroleum spread to the fringes of continental Canada - and beyond those fringes onto the ocean-covered [[Continental shelf|continental shelves]].
Born in [[Amarante]], in north-west Portugal, he established his reputation with [[Boavista FC]], where he made his debut in the 1994/95 season. Nuno Gomes collected his first silverware as Boavista beat [[SL Benfica]] to lift the [[Portuguese Cup]] in 1997. He was on target in the final and scored 15 league goals that term - enough to earn a transfer to Benfica.
In 2000, after three seasons at the Estádio da Luz, during which he scored 60 league goals in 101 appearances, [[Euro 2000]] exploits earned him a €17m move to [[ACF Fiorentina]]. He won the [[Coppa Italia]] in his first season, before Fiorentina's financial collapse precipitated his return to [[SL Benfica]]. 2003-2004: A series of nagging injuries limited Nuno Gomes to 21 matches, of which he completed just 14. However, he grew in strength and confidence as the season progressed and was an impressive performer in the [[Portuguese Cup]] final victory against [[FC Porto]].2004-2005: After resolving his injury problems, he scored 7 important goals for Benfica to help the ''Águias'' (eagles) win the [[Portuguese SuperLiga]]. 2005-2006: He enjoyed his best season after returning to his home country. He scored 15 goals in the league (snatching second place in the SuperLiga's goalscorer list) and won the [[SuperCup Cândido de Oliveira|Portuguese SuperCup]] for Benfica with a superb strike.2006-2007: Nuno Gomes faced tough competition for a starting place in Benfica's attack, in the likes of newly-signed Mexican [[Francisco Fonseca]], [[Fabrizio Miccoli]], and injury-prone [[Pedro Mantorras]]. He scored 6 goals in the Portuguese Liga, 3 goals in Portuguese Cup, 3 in the [[UEFA Champions League]] and 1 in [[UEFA Cup]]. The 2007-2008 season proved to Portugal that he was still a valuable player on the team, he scored six league goals, including two in a 6-1 rout of former team Boavista. He also was made captain of [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] above [[Rui Costa]].


In the first game of the [[Portuguese Liga 2008-09|Portuguese 08/09 League]], Nuno Gomes scored a goal against Rio Ave at the [[Estadio do Rio Ave]]. The match ended 1-1.<ref>[http://soccernet-akamai.espn.go.com/match?id=248218&league=POR.1&cc=5739 Nuno Gomes scores against Rio Ave] Retrieved on [[25 August]] [[2008]]</ref>
Exploration in those areas involves huge machines, complex logistical support systems, and large volumes of capital. Offshore wells in the Canadian sector of the Beaufort Sea have cost more than $100 million. Across the International border, a well drilled in the US sector of the Beaufort - Mukluk by name - cost $1.5 billion, and came up dry.
At Uefa Cup, In the match against [[Napoli]], he scored a nice goal to help the team reach the group stage


==National team==
For the petroleum sector, '''Canada's geographical frontiers''' are the [[Petroleum exploration in the Arctic|petroleum basins]] in [[northern Canada]], in the [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]], and off the coast of [[Atlantic Canada]]. These areas are difficult and expensive to explore and develop, but successful projects can be profitable using known production technology.
Having represented Portugal at every level from Under-15 upwards, and scoring many goals for Portugal youth teams, he made his full international debut aged 19 in a 1996 friendly against [[France national football team|France]]. He scored for his country at that summer's [[Atlanta]] [[1996 Summer Olympics|Olympics]] but had to wait four years for his first senior international goal. The timing couldn't have been better: in Portugal's opening match at Euro 2000 he marked his fourth start with the winner as Portugal came from two goals down to beat [[England national football team|England]] in a 3-2 victory. He scored four goals in the competition as Portugal reached the last four but earned a seven-month international ban after pushing referee [[Günter Benkö]] following the semi-final defeat by France. He struggled to hold down a starting place and appeared twice as a substitute during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]. Things [[Image:Portugiesische Fans bei der Euro 2004.jpg|thumb|Portuguese fans during Euro 2004]]went better for him in [[Euro 2004]] when, after coming on as a half time substitute, he scored the winning goal against Spain to send Portugal through to the second round. He was also called up for the FIFA World cup 2006 in [[Germany]], where he scored a goal in the third-place play-off match against Germany. He has scored 29 goals in 72 caps for Portugal. He is one of the top goalscorers for the [[Portugal national football team]]. Now, after the international retirement of [[Pauleta]], Gomes was expected to become his successor in the Selecção's striker role.


He scored 3 goals in the [[UEFA Euro 2008]] qualifiers. His first was scored against [[Finland national football team|Finland]] and earned Portugal a much needed point in [[Helsinki]]. The second came in a 2-1 loss to the [[Polish national football team|Poland]] and the third in a 4-0 win against [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]. He also added an assist to his name after a long pass to [[Tiago Mendes|Tiago]], which ended in a goal in [[Belgrade]] against [[Serbia national football team|Serbia]] (1-1). He captained Portugal at Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland. During the tournament he became only the fourth player to score at three [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Championships]] when he scored against [[Germany national football team|Germany]] in the quarter finals, ([[Thierry Henry]], [[Jurgen Klinsmann]] and [[Vladimir Smicer]] the previous three). However, despite scoring to cut the German's lead in half to 2-1, Portugal went on to lose 3-2.
As the world's onshore [[oil reserves]] deplete, offshore [[natural resource|resources]] - in Canada, also known as frontier resources - become increasingly important. Those resources in turn complete the full cycle of exploration, development, production and [[oil depletion| depletion]].


==Career statistics==
Some frontier crude oil production - for example, Bent Horn in the Arctic and the Panuke discovery offshore Nova Scotia - have already been shut down after completing their productive lives. Similarly, some natural gas fields in the frontiers are now in later stages of decline.
{{Football player statistics 1|YY}}

{{Football player statistics 2|POR|YY}}
In part, this history illustrates how important changes take place in the economies of newly-producing regions, as frontier exploration shifts from [[Oil well#Types of wells|wildcat drilling]] through oil and gas development into production. It also explores the ingenuity needed to drill in those inhospitable areas, and the deadly challenges explorers sometimes face.

==True North==
===Norman Wells===
[[Image:Canada territories map.png|thumb|right|Northern Canada, defined politically. The northern petroleum frontiers include the [[Beaufort Sea]], the [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]] and the long-established [[Norman Wells, Northwest Territories|Norman Wells]] oil fields.]]
The first great story in Canada's [[exploration]] of the geographical frontiers is that of [[Norman Wells, Northwest Territories|Norman Wells]] in the [[Northwest Territories]]. During his voyage of discovery down the Mackenzie River to the [[Arctic Ocean]] in 1789, Sir [[Alexander Mackenzie]] noted in his journal that he had seen [[oil]] seeping from the river’s bank. [[R.G. McConnell]] of the [[Geological Survey of Canada]] confirmed these seepages in 1888. In 1914, [[T.O. Bosworth]], later Imperial Oil’s chief [[geologist]], staked three claims near the spot. [[Imperial Oil]] acquired the claims and in 1918-1919 sent two geologists of its own, and they recommended drilling.

Led by a geologist, a crew comprised of six [[Driller (oil)|drillers]] and an [[Cattle#Ox|ox]] (Old Nig by name) later began a six-week, {{km to mi|num=1900|abbr=no|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|wiki=yes}} journey northward by [[railway]], [[riverboat]] and foot to the site now known as Norman Wells. They found oil - largely by luck, it turned out later - after Ted Link, the geologist, waved his arm grandly and said, "Drill anywhere around here." The crew began digging into the [[permafrost]] with pick and shovel, unable to put their cable tool rig into operation until they had cleared away the mixture of frozen mud and ice. At about the {{m to ft|num=30|abbr=no|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|wiki=yes}} level they encountered their first oil show. By this time, the river ice had frozen to {{m to ft|1.5|abbr=yes}} and the [[Mercury-in-glass thermometer|mercury]] had plunged to {{C to F|num=-40|precision=0|wiki=yes}}. The crew decided to give up and wait out the winter. They survived, but their ox did not. Old Nig provided many a meal during the long, cold winter.

Drilling resumed in the spring and a relief crew arrived in July. Some of the original crew stayed around to help the newcomers continue drilling. On [[August 23]], [[1920]], they struck oil at {{m to ft|240|abbr=yes|precision=0}}. The world’s most northerly oil well had come in. In succeeding months, Imperial drilled three more holes - two successful, one dry. The company also installed enough equipment to refine the crude oil into a type of [[fuel oil]] for use by [[Mission (Christian)|church missions]] and fishing boats along the Mackenzie. But the [[refinery]] and [[oil field]] closed in 1921 because northern markets were too small to justify the costly operations. Norman Wells marked another important milestone when in 1921 Imperial flew two all-metal {{convert|185|hp}} [[Junkers (Aircraft)|Junkers]] airplanes to the site. These aircraft were among the first of the legendary bush planes which helped to develop the north, and forerunners of today’s commercial northern air transport.

A small [[oil refinery]] using Norman Wells oil opened in 1936 to supply the [[Eldorado Mine]] at [[Great Bear Lake]], but the field did not take a significant place in history again until after the [[United States]] entered [[World War II]].

This discovery indirectly contributed to post-war exploration in Alberta, and the decision to drill [[Leduc No. 1]]. Like [[History of the petroleum industry in Canada#Leduc|Leduc]], the Norman Wells discovery was drilled into a Devonian reef. After the [[second world war]], Imperial identified what it thought might be the same kind of structure in Alberta, and consequently located the great Leduc oil field.<ref>[http://languageinstinct.blogspot.com/2006/09/trail-to-leduc-began-in-north.html The Road to Leduc Began in the North]</ref>

'''Canol:''' When [[Japan]] captured a pair of [[Aleutian Islands]], Americans became concerned about the safety of their [[Petroleum tanker|oil tanker]] routes to [[Alaska]] and began looking for an inland oil supply safe from attack. They negotiated with Canada to build a refinery at [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]] in the [[Yukon]], with crude oil to come by pipeline from Norman Wells. If [[tank truck]]s had tried to haul the oil to Alaska, they would have eaten up most of their own load over the vast distance.

This spectacular project, dubbed the [[Canol Road]] - a contraction of "Canadian" and "oil" - took 20 months, 25,000 men, 10 million [[tonne]]s (9.8 million [[long ton]]s or 11 million [[short ton]]s) of equipment, {{km to mi|1600|abbr=yes}} each of [[road]], and [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] line and {{km to mi|2575|abbr=yes}} of [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]. The pipeline network consisted of the {{km to mi|950|abbr=yes}} crude oil line from Norman Wells to the Whitehorse refinery. From there, three lines carried products to [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]] and [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]] in Alaska, and to [[Watson Lake, Yukon|Watson Lake]], Yukon. Meanwhile Imperial was drilling more wells. The test for the Norman Wells oil field came when the pipeline was ready on [[February 16]], [[1944]]. The field surpassed expectations. During the one year remaining of the Pacific war, the field produced about 160,000 [[Cubic metre|m³]] (1.4 million [[Barrel (unit)|barrels]]) of oil.

The total cost of the project (all paid by U.S. taxpayers) was $134 million, in 1943 U.S. dollars. Total crude production was 315,000 m³ (2.7 million barrels) of which 7,313 m³ (63,000 barrels) were spilled. The cost of the crude oil was $426 per cubic metre ($67.77 per barrel). Refined petroleum product output was just 138,000 m³ (1.2 million barrels). Cost per barrel of refined product was thus $975 per cubic metre, or 97.5 cents per [[litre]] ($3.69 a gallon). Adjusted to current dollars using the U.S. [[consumer price index]], in 2000 dollars the oil would have cost $4,214 per cubic metre ($670 a barrel), while the refined product would have been worth an astonishing $9.62 a litre ($36.42 a gallon).

After the war, there was no use for the Canol pipeline. It simply fell out of use, with pipe and other equipment lying abandoned. The Whitehorse refinery kept on going - in a different locale. Imperial bought it for $1 million, took it apart, moved it to [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] and reassembled it like a gigantic jigsaw puzzle to handle production from the fast-developing Leduc oil field near [[Devon, Alberta|Devon]].

The Norman Wells story is not yet complete. The field entered its most important phase in the mid-1980s, when a pipeline connected the field to the Canada-wide crude oil pipeline system. Oil began flowing south in 1985.<ref>[http://languageinstinct.blogspot.com/2006/08/canadian-oil-and-gas-first-100-years_12.html Canadian Oil and Gas - The First 100 Years]</ref>
[[Image:Arctic.svg|thumb|right|250px| Northern Canada (depicted to the left) on a map of the polar region. There are three ways to describe the Arctic. One is the area above the [[Arctic Circle]]. Another is the northern region which is barren of trees. The third is the area where average daily temperatures in July are 10<sup>o</sup> [[Celsius]] (50<sup>o</sup> [[Fahrenheit]]) or lower - in this [[isotherm]]ic map, the area circumscribed by the red line.]]
Norman Wells was a frontier discovery. It was not [[Petroleum exploration in the Arctic|Arctic exploration]], however, since it was located south of the [[Arctic Circle]] and also outside the narrowly-defined Arctic environment (see map).

The definitive push into the Arctic took place in 1957 when Western Minerals and a small exploration company called Peel Plateau Exploration drilled the first well in the Yukon. To provision the well, some {{km to mi|800|abbr=yes}} from Whitehorse at Eagle Plains, Peel Plateau hauled 2,600 tonnes (2,559 L/T or 2,866 S/T) of equipment and supplies by tractor train. This achievement involved eight tractors and 40 sleighs per train, for a total of seven round trips. Drilling continued in 1958, but the company eventually declared the well dry and abandoned. Over the next two decades, however, Arctic exploration gained momentum.

===Arctic frontiers===
Stirrings of interest in the [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]] (Arctic Islands) as a possible site of petroleum reserves came as a result of "Operation Franklin," a 1955 study of Arctic geology directed by [[Yves Fortier (geologist)|Yves Fortier]] under the auspices of the Geological Survey of Canada. This and other surveys confirmed the presence of thick layers of [[sediment]] containing a variety of possible [[hydrocarbon]] traps.

Petroleum companies applied to the [[Government of Canada]] for permission to explore these remote lands in 1959, before the government had begun regulating such exploration. The immediate result was delay. In 1960, the [[John Diefenbaker|Diefenbaker]] government passed regulations, then granted exploration permits for {{convert|160000|km2|sqmi|0}} of northern land. These permits issued [[mineral rights]] for work commitments - that is, for agreeing to spend money on exploration.

The first well in the Arctic Islands was the Winter Harbour #1 well on [[Melville Island, Canada|Melville Island]], drilled in the winter of 1961-62. The operator was [[Dome Petroleum]]. Equipment and supplies for drilling and for the 35-man camp came in by ship from [[Montreal]]. This well was dry, as were two others drilled over the next two years on [[Cornwallis Island, Nunavut|Cornwallis]] and [[Bathurst Island]]s. All three wells were technical successes.

The federal government's eagerness to encourage Arctic Islands exploration, partly to assert Canadian sovereignty, led to the formation of [[Panarctic Oils Ltd.]] in 1968. That company consolidated the interests of 75 companies and individuals with Arctic Islands land holdings plus the federal government as the major shareholder.

Panarctic began its exploration program with [[Seismology|seismic]] work and then drilling in the Arctic Islands. By 1969 its Drake Point gas discovery was probably Canada's largest [[Natural gas field|gas field]]. Over the next three years came other large gas fields in the islands. Those years of drilling established reserves of 500 billion m³ (4,324 billion barrels) of sweet, dry natural gas.

Panarctic also located oil on the islands at Bent Horn and Cape Allison, and offshore at Cisco and Skate. Exploration moved offshore when Panarctic began drilling wells from "ice islands" - not really islands, but platforms of thickened ice created in winter by pumping sea water on the [[Polar ice packs|polar ice pack]].

The company found lots of gas but also some oil. In 1985, Panarctic became a commercial oil producer on an experimental scale. This began with a single tanker load of oil from the Bent Horn oil field (discovered in 1974 at Bent Horn N-72, the first well drilled on [[Cameron Island]]). The company delivered its largest annual volume of oil - 50,000 m³ (432,424 barrels) - to southern markets in 1988. Production continued until 1996.

Panarctic's ice island wells were not the first offshore wells in the Canadian north. In 1971, Aquitaine (later known as Canterra Energy, then taken over by [[Husky Energy| Husky Oil]]) drilled a well in [[Hudson Bay]] from a barge-mounted rig. Although south of the [[Arctic Circle]], that well was in a hostile frontier environment. A storm forced suspension of the well, and the ultimately unsuccessful exploration program languished for several years.

===Mackenzie delta and the Beaufort Sea===
The [[Mackenzie River]] delta was a focus of ground and air surveys as early as 1957, and geologists drew comparisons then to the [[Mississippi Delta|Mississippi]] and [[Niger Delta]]s, speculating that the Mackenzie could prove as prolific. For millions of years sediments had been pouring out of the mouth of the Mackenzie, creating tremendous banks of [[sand]] and [[shale]] - laminates of sedimentary rock warped into promising geological structures. Drilling began in the Mackenzie Delta-[[Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories|Tuktoyaktuk]] Peninsula in 1962, and accelerated during the early 1970s. The mouth of the Mackenzie River was not a [[Prudhoe Bay, Alaska|Prudhoe Bay]], but it did contain large gas fields.

By 1977, its established gas reserves were 200 billion m³ (1,730 barrels), and a proposal, the [[Mackenzie Valley Pipeline]], was put forth. The ensuing [[Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry]] headed by Justice [[Thomas R. Berger]] resulted in a moratorium on such a pipeline, which today is again under consideration.

The petroleum industry gradually shifted its focus into the unpredictable waters of the [[Beaufort Sea]]. To meet the challenges of winter cold and relatively deep water, drilling technologies in the Beaufort underwent a period of rapid evolution.

The first offshore wells drilled in the Beaufort used [[artificial island]]s as drilling platforms, but this was a winter drilling system, and was only practical in shallow water. In the mid-1970s, the introduction of a fleet of reinforced drillships extended the drilling season to include the 90 to 120 ice-free days of summer. This also enabled the industry to drill in the deeper waters of the Beaufort Sea. By the mid-1980s, variations on artificial island and drilling vessel technologies had extended both the drilling season and the depth of water at which the industry could operate. They had also reduced exploration costs.

The first well to test the Beaufort was not offshore, but was drilled on Richards Island in 1966. The move offshore came in 1972-73 when [[Imperial Oil]] built two artificial islands for use in the winter drilling season. The company constructed the first of these, Immerk 13-48, from gravel dredged from the ocean floor. The island's sides were steep and eroded rapidly during the summer months. To control the erosion, the company used wire anchored across the slopes topped with World War II surplus anti-torpedo netting. The second island, Adgo F-28, used dredged silt. This proved stronger. Other artificial islands used other methods of reinforcement.

In 1976, Canadian Marine Drilling Ltd., a subsidiary of [[Dome Petroleum]], brought a small armada to the Beaufort. It included three reinforced drillships and a support fleet of four supply boats, work and supply barges and a tugboat. This equipment expanded the explorable regions in the Beaufort Sea. Drillships, however, had their limitations for Beaufort work. Icebreakers and other forms of ice management could generally conquer the difficulties of the melting icecap in the summer. But after freeze-up began, the growing icecap would push the drill ship off location if it did not use icebreakers to keep the ice under control.

The most technologically innovative rig in the Beaufort was a vessel known as [[Kulluk]], which originated with [[Gulf Oil]]. Kulluk was a circular vessel designed for extended-season drilling operations in Arctic waters. Kulluk could drill safely in first-year ice up to {{m to ft|1.2|abbr=yes}} thick. Dome eventually acquired the vessel, which then passed progressively through acquisitions to [[Amoco]] and then [[BP]]. BP intended to sell this tool for scrap around 2000. [[Royal Dutch Shell]] subsequently purchased the vessel, however, and made plans to drill in the [[Territorial claims in the Arctic#Beaufort Sea|disputed waters of the Beaufort Sea]] in 2007.

The major Beaufort explorers experimented with a variety of new technologies and produced some of the most costly and specialized drilling systems in the world. Some of these were extensions of artificial island technologies; design engineers concentrated on ways to protect the island from erosion and impact. In shallow water, the standard became the sacrificial beach island. This island had long, gradually sloping sides against which the vengeance of weather and sea could spend themselves.

In December 2005 [[Devon Energy]] started drilling the first offshore well in Canadian waters of the Beaufort sea since 1989, from the drilling rig ''SDC''. The ''SDC'' (or Steel Drilling Caisson) was built for Canmar in 1982 by attaching the forebody of the [[Tanker (ship)|Very Large Crude Carrier]] ''World Saga'' to the top of a steel barge with sloping sides (mimicking an artificial island); the barge can be ballasted to sit on the bottom for drilling operations. The Paktoa C-60 well was completed in 2006, but results are unknown as it was designated a "tight hole" - a well for which, for competitive reasons, no information could be released.

==Coastal energy==
===Scotian Shelf===
[[Image:Canada Atlantic provinces map.png|right|thumb|Canada's east coast offshore regions comprise the [[continental shelves]] of the four Atlantic provinces.]]
The site of Canada's first salt water offshore well was {{km to mi|13|abbr=yes|precision=0}} off the shores of [[Prince Edward Island]]. Spudded in 1943, the Hillsborough #1 well was drilled by the Island Development Company. The company used a drilling island constructed in {{m to ft|8|abbr=yes|precision=0}} of water of wood and some 7,200 tonnes (7,086 L/T or 7,937 S/T) of rock and concrete. The well reached {{m to ft|4479|abbr=yes|precision=0}} at a cost of $1.25 million - an extremely expensive well in that era. Part of the [[Participants in World War II|Allied war effort]], Hillsborough was declared dry and abandoned in September 1945.

In 1967 [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] drilled the first well off [[Nova Scotia]], the [[Sable Offshore Energy Project]] C-67 well. Located on desolate, sandy [[Sable Island]] (best known for its herd of wild horses), the well bottomed in gas-bearing [[Cretaceous]] rocks. Drilling stopped there because the technology did not exist to handle the super-pressures the well encountered.

Shell's experience at this well foreshadowed two future developments on the [[Continental shelf|Scotian Shelf]]. First, major discoveries offshore Nova Scotia would generally be natural gas reservoirs and second, they would involve high pressures. In the early 1980s, two discovery wells - Shell's Uniacke G-72 and [[Mobil]]'s West Venture N-91 - actually blew wild. The Uniacke well, which was being drilled from the semi-submersible rig ''Vinland'', took about ten days to bring under control. By contrast, the [[blowout (well drilling)|blowout]] at West Venture took eight months to shut in.

West Venture started as a surface blowout, and was swiftly shut in by the crew of the rig, Zapata Scotian, but the well then blew out underground. High-pressure natural gas burst through the well's [[Casing (borehole)|casing]], and began rushing from a deep zone into a shallow one. In oil industry parlance, the blowout "charged" the shallower geological zone, drastically increasing reservoir pressure. The direct cost of bringing this one well under control was $200 million.

The industry made other modest oil and gas discoveries in its early years off Nova Scotia - for example, Shell's Onandaga E-84 gas well, drilled to a depth of {{m to ft|3988|abbr=yes|precision=0}} in 1969. And in 1973, Mobil spudded the D-42 Cohasset well on the western rim of the Sable sub-basin.

Mobil's bit found almost {{m to ft|50|abbr=yes|precision=0}} of net oil pay in eleven zones of Cretaceous lower Logan Canyon sands. However, a follow-up well five years later found only water-bearing sands, and the company suspended work on the field. Mobil moved to other Scotian Shelf locations, discovering the promising Venture gas field in 1979.

Located on a seismic prospect which had been recognized some years earlier, Mobil had waited to drill the Venture probe because the structure was deep and could contain high-pressure zones like those which had halted drilling at Sable Island in the previous decade. The Venture discovery well cost $40 million, then a startling price for a single well.

Ironically, the first commercial offshore discovery, Mobil's 1973 Cohasset discovery, appeared relatively inconsequential when found. But toward the end of the 1980s, a combination of exploration successes and innovative thinking led to development of a field which most of the industry had seen as uneconomic. In December 1985, [[Petro-Canada]] spudded the Cohasset A-52 step-out well to explore the Cohasset structure southwest of Mobil's 1973 discovery well. Unlike a disappointing 1978 step-out, that hole tested oil at a combined rate of 4,500 m³ (38,918 barrels) per day from six zones.

Following up on the positive results of the A-52 well, Shell drilled a discovery well at Panuke, {{km to mi|8|abbr=yes|precision=0}} southwest of Cohasset. The Shell Panuke B-90 wildcat encountered a relatively thin zone that tested light oil at a rate of 1,000 m³ (8,648 barrels) per day. The following year, Petro-Canada drilled the F-99 delineation well at Panuke. That well tested oil at 8,000 m³ (69,188 barrels) a day for six days.

While the Cohasset and Panuke discoveries were marginal by themselves, in the mid-1980s a consulting firm hired by [[Crown corporation]] Nova Scotia Resources Limited investigated the idea of joining them together. By forming a [[joint venture]] with British-based [[LASMO]] plc., which formed a Nova-Scotian affiliate to operate the field, NSRL was able to make the project a financial and technical success. In the end, however, production was less than expected; the field only produced from 1992 to 1999.

In January 2000 offshore development reached a milestone when gas from Nova Scotia's [[Sable Offshore Energy Project]] gas plant was first delivered to [[Maritimes]] and [[New England]] markets. The project now produces between 400 and 500 million [[Cubic foot|cubic feet]] (71-89 million barrels or 11 - 14 million m³) of natural gas and 20,000 barrels (3,180 m³) of natural gas liquids every day. However, [[EnCana Corporation]] is now developing a gas find known as [[Deep Panuke]], which could replace some of the depleting gas fields from Nova Scotia's existing offshore gas fields.

===Newfoundland and Labrador===
The bitter-cold Labrador Shelf of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] was another prospective exploration province in the early period of eastern offshore exploration. First drilled in 1971, wells in the deeper waters were drilled from dynamically positioned drillships.

[[Iceberg]]s calved from the [[glacier]]s of [[Greenland]] and [[Labrador]] earned this stretch of water the unaffectionate nickname "Iceberg Alley." Icebergs drifting toward drilling equipment posed a unique hazard for the industry in that forbidding environment. But using a blend of cowboy and maritime technology, Labrador drillers handled the problem by lassoing the bergs with nylon ropes and steel hawsers, then towing them out of the way.

Worsening exploration economics and poor drilling results dampened the industry's enthusiasm for the area. Drilling stopped in the early 1980s, although it continued in the more southerly waters off the "Rock" (island) of Newfoundland.

The most promising drilling off Canada's east coast took place on the [[Grand Banks]] - particularly the Avalon and Jeanne d'Arc basins. Exploration began in the area in 1966 and, save one oil show in 1973, the first 40 wells on the Grand Banks were dry.

[[Image:Terra Nova FPSOmodule.jpg|thumb|225px|left|[[Terra Nova (oil field)|Terra Nova]] FPSO]]Then, in 1976, came the [[Hibernia (oil field)| Hibernia]] oil strike, which changed the fortunes of the area. It soon became clear that offshore Newfoundland could and did host large oil fields.

Although non-commercial, the next nine wildcats provided valuable geological information. More importantly, two discoveries from the mid-1980s - [[Terra Nova (oil field)| Terra Nova]] and [[White Rose (oil field)|White Rose]] - looked to be more easily producible than Hibernia. They did not go into production until 2002 and 2005, however.

Terra Nova and White Rose each use a floating production storage and off-loading vessel (FPSO; see illustration) to gather and store produced oil. Production facilities were constructed in excavations on the ocean floor. The vessels can be moved to harbour if conditions warrant, and being recessed protects sub-sea facilities from iceberg scouring.

Although not appropriate for many offshore reservoirs, this approach is both economical and safe. Industry insiders sometimes call them “cut and run” systems.

The production system eventually developed for Hibernia is quite another matter. Insiders sometimes describe it as a “stand and fight” system - a fixed platform heavily fortified to withstand iceberg impact. It is strong on safety, but it was not cheap.

===Hibernia===
[[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] drilled the Hibernia discovery well to earn a commercial interest in Grand Banks acreage held by [[ExxonMobil|Mobil]] and Gulf. The field is {{km to mi|315|abbr=yes|precision=0}} east-southeast of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], and water depth is about {{m to ft|80|abbr=yes|precision=0}}. Between 1980 and 1984, Mobil drilled nine delineation wells in the field at a cost of $465 million. Eight of those wells were successful. They established the field's recoverable oil reserves at around 625 million barrels (100 million m³) - about 40 per cent more oil than originally estimated.

Bringing the field on production was a long time coming. It involved settling a jurisdictional dispute between Newfoundland and Canada over ownership of offshore minerals and other issues. Lengthy fiscal negotiations began in 1985, shortly after Mobil submitted a development plan to the two governments. Not until 1988 did the two governments reach agreement on the development with Mobil, Petro-Canada, [[Chevron Corporation]] and Gulf Oil - the companies with interests in the field.

By the terms of this agreement, the federal government would provide $1 billion in grants, $1.66 billion in loan guarantees, and other assistance to the $5.8 billion development. These concessions were necessary because of government insistence on a huge, expensive concrete production platform (the Gravity Base System or GBS) despite an environment of lower and declining oil prices. Potentially, these factors would make the field uneconomic.

The world's largest [[oil platform]], Hibernia's GBS sits on the ocean floor approximately {{m to ft|80|abbr=yes|precision=0}} in depth with its topsides extending approximately {{m to ft|50|abbr=yes|precision=0}} out of the water. The platform acts as a small concrete island with serrated outer edges designed to counter icebergs. The GBS contains storage tanks for 1.3 million barrels (206,683 m³) of oil, and the remainder of the void space is filled with [[magnetite]] [[Sailing ballast|ballast]]. The structure weighs 1.2 million tons (1.1 million tonnes).

A floating platform like those used in the [[North Sea]] would have been far less expensive. However, GBS had [[safety]] advantages for a field located in an extremely inhospitable environment where [[Rogue wave (oceanography)|rogue wave]]s, [[fog]], icebergs and [[sea ice]], [[Tropical cyclone|hurricane]]s, and [[nor'easter]] winter storms were not uncommon. Because of an industrial disaster at Hibernia at the beginning of the decade, this was a critical argument.

Since the oil industry's earliest days, discovery and production have periodically taken a human toll. For Canada's petroleum industry, the worst incident was the [[Ocean Ranger]] disaster of 1982. In that terrible tragedy the Ocean Ranger, a [[semi-submersible]] offshore rig drilling the Hibernia J-34 delineation well, went down in a winter storm. The vessel took 84 hands into the frigid sea; none survived. This memory was fresh in everyone's mind when the field's production system was being negotiated.

For the governments involved, the high cost of the project actually had appeal as a way to help counter Newfoundland's chronically high unemployment. Whether profitable to its owners or not, this vast project would stimulate the economy of Canada's poorest province. According to Newfoundland historian Valerie Summers, {{cquote|for cynics in Newfoundland and elsewhere in Canada, Hibernia was generally viewed as one of the costliest regional developments in Canadian history and one of the biggest gambles in Newfoundland history.}} Now thought to have begun its productive phase as a billion-barrel reservoir, Hibernia went on stream in 1997.

Ten years later, the province negotiated a deal to develop a fourth project at the [[Hebron-Ben Nevis oil field|Hebron]] discovery. The industry partners in this development are [[ExxonMobil]] Canada, [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] Canada, [[Petro-Canada]] and [[Norsk Hydro]] Canada. Chevron Canada will be the operator. The Province of Newfoundland and Labrador will take a 4.9 per cent equity stake in the project through its Energy Corporation. The province also negotiated an additional 6.5 per cent royalty paid on net revenues whenever monthly average oil prices exceed US$50 per barrel after net royalty payout.

The development costs for the project are estimated to be between $7 billion - $11 billion over the 20-25 year lifespan of the field. The owners expect the project to be able to produce 150,000 to {{convert|170000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day.

===West coast===
A sedimentary basin also exists off the [[British Columbia Coast]], and some exploratory drilling has taken place there. From 1967 to 1969, Shell drilled 14 deep dry holes from the [[Transocean]] 135-F semi-submersible - some west of [[Vancouver]], others in [[Hecate Strait]] beside the [[Queen Charlotte Islands]]. Exploration off the west coast stopped in 1972 when the federal and British Columbia governments imposed moratoria on exploration, pending the results of studies into the environmental impact of drilling. In 1986 a government-appointed commission recommended an end to the moratorium.

The province had still not acted by 1989, however, when an American barge spilled oil off the [[British Columbia]] coast. A few months later came the disastrous [[Exxon Valdez]] oil spill off [[Alaska]]. Although neither of these spills was related to crude oil exploration or production, they made it politically impossible for governments to lift the moratorium.

In 2001, the provincial government initiated another review of its drilling ban, and recommended lifting the moratorium. A federal panel then convened, held a hearing and issued a report<ref>[http://www2.nrcan.gc.ca/es/erb/prb/english/View.asp?x=611 Review of the Federal Moratorium on Oil and Gas Activities Offshore British Columbia]</ref> in 2004 that did not make any recommendations and the federal ban remained in place.

In 2007, the BC government announced an energy policy that formally called for lifting the moratorium. Without federal agreement, however, no drilling can begin.

==Matters of policy==
As industry explored the frontiers, Canada drilled some of the world's deepest offshore wells - notably the Annapolis G-24 gas well, drilled to a depth of {{m to ft|6100|abbr=yes|precision=0}} (water depth was {{m to ft|1675|abbr=yes|precision=0}}) offshore Nova Scotia in 2002. The industry built new artificial island and mobile drilling systems. It created networks capable of providing instant communication between head office and remote well sites. And it developed the world's most sophisticated understanding of ice and ways to deal with it in the north. These and other initiatives gave the Canadian petroleum industry unrivalled expertise in some areas.

===Petroleum Incentive Payments===
Because petroleum is a strategic commodity mostly found on [[Crown land]] and an important source of government revenue, Canadian governments have long been involved in developing [[Energy policy of Canada|energy policy]] and passing it into law. This was particularly evident for frontier exploration in 1980, when Canada's [[Government of Canada|federal government]] imposed the [[National Energy Program]] (NEP) upon companies exploring federal lands. The policy was far-reaching, and it included a complex mix of [[tax]]es, [[royalties]], reversion to [[the Crown]] of frontier properties, and [[incentive|incentive payments]]. This policy was a direct response to several years of rising oil prices punctuated by the [[1979 energy crisis]], which briefly took [[Price of petroleum|crude oil prices]] to $39.50.

By December 1985, [[OPEC]] oil output had reached 18 million barrels (2.9 million m³) per day. This worsened an existing glut of oil and triggered a price war. In the following year, average world oil prices fell by more than 50 per cent. This price shock took many oil companies and oil-producing states and regions into a long period of crisis.

The industry's frontier operations were particularly vulnerable to the oil price collapse. Canada had already dismantled the NEP, and costly frontier drilling, which had found reserves that were mostly uneconomic in the lower-price environment, was the first casualty of an industry-wide crisis. A precipitous decline in frontier activity was well underway by mid-year 1986, and drilling was almost at a standstill by year-end.

This sequence of events gives an interesting illustration of the potential for [[market failure|economic distortions]] from government incentives. In five-year increments from 1966, average exploration costs for frontier wells changed as follows:
{| border="0" align="center" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center"
|-align="center"
|colspan=8|
|-bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
|'''Period''' || '''Canadian Arctic''' || '''East coast offshore'''
|-
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 1994-95|1994-95]]||rowspan="3"|[[Boavista F.C.|Boavista]]||rowspan="3"|[[Portuguese Liga]]||17||1||?||1||-||-||?||0||?||2
| 1966-1970||$4.3 million||$1.2 million
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|1971-1975||$3.6 million||$3.8 million
|-
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 1995-96|1995-96]]||28||7||?||0||-||-||?||1||?||8
|1976-1980||$24.4 million||$22.4 million
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|1981-1985||'''$63.2 million'''||'''$45.8 million'''
|-
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 1996-97|1996-97]]||34||15||?||4||-||-||?||2||?||21
|1986-1989||$44.2 million||$20.5 million
|-
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|[[Portuguese Liga 1997-98|1997-98]]||rowspan="3"|[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]||rowspan="3"|[[Portuguese Liga]]||33||18||5||4||-||-||2||0||40||22
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 1998-99|1998-99]]||34||24||2||3||-||-||8||7||44||34
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 1999-00|1999-00]]||34||18||3||1||-||-||6||1||43||20
{{Football player statistics 2|ITA|YY}}
|-
|[[Serie A 2000-01|2000-01]]||rowspan="2"|[[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]]||rowspan="2"|[[Serie A]]||30||9||?||4||-||-||?||0||?||13
|-
|[[Serie A 2001-02|2001-02]]||23||5||?||0||-||-||?||2||?||7
{{Football player statistics 2|POR|YY}}
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2002-03|2002-03]]||rowspan="7"|[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]||rowspan="7"|[[Portuguese Liga]]||27||9||0||0||-||-||5||5||32||14
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2003-04|2003-04]]||21||7||2||0||-||-||4||5||27||12
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2004-05|2004-05]]||23||7||5||2||-||-||6||3||34||12
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2005-06|2005-06]]||29||15||2||1||-||-||8||0||39||16
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2006-07|2006-07]]||24||6||3||3||-||-||4||4||31||13
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2007-08|2007-08]]||25||7||2||1||0||0||8||1||35||9
|-
|[[Portuguese Liga 2008-09|2008-09]]||3||2||0||0||0||0||2||1||5||3
{{Football player statistics 3|2|POR}}332||136||?||20||0||0||?||30||?||186
{{Football player statistics 4|ITA}}53||14||?||4||0||0||?||2||?||20
{{Football player statistics 5}}385||150||?||24||0||0||?||32||?||206
|}
|}


== Honours ==
The stand-out numbers are marked in bold. Clearly, drilling during the first half of the 1980s was for incentive payments as much as for oil. Major beneficiaries of the Petroleum Incentives Payments among Canadian oil-producing companies included [[Dome Petroleum|Dome]], [[Imperial Oil]] and [[Gulf Oil|Gulf Canada]]. All three operated drilling subsidiaries in the North.
===Team honours===
=====Team honours with {{flagicon|Portugal}} '''[[S.L. Benfica]]'''=====
*'''[[Portuguese Liga]]'''
**Winner: ''2004-05''
**Runner-up: ''2003-04, 2002-03, 1997-98''
*'''[[Portuguese Cup]]'''
**Winner: ''1996-97, 2003-04''
**Runner-up: ''2004-05''
*'''[[Portuguese SuperCup]]'''
**Winner: ''2005''
**Runner-up: ''2004''


=====Team honours with {{flagicon|Italy}} '''[[A.C. Fiorentina]]'''=====
After the oil price crash, [[cash flow]] for many companies was in negative territory. Exploration activity declined dramatically, but did not come to a complete halt. There was intense competition among drilling companies for the work available, and the [[inflation|cost inflation]] induced by the federal government's Petroleum Incentives Payments declined swiftly.
*'''[[Coppa Italia]]'''
**Winner: ''2001''


=====Honours with National Team {{flagicon|Portugal}}=====
===Atlantic Accord===
*'''[[Olympics Games]]'''
An important policy question of who owns Newfoundland's offshore minerals briefly stood in the way of offshore oil and gas development. With the discovery of Hibernia came the prospect of petroleum riches from under the sea. In response, the [[Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador|government of Newfoundland and Labrador]] laid claim to [[mineral rights]] in its offshore regions. The province had been a [[Dominion of Newfoundland|dominion]] until 1934 and then - for the rest of the [[Great Depression]] and through the [[Second World War]] - run by a [[Commission of Government]] subordinate to the [[Her Majesty's Government|British Government]] in [[London]]. It now said it had not ceded its offshore resources to Ottawa when it became a Canadian province in 1949.
**4th place ( ''[[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Summer Olympics]], [[Atlanta]]'' )
*'''[[UEFA European Football Championship]]'''
**Semi-finals ( ''[[UEFA Euro 2000]], [[Belgium]] / [[Netherlands]]'' )
**Runner-up ( ''[[UEFA Euro 2004]], [[Portugal]]'' )
**Quarter-finals ( ''[[UEFA Euro 2008]], [[Austria]] / [[Switzerland]]'' )
*'''[[FIFA World Cup]]'''
**4th place ( ''[[2006 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany]]'' )


===Individual honours and awards===
In terms of petroleum politics, the decade beginning in 1973 was a fractious period in Canada, and Newfoundland's claim led to a stand-off with the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of [[Pierre Trudeau]], which took the case to the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]. The court ruled against Newfoundland in 1984.
*[[Euro 2000]] - UEFA Team of the Tournament


==References==
In the end, however, the issue was resolved [[geopolitics| politically]]. In 1985, the newly elected [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (PC) government of [[Brian Mulroney]] and [[Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland's PC]] government (headed by [[Brian Peckford]]) negotiated a deal known as the Atlantic Accord. As [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|opposition leader]], Mulroney had offered this deal to Peckford in the lead-up to the [[Canadian federal election, 1984|federal election of 1984]]. As a result, Peckford campaigned vigorously for the Progressive Conservatives. In the [[election]], Newfoundland returned four Progressive Conservative [[Member of Parliament| MPs]] to the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]].
{{reflist}}


==External links==
The accord put aside the question of ownership of those resources, even though that issue had already been decided by the court. Instead, the agreement acted as though the two levels of government had equal mineral rights in the offshore. The governments passed mutual and parallel legislation to get the deal done.
{{Portugal Squad 2000 Euro Cup}}
{{Portugal Squad 2002 World Cup}}
{{Portugal Squad 2004 Euro Cup}}
{{Portugal Squad 2006 World Cup}}
{{Portugal Squad 2008 Euro Cup}}
{{SL Benfica Squad}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuno Gomes}}
In the formal signing, Ottawa and St. John's described the purposes of the Accord in these terms:
[[Category:Portuguese footballers]]
{{cquote|
[[Category:Portugal international footballers]]
# To provide for the development of oil and gas resources offshore Newfoundland for the benefit of Canada as a whole and Newfoundland and Labrador in particular;
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]
# To protect, preserve, and advance the attainment of national self-sufficiency and security of supply;
[[Category:Football (soccer) strikers]]
# To recognize the right of Newfoundland and Labrador to be the principal beneficiary of the oil and gas resources off its shores, consistent with the requirement for a strong and united Canada;
[[Category:Boavista players]]
# To recognize the equality of both governments in the management of the resource, and ensure that the pace and manner of development optimize the social and economic benefits to Canada as a whole and to Newfoundland and Labrador in particular;
[[Category:S.L. Benfica footballers]]
# To provide that the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador can establish and collect resource revenues as if these resources were on land, within the province;
[[Category:Serie A players]]
# To provide for a stable and fair offshore management regime for industry;
[[Category:ACF Fiorentina players]]
# To provide for a stable and permanent arrangement for the management of the offshore adjacent to Newfoundland by enacting the relevant provisions of this Accord in legislation of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Newfoundland and Labrador and by providing that the Accord may only be amended by the mutual consent of both governments; and
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
# To promote within the system of joint management, insofar as is appropriate, consistency with the management regimes established for other offshore areas in Canada.}}
[[Category:Portuguese Liga footballers]]

[[Category:Olympic footballers of Portugal]]
With the accord signed and the necessary legislation being prepared, the companies involved in Hibernia could complete their development plan and negotiate project approval with the Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Board, a regulatory body representing both levels of government. [[History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development)#Hibernia|Elsewhere,]] this history describes some of the terms they reached for the Hibernia project.
[[Category:Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]

[[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]]
In 1986, Mulroney and premier [[John Buchanan]] (a [[Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia PC]]) signed the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord. This agreement was similar to the Atlantic Accord in intent, tone and implementation.
[[Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players]]

[[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]]
Key to these negotiations were two important federal concessions: [[Ottawa]] would not include [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] or [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]]'s petroleum revenues in its calculations for [[equalization payments]] to those provinces, and initially all revenues from offshore oil and gas would accrue to the provinces. These deals thus allowed the provinces to tax offshore petroleum resources as if they were the owners.
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]

[[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]]
When amending the agreements in 2005, the short-lived Liberal government of [[Paul Martin]] provided these two [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic provinces]] with transitional protection from reductions in equalization that would have otherwise resulted from their growing offshore revenues. In Newfoundland's case, the province offered an up-front payment of $2 billion as a "prepayment" toward this protection guarantee. Those accords extend to 2011-12, with the option of an extension to 2019-2012 if the provinces remain disadvantaged relative to other provinces.
[[Category:1976 births]]

[[Category:Living people]]
In an effort to create a single regime for both provinces, the incoming government of [[Conservative Party of Canada| Conservative]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] proposed an alternative approach. The two provinces could stick with the deals they had already signed, or they could accept a more generous formula that included 50 per cent of resource revenue in the equalization formula. Nova Scotia signed on [[October 10]], [[2007]].
[[Category:Portuguese expatriate footballers]]

In an environment of [[Oil price increases since 2003|higher energy prices]], these two traditionally poor provinces could see futures in which they would be less dependent on federal transfers of funds. This was a clear indication of the value to their economies of greater petroleum development in an energy-dependent world.

==References and notes==

{{Canadianpetroleumhistory}}

===Metric conversions===
One cubic metre of oil = 6.29 barrels.
One cubic metre of natural gas = 35.49 cubic feet.
One kilopascal = 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).

Canada's oil measure, the [[cubic metre]], is unique in the world. It is metric in the sense that it uses metres, but it is based on volume so that Canadian units can be easily converted into [[barrel (unit)| barrels]]. In the rest of the metric world, the standard for measuring oil is the [[Tonne|metric tonne]]. The advantage of the latter measure is that it reflects oil quality. In general, lower grade oils are heavier.

===References===
*Peter McKenzie-Brown, Gordon Jaremko, David Finch, ''The Great Oil Age'', Detselig Enterprises Ltd., Calgary; 1993
*Robert Bott, ''Our Petroleum Challenge: Sustainability into the 21st Century'', Canadian Centre for Energy Information, Calgary; Seventh edition, 2004
* George de Mille, ''Oil in Canada West, The Early Years'', George de Mille Books, printed by Northwest Printing and Lithographing Ltd., Calgary; 1972
*Valerie A. Summers, "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Regime Change in Newfoundland"; in Keith Brownsey and Michael Howlett, editors, ''The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories''; Peterborough, Ont., Canada; Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press; 2001
*"The Atlantic Accord: Memorandum of Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of Newfoundland on Offshore Oil and Gas Resource Management and Revenue Sharing"; February 11, 1985

===Notes===
{{reflist}}


{{Portugal-footy-bio-stub}}
=== See also ===
{{EnergyPortal}}
* [[Energy policy of Canada]]
* [[Natural gas processing]]
* [[Canol Heritage Trail]]


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[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[da:Nuno Gomes]]
[[Category:Oil companies of Canada]]
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{{Petroleum industry}}
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[[zh:努诺·戈麦斯]]

Revision as of 12:50, 12 October 2008

For other people named Nuno Gomes, see Nuno Gomes (disambiguation).
Nuno Gomes
Personal information
Full name Nuno Miguel Soares Pereira Ribeiro
Height 1.81 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)
Position(s) Striker
Team information
Current team
 Benfica
Number 21
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of September 15 2008

Nuno Miguel Soares Pereira Ribeiro, born on 5th July, 1976 in Amarante. He is a striker who plays for the Portugal national football team and currently plays for S.L. Benfica. He was given the nickname Gomes during childhood, after Fernando Gomes, who was the top European goalscorer in 1983 and 1985. A striker who works tirelessly for his team-mates, Nuno Gomes's star shone bright at UEFA Euro 2000. He also took part in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers, proving himself crucial after Pauleta retired. He scored against Finland in Portugal's first qualifier. Nuno Gomes was also on the cover of the game FIFA 2003 in Portugal.

Career

Born in Amarante, in north-west Portugal, he established his reputation with Boavista FC, where he made his debut in the 1994/95 season. Nuno Gomes collected his first silverware as Boavista beat SL Benfica to lift the Portuguese Cup in 1997. He was on target in the final and scored 15 league goals that term - enough to earn a transfer to Benfica. In 2000, after three seasons at the Estádio da Luz, during which he scored 60 league goals in 101 appearances, Euro 2000 exploits earned him a €17m move to ACF Fiorentina. He won the Coppa Italia in his first season, before Fiorentina's financial collapse precipitated his return to SL Benfica. 2003-2004: A series of nagging injuries limited Nuno Gomes to 21 matches, of which he completed just 14. However, he grew in strength and confidence as the season progressed and was an impressive performer in the Portuguese Cup final victory against FC Porto.2004-2005: After resolving his injury problems, he scored 7 important goals for Benfica to help the Águias (eagles) win the Portuguese SuperLiga. 2005-2006: He enjoyed his best season after returning to his home country. He scored 15 goals in the league (snatching second place in the SuperLiga's goalscorer list) and won the Portuguese SuperCup for Benfica with a superb strike.2006-2007: Nuno Gomes faced tough competition for a starting place in Benfica's attack, in the likes of newly-signed Mexican Francisco Fonseca, Fabrizio Miccoli, and injury-prone Pedro Mantorras. He scored 6 goals in the Portuguese Liga, 3 goals in Portuguese Cup, 3 in the UEFA Champions League and 1 in UEFA Cup. The 2007-2008 season proved to Portugal that he was still a valuable player on the team, he scored six league goals, including two in a 6-1 rout of former team Boavista. He also was made captain of Benfica above Rui Costa.

In the first game of the Portuguese 08/09 League, Nuno Gomes scored a goal against Rio Ave at the Estadio do Rio Ave. The match ended 1-1.[1] At Uefa Cup, In the match against Napoli, he scored a nice goal to help the team reach the group stage

National team

Having represented Portugal at every level from Under-15 upwards, and scoring many goals for Portugal youth teams, he made his full international debut aged 19 in a 1996 friendly against France. He scored for his country at that summer's Atlanta Olympics but had to wait four years for his first senior international goal. The timing couldn't have been better: in Portugal's opening match at Euro 2000 he marked his fourth start with the winner as Portugal came from two goals down to beat England in a 3-2 victory. He scored four goals in the competition as Portugal reached the last four but earned a seven-month international ban after pushing referee Günter Benkö following the semi-final defeat by France. He struggled to hold down a starting place and appeared twice as a substitute during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Things

Portuguese fans during Euro 2004

went better for him in Euro 2004 when, after coming on as a half time substitute, he scored the winning goal against Spain to send Portugal through to the second round. He was also called up for the FIFA World cup 2006 in Germany, where he scored a goal in the third-place play-off match against Germany. He has scored 29 goals in 72 caps for Portugal. He is one of the top goalscorers for the Portugal national football team. Now, after the international retirement of Pauleta, Gomes was expected to become his successor in the Selecção's striker role.

He scored 3 goals in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers. His first was scored against Finland and earned Portugal a much needed point in Helsinki. The second came in a 2-1 loss to the Poland and the third in a 4-0 win against Belgium. He also added an assist to his name after a long pass to Tiago, which ended in a goal in Belgrade against Serbia (1-1). He captained Portugal at Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland. During the tournament he became only the fourth player to score at three European Championships when he scored against Germany in the quarter finals, (Thierry Henry, Jurgen Klinsmann and Vladimir Smicer the previous three). However, despite scoring to cut the German's lead in half to 2-1, Portugal went on to lose 3-2.

Career statistics

Template:Football player statistics 1 Template:Football player statistics 2 |- |1994-95||rowspan="3"|Boavista||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||17||1||?||1||-||-||?||0||?||2 |- |1995-96||28||7||?||0||-||-||?||1||?||8 |- |1996-97||34||15||?||4||-||-||?||2||?||21 |- |1997-98||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||33||18||5||4||-||-||2||0||40||22 |- |1998-99||34||24||2||3||-||-||8||7||44||34 |- |1999-00||34||18||3||1||-||-||6||1||43||20 Template:Football player statistics 2 |- |2000-01||rowspan="2"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||30||9||?||4||-||-||?||0||?||13 |- |2001-02||23||5||?||0||-||-||?||2||?||7 Template:Football player statistics 2 |- |2002-03||rowspan="7"|Benfica||rowspan="7"|Portuguese Liga||27||9||0||0||-||-||5||5||32||14 |- |2003-04||21||7||2||0||-||-||4||5||27||12 |- |2004-05||23||7||5||2||-||-||6||3||34||12 |- |2005-06||29||15||2||1||-||-||8||0||39||16 |- |2006-07||24||6||3||3||-||-||4||4||31||13 |- |2007-08||25||7||2||1||0||0||8||1||35||9 |- |2008-09||3||2||0||0||0||0||2||1||5||3 Template:Football player statistics 3332||136||?||20||0||0||?||30||?||186 Template:Football player statistics 453||14||?||4||0||0||?||2||?||20 Template:Football player statistics 5385||150||?||24||0||0||?||32||?||206 |}

Honours

Team honours

Team honours with Portugal S.L. Benfica
Team honours with Italy A.C. Fiorentina
Honours with National Team Portugal

Individual honours and awards

References

  1. ^ Nuno Gomes scores against Rio Ave Retrieved on 25 August 2008

External links

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