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=== Sites of interest ===
=== Sites of interest ===
Many Detroit museums are located in the [[Detroit Cultural Center|Cultural Center]] near [[Wayne State University]]. These museums include [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the Detroit Historical Museum, [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include the [[Hitsville U.S.A.|Motown Historical Museum]], [[Tuskegee Airmen]] Museum, [[Fort Wayne (Detroit)|Fort Wayne]], Dossin Great Lakes Museum, and the Belle Isle Conservatory. The [[Eastern Market]] farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.<ref>[http://www.easternmarket.org/page.cfm/19/ History of Eastern Market]. ''Eastern Market Mechant's Association (accessed March 8, 2006).''</ref>
Many Detroit museums are located in the [[Detroit Cultural Center|Cultural Center]] near [[Wayne State University]]. These museums include [[Detroit Institute of Arts]], the Detroit Historical Museum, [[The Henry Ford]], [[Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History]], Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include the [[Hitsville U.S.A.|Motown Historical Museum]], [[Tuskegee Airmen]] Museum, [[Fort Wayne (Detroit)|Fort Wayne]], Dossin Great Lakes Museum, and the Belle Isle Conservatory. The [[Eastern Market]] farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.<ref>[http://www.easternmarket.org/page.cfm/19/ History of Eastern Market]. ''Eastern Market Mechant's Association (accessed March 8, 2006).''</ref>


[[Image:Guardian Building and One Woodward Building in Detroit, Michigan.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Downtown Detroit buildings, the historic [[Art Deco]] [[Guardian Building]] is on the left]]
[[Image:Guardian Building and One Woodward Building in Detroit, Michigan.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Downtown Detroit buildings, the historic [[Art Deco]] [[Guardian Building]] is on the left]]
Line 333: Line 333:


Other notable buildings include the [[Compuware]] headquarters, [[Fisher Building]], [[Guardian Building]], [[Detroit Public Library]], and the [[Penobscot Building]]. Detroit has several historic churches that are open to the public.
Other notable buildings include the [[Compuware]] headquarters, [[Fisher Building]], [[Guardian Building]], [[Detroit Public Library]], and the [[Penobscot Building]]. Detroit has several historic churches that are open to the public.




=== Sports ===
=== Sports ===

Revision as of 01:10, 18 September 2006

Detroit, Michigan
Flag of Detroit, Michigan
Flag
Official seal of Detroit, Michigan
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Motor City, Motown, The "D", The Renaissance City, City of Champions
Motto(s): 
Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus"
(Latin for, "We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes")
Location in Wayne County, Michigan
Location in Wayne County, Michigan
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountyWayne County
Government
 • MayorKwame Kilpatrick (D)
Elevation
623 ft (190 m)
Population
 (2005)
 • City886 675
 • Metro
4,488,335[1]
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Websitehttp://www.detroitmi.gov/
"Detroit" redirects here. For other uses, see Detroit (disambiguation).

Detroit (IPA: [dɪˈtʰɹɔɪt]) (French: Détroit, pronounced [detʁwa]ⓘ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Founded in 1701 by the French official Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and french fur traders, it is a major United States port city on the Detroit River across from Windsor, Ontario linking the Great Lakes region to the St. Lawrence Seaway. Reflected on the city flag, Detroit is the only city to have been governed by France, Britain, and the United States.

Today, it is known as one of the world's traditional automotive center and an important source of popular music—legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, Motor City and Motown. The city's present name comes from the Detroit River, which in turn derives from the French Rivière du Détroit, meaning "River of the Strait". The name alludes to the connection the river forms between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, although it is not literally a strait.

In 2005, Detroit ranked as the United States's 11th most populous city with 886,675 residents; this is less than half of the peak population it had in 1950, and Detroit leads the nation in terms of declining urban population. It is the focus city of the nation's tenth-largest metropolitan area, and the fourth-largest if Windsor and its environs are included.

Detroit's crime rate has brought it notoriety[2] while the city continues to struggle with the burdens of racial disharmony between itself and its suburban neighbors. The city has experienced budget shortfalls[3], leading to cuts in city services. Nevertheless, Detroit is currently experiencing a downtown revival with the construction of the Compuware headquarters, a recently renovated Renaissance Center, three major casino hotels, new stadiums, and the new continous 3 mile park system along the Detroit International Riverfront from Hart Plaza to the Belle Isle Bridge. The city serves as an entertainment hub for the metropolitan region.

Residents are generally known as "Detroiters." The name Detroit is also sometimes used as shorthand for the entire Metro Detroit area, a sprawling region with a population of 4,488,335 as of the 2005 Census Bureau estimates. Local colloquialisms for the city are The D and The 313 (its area code).

History

Historical population
YearPop.±%
18201,422—    
—
1830—    
2,22256.0%—    
18409,102—    
309%1850—    
21,019130.9%—    
186045,619—    
117%1870—    
79,57774.4%—    
1880116,340—    
46.2%1890—    
205,87680.0%—    
1900285,704—    
38.8%1910—    
465,76663.0%—    
1920993,678—    
113%1930—    
1,568,66236.7%—    
19401,623,452—    
3.5%1950—    
1,849,56813.9%—    
19601,670,144—    
-9.7%1970—    
1,514,063-9.3%—    
19801,203,368—    
-20.5%1990—    
1,027,974-14.6%—    
2000951,270—    
-7.5%—    
Main article: History of Detroit, Michigan
Detroit in the 1880s.

As of 2005, Detroit's population has dwindled to 886,675. A 6.8% loss from the 2000 Census population

Traveling up the Detroit River on the ship Le Griffon (previously captained by La Salle), Father Louis Hennepin noted the north bank of the river as an ideal location for a settlement. There, in 1701, French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded a fort and settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain, minister of marine under Louis XIV. The settlement prospered as a fur-trading center, and its fort offered protection for French ships sailing the Great Lakes.

In 1760, during the French and Indian War, British troops gained control of the area and shortened the name of the settlement to Detroit. Local Native American tribes, many of whom had developed friendly relations with French colonists, became alarmed at this development. Led by Chief Pontiac, an Ottawa leader, in 1763 several tribes launched what became known as Pontiac's Rebellion, which included a siege of Fort Detroit; they were ultimately defeated by the British. In 1796, Detroit passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty. In 1805, fire destroyed almost the entire town; a river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.[4]

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. Detroit fell to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit, was recaptured by the United States in 1813 and incorporated as a city in 1815. Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.[5]

Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a transportation hub. The city grew steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. A thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in 1896 in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue, and in 1904, the Model T was produced. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge brothers, and Walter Chrysler reinforced Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital. The industry spurred the city's spectacular growth during the first half of the 20th century as it drew many new residents, particularly from the Southern United States. Strained racial relations were evident in the trial of Ossian Sweet, a black Detroit physician acquitted of murder after he shot into a large mob when he moved from the all-black part of the city to an all-white area.[6] With the introduction of prohibition, the river was a major conduit for Canadian spirits, organized in large part by the notorious Purple Gang.[7]

File:4a22542r.jpg
A photograph of the Detroit Cadillac plant on Clifford Avenue, circa 1910

With the factories came high-profile labor strife, climaxing in the 1930s as the United Auto Workers initiated bitter disputes with Detroit's auto manufacturers. The labor activism established during those years brought notoriety to hometown union leaders such as Jimmy Hoffa and Walter Reuther. The 1940s saw the construction of the world's first urban depressed freeway, the Davison[8] and the industrial growth during World War II that led to Detroit's nickname as the Arsenal of Democracy.[9]

Greektown Casino, one of three casinos in Detroit

Detroit has endured a painful decline since the 1950s, and is often held up as a symbol of Rust Belt urban blight. The 12th Street Riot in 1967 and court-ordered busing accelerated white flight from the city. Large numbers of buildings and homes were abandoned, with many remaining for years in a state of decay. The percentage of black residents increased rapidly thereafter, as most of them stayed on. In 1973 the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Young's style during his record five terms in office was not well received by many whites.[10]

The 1970s and 1980s saw the rise of the heroin and crack cocaine epidemics, which spread to big cities across the United States, including Detroit. Drug-related property crimes and violence among competing drug dealers rose, and urban renewal efforts led to the razing of abandoned homes. Sizeable tracts have reverted to nature, to become a form of urban prairie with wild animals spotted migrating into the city.[11]

"Renaissance" has been a perennial buzzword among leaders since the 1967 riots, reinforced by the construction of the Renaissance Center in the early 1970s. It was not until the 1990s that Detroit enjoyed a moderate revival, much of it centered downtown. From 1996 onwards, three casinos opened: MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino. In 2000, Comerica Park replaced historic Tiger Stadium as the home of the Detroit Tigers,[12] and in 2002, Ford Field brought the NFL's Detroit Lions back into Detroit, from Pontiac. The 2004 opening of the Compuware Center gave downtown Detroit its first significant new office building in a decade. The city hosted Super Bowl XL, and saw the arrival of many improvements to the downtown area. Additionally, the first portions of the Detroit River Walk were laid down. In the summer of 2006, announcements came for the redevelopment of the abandoned Fort Shelby and Book-Cadillac Hotels.

Geography and climate

A simulated-color satellite image of Detroit taken on NASA's Landsat 7 satellite.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.9 square miles (370.2 km²); of this, 138.8 square miles (359.4 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km²) is water. The highest elevation in Detroit is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit, just west of Palmer Park sitting at a height of 670 feet (204 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along its riverfront, of course, sitting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). Detroit completely encircles the cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park. On its northeast border are the wealthy communities of Grosse Pointe. Oakland and Macomb counties lie to the north. Alter Road divides Detroit and Grosse Pointe Park. It divides one of the poorest and most crime-ridden communities in the United States to one of the most affluent, with multi-million dollar mansions on Lake Shore Drive in the Grosse Pointes.

The city is crossed by three road systems: the original French template, radial roads from a Washington, D.C.-inspired system, and true north–south roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. It sits atop a large salt mine,[13] and is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the U.S.-Canadian border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel provides motor vehicle thoroughfare and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island.

Cityscape

The Detroit skyline shows a variety of architectural styles. The city has one of America's largest surviving collections of 1920's and 1930's skyscrapers and historic structures. The Art Deco style from this period is exemplified by the Guardian Building downtown as well as the Fisher Building together with Cadillac Place in the New Center area adjacent to Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures is the nation's first Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts. These and other historic buildings mingle with the post modern Comerica Tower and the gleaming towers of the Renaissance Center downtown near the Detroit River. While the downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. The city's southeast side contains many abandoned buildings and large tracts of empty land, to the north and west several neighborhoods are prosperous and show few signs of urban blight. In 2005, Detroit's architecture was heralded as some of America's finest; many of the city's architecturally significant buildings are listed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as among America's most endangered landmarks.[14]

File:Copy of DSC00438.JPG
An open field in Detroit where houses once stood, an example of the urban blight from which sections of Detroit suffer.

A number of downtown redevelopment projects — of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable — have revitalized parts of the city. Since the 1990s, there have been plans to redevelop the riverfront area from the Ambassador Bridge to Belle Isle (the largest island park in a U.S. city) with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. Other major parks include Palmer (north of Highland Park), River Rouge (in the southwest side), and Chene Parks (on the Detroit River east of downtown).

Detroit is constructing an river front promenade park similiar to the one directly across the river in Windsor, Ontario. Windsor replaced acres of train tracks and some abandoned buildings with what is now 3 miles (5 km) of uninterrupted parkland. The Detroit Riverfront Conservancy is spearheading most of this development. A project includes the new Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. Civic planners envision that the newly reclaimed riverfront with pedestrian parks will spur more residential development.[15]

File:Detroit skyline Midtown.jpg
Detroit's skyline as seen from midtown.

Climate

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a typically Midwestern temperate seasonal climate, which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall; summers can be warm and humid.[16] The average high temperature in July is 85°F (29°C) and in January 33°F (1°C). Summer temperatures can exceed 90°F (32°C), and winter temperatures rarely drop below 0°F (–17°C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from about two to five inches (50 to 130 mm), being heaviest in the summer months. Snowfall, which typically occurs from November to early April, ranges from 1 to 10 inches (3 to 25 cm) a month.[17] The highest recorded temperature was 103.0°F (39.0°C) on June 25, 1988, while the lowest recorded temperature was –17.0°F (–27.0°C) on January 19, 1994.[18]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Avg high °F (°C) 31 (0) 33 (0) 44 (6) 58 (14) 70 (21) 79 (26) 83 (28) 81 (27) 74 (23) 62 (16) 48 (9) 35 (1) 58 (14)
Avg low °F (°C) 16 (-8) 18 (-7) 27 (-2) 37 (2) 48 (8) 57 (13) 62 (16) 60 (15) 53 (11) 41 (5) 32 (0) 22 (-5) 39 (3)
Rainfall in inches (millimeters) 1.9 (48.3) 1.7 (43.2) 2.4 (61.0) 3.0 (76.2) 2.9 (73.7) 3.6 (91.4) 3.1 (78.7) 3.4 (86.4) 2.8 (71.1) 2.2 (55.9) 2.7 (68.6) 2.5 (63.5) 32.3 (820.4)
Source: Weatherbase[19]

Demographics

See also: Neighborhoods and projects in Detroit, Michigan
Population and rank among US cities, 1840–2000 censuses[20]

Detroit's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of Eastern European and Southern migrants — both white and black — who came to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. As of the 2000 census2, there were 951,270 people, 336,428 households, and 218,341 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,855.1 people per square mile (2,646.7/km²). There were 375,096 housing units at an average density of 2,703.0 people per square mi (1,043.6/km²).

As of 2001, the city was 81.55% Black or African American. Metro Detroit has a higher percentage of blacks than any other northern U.S. metropolitan area — roughly one quarter of the area population. More than one million African-Americans live in the metropolitan area, with about 80% living within the Detroit city limits. With the suburban outflux, Metro Detroit is among the nation's most racially segregated regions.[21] 81.55% Black or African American , 12.26% of residents are White & Middle Eastern 0.33% Native American, 0.97% Asian 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.54% from other races, and 2.32% from two or more races. 4.96% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The city's foreign-born population also stood at 4.8%, one of the lowest percentages of the 50 largest cities in the country.

Metro Detroit's ethnic communities are diverse and include descendants of the French founders, as well as Germans, Poles, Irish, Italians, Scots, Armenians and Greeks who settled during the city's early 20th century industrial boom. Metro Detroit has the largest concentration of Belgians outside of Belgium. The Detroit area is also home to a large Chaldean-Assyrian population and the country's largest concentration of Arab Americans. Mexicantown, on the southwest side of the city, is the historical center of a small Chicano community.

There were 336,428 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45.

There is a wide age distribution in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

The median household income in the city was $29,526, and the median income for a family was $33,853. Males had a median income of $33,381 versus $26,749 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,717. 26.1% of the population and 21.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 34.5% of those under the age of 18 and 18.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

The National Institute for Literacy declared in 1998 that 47% of Detroiters were "functionally illiterate."[22] Some 72% of all Detroit children are born to single mothers.[23]

Economy

A United States Coast Guard Cutter passes the Renaissance Center, headquarters of General Motors.

Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a manufacturing powerhouse, most notably as home to the Big Three automobile companies. The city is an important center for global trade with large international law firms having their offices in both Detroit and Windsor. There are hundreds of offices and plants in the automotive support business: parts, electronics, and design suppliers. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.[24] The area is an important source of engineering job opportunities.

With its dependence on the auto industry, Detroit is more acutely vulnerable to economic cycles than most large cities.[25] A rise in automated manufacturing using robot technology, inexpensive labor in other parts of the world, and increased competition from foreign rivals have led to a steady decline in certain types of manufacturing jobs in the region. Other complications for city include higher taxes than the nearby suburbs, with many unable to afford the cost of citizenship entailed by levys on property and income [26] and a lack of city services. In February 2006, the metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate was 8.6%, topped only by communities devastated by Hurricane Katrina.[27] In the city, the unemployment rate hovered around 15% at the end of 2005, leaving Detroit as the nation's poorest city with more than one-third of residents below the poverty line.[28]

File:Detroit-Skaters in front of Compuware.jpg
Skaters at Compuware headquarters in Campus Martius Park.

Some allege that the domestic auto industry's woes can be traced to its own history and devices. The Big Three automakers have collectively lost market share to foreign rivals which many had perceived as having higher quality[29] However, in 2003, Cadillac outscored Lexus in 2 of 3 quality surveys by AutoPacific, Strategic Vision, and J.D. Power.[30] The perception of quality from foreign rivals has been called into question, with Toyota experiencing quality issues in 2006.[31][32] In 1994, with a boom in demand for sport-utility vehicles and pickup trucks, the industry fought the Clinton administration's efforts to impose a 40% increase in Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for many trucks and obtained Congress's approval to block the plan to develop stricter regulations.[33] In the late 1990s, Detroit's Big Three automakers had gained market share and were enjoying record profits until the recession of 2000 and the subsequent September 11, 2001 attacks caused a severe decline in the stock market along with a pension and benefit funds crisis. Since 2001, losses and bankruptcy filings by some of the area's auto parts manufacturers exacerbated Detroit's economic situation.

Initially, GM and Ford had sought to avoid or delay the introduction of unprofitable hybrids in favor of the all fuel cell vehicle; however, with rising gasoline prices and foreign rivals marketing hybrid cars, Detroit's auto makers responded by introducing hybrids amid criticism for the delay. In 2006, Ford announced a dramatic increase in production of its hybrid gas-electric models,[34] as well as promote the use of existing technologies to equip vehicles with mixed ethanol and gasoline fuelled systems. General Motors has invested heavily in all fuel cell equipped vehicles,[35] while Chrysler is focusing much of its research and development into biodiesel.[36] Two days after the September 11, 2001 attacks, GM announced it had developed the world's most powerful fuel cell stack capable of powering large commercial vehicles.[37] In 2002, the state of Michigan established NextEnergy, a non-profit corporation whose purpose is to enable commercialization of various energy technologies, especially hydrogen fuel cells. Its main complex is located north of Wayne State University.

With many new business in the suburbs, the region is very competitive in emerging growth areas including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, cognotechnology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. Detroit has made efforts to lure the region's growth companies downtown with advantages such as a wireless Internet zone, business tax incentives, entertainment, an International Riverfront, and residential high rises.

Other Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Detroit include auto parts maker American Axle & Manufacturing, Comerica, and DTE Energy.[38] Detroit is home to Compuware and the national pizza chain Little Caesars. Electronic Data Systems, Visteon, Ernst & Young, and GM's OnStar are new major presences downtown. Quicken Loans is reportedly considering a consolidation of its suburban offices into a new downtown Detroit headquarters. Some major industries include advertising, law, finance, chemicals, and computer software. Compuware's new headquarters, GM's move to the Renaissance Center, and the State of Michigan's redevelopment of Cadillac Place in the New Center district have provided new synergies for the redevelopment of downtown.

Casino gaming plays a major economic role, with Detroit currently the largest city in the United States to offer major casino hotels.[39] Casino Windsor, Canada's largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, Motor City Casino, and Greektown Casino in Detroit. The casinos have brought new tax revenue to the city. In 2006, downtown Detroit reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.[40] Medical service providers such as the Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Hospital are major employers in the city.

Law and government

Main article: Government of Detroit, Michigan
The Coleman A. Young Municipal Center, housing the Detroit and Wayne County governments

The city government is run by a mayor and nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approve the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held every year congruent to 1 modulo 4 (meaning 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009).[41]

File:800px-Eight Mile Road-fixed.jpg
Exit onto 8 Mile Road from I-94, with 8 Mile being the city's northern border

Politically, the city consistently supports the Democratic Party in local and national elections. Suburb baiting is another common feature in Detroit politics. In his 1974 inaugural address, former Mayor Coleman Young told the city's criminals to "hit Eight Mile Road" (the most prominent dividing line between Detroit and northern suburbs). When Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick found himself behind in the polls in the 2005 election, his campaign tried to draw attention to the support his opponent, Freman Hendrix, received in the suburbs. During one debate, Kilpatrick spoke of higher illegal drug use in the suburbs compared to Detroit.[42] However, many opponents have criticized Kilpatrick on the basis that many of his policies facilitate the gentrification taking place in the city.

With a decreasing population and decline in the automotive industry, the city's finances have been adversely affected. Detroit has cut its workforce and closed operations, including recreational facilities, to avoid state-ordered receivership.[43] In addition, Detroit has demanded pay cuts and other dramatic "give backs" from the municipal unions that represent city employees.[44] In the 2000s, Detroit has fought off legislative efforts to turn control of the city-owned Water and Sewer system to the suburbs.[45]

Detroit's courts are all state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Circuit and Probate Courts for Wayne County are located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The city is also home to the 36th District Court, as well as the 1st District of the Michigan Court of Appeals' and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

Detroit has several sister cities, including Chongqing (People's Republic of China), Dubai (United Arab Emirates), Kitwe (Zambia), Minsk (Belarus), Nassau, Bahamas, Toyota (Japan), and Turin (Italy).[46]

See also: List of mayors of Detroit, Michigan

Crime

2004 Crime statistics
(per 100,000)[47][48]
Crime Detroit USA
Rape 81 32
Robbery 611 137
Assault 1,049 291
Burglary 1,368 730
Larceny 2,314 2,366
Auto Theft 2,755 421

According to 2005 study, crime in dowtown Detroit is actually much lower than national, state and metro averages. The analysis of crime in downtown Detroit by the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center at Wayne State University found crime rates in the central city lower than rates for the entire nation, state and other large Michigan metro areas - and improving. Detroit includes more prosperous neighborhoods in which crime is less prevalent than in impoverished areas. [49]

Despite low crime in the downtown area and improvements in recent years, Detroit's figures for its high crime areas have placed it among the highest in the U.S. Morgan Quitno's statistics list it as the most dangerous city with more than 500,000 [50], second to Camden, New Jersey. Detroit is consistently in the top five for homicide rates. Murders peaked at 714 in 1974 (garnering Detroit the nickname "Murder City", a play on "Motor City") though the highest murder rate was recorded in 1991, when there were 615 homicides and the city's population was just over a million, which factors into a murder rate of roughly 60 per 100,000. In 2003, there were 361 homicides, the lowest count in recent years.

Widespread middle-class flight from the southeastern part of the city is a source of blame for the problems of urban decay), poverty, de facto segregation, and unemployment.[51] Some credit years of divisive, racially polarized government under Coleman Young with accelerating this flight; however, during the administration of Dennis Archer, who succeeded Young, Detroit saw an increase in middle-class residents moving into the city, and a resurrgence in residential and commercial development.

Under Mayor Kwami M. Kilpatrick, the city has made increased efforts to demolish abandoned and burned out shells of buildings. In 1999, some 16,037 empty houses had been recorded. The city has received increased state funding to demolish the properties and the homes which might be used for the production, sale, and use of illicit drugs, with drug gangs such as Young Boys Inc..[52]

File:Copy of DSC00439.JPG
The city has received increased state funds to demolish abandoned buildings.[53]

The city has faced hundreds of arsons, often in the city's many abandoned homes, each year on Devil's Night, the evening before Halloween. The Angel's Night campaign, launched in the late 1990s, draws many volunteers to patrol the streets during Halloween week. The effort has reduced arson: while there were 810 fires set in 1984, this was reduced to 142 in 1996.[54]

Brutality and the failure to ensure the rights of suspects has caused problems within the Detroit Police Department. In 2004, following scandals and multiple adverse legal decisions, a court-ordered reorganization of the Detroit Police Department was implemented under the supervision of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[55]

From 2005 to 2006, the City reorganized its Police Department, cutting the number of precincts from 12 to 6 "districts." While the stated purpose of this reorganization was to improve services, there have been reports of widespread dissatisfaction within the Detroit Police Department, where members cite such problems as overcrowding, overwork, greatly increased response times, and constant change in the administrative structure of the department as senior officers are moved, promoted, and replaced.[56]

Education

The city is served by the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district, various charter schools, and private schools, and parochial Catholic schools run by the Archdiocese of Detroit.[57] In the early 1970s, the federal courts ordered busing to desegregate the system, which helped to accelerate the white flight that had been ongoing in the city.[58] As of 2004, Detroit schools were 91% African-American.[59]

File:Hilberry.jpg
Wayne State University's Hilberry Theatre

In the mid-to-late 1990s, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education returned following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new eleven member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.[60] Due to rapidly declining enrollment, Detroit Public Schools has projected the closure of 95 schools by 2009.[61] Detroit Public Schools has closed 29 schools,[62] and the state mandated deficit reduction plan calls for the closure of a total of 110 schools.[63]

Detroit has several universities and colleges within its borders. Wayne State University is an internationally renowned university with medical and law schools. Other institutes of higher education are College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College, University of Detroit Mercy, and Wayne County Community College. The Detroit College of Law, now affiliated with Michigan State University, was founded in the city in 1891 and remained there until 1997, when it relocated to East Lansing. Detroit was once the home of the University of Michigan, which was founded in Detroit in 1817 but later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837.

Culture

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Entrance to the Detroit Institute of Art located in the Cultural Center

Music has been the dominant feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s. The metropolitan area boasts two of the top live music venues in the United States: DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills[64] Detroit is home to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and the Detroit Opera House. Major theaters include the Fox Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, and the Fisher Theatre.

Throughout the 1950s, Detroit was a center for jazz, in which stars of the era often came to Detroit's Black Bottom neighborhood to perform.[65] One highlight of Detroit's musical history was Motown Records' success during the 1960s and early 1970s. The label was founded in Detroit by Berry Gordy, Jr. During the late 1960s, Detroiter Aretha Franklin became America's preeminent female soul artist. Metro Detroit also spawned a high-energy rock scene in the late 1960s, and were the precursors of the punk rock movement. The area is also generally accepted as the birthplace of the Techno movement. Detroit is more recently home to many prominent musical artists, notably Aaliyah, Eminem, and Sufjan Stevens. In addition, Detroit's garage rock scene of the 1990s rose to national attention with the success of The White Stripes. Eight annual music events are held in the city, including the DEMF/Movement/Fuse-In electronic music festival, Ford Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz music festival.

Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the Heidelberg Project in the mid 1980s. The exhibit used junk and abandoned cars, clothing, shoes, vaccuum cleaners, and other garbage Guyton found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Steet on the near East Side of Detroit. Guyton also painted polka dots and other symbols on several houses on Heidelberg Street. The city sued Guyton twice for creating a public nuisance, removed large parts of his art project, and tore down two vacant homes he had painted with various symbols. Nevertheless, much of the Heidelberg Project remains today.

The car plays a major role in Detroit's cultural life in major events such as the North American International Auto Show. Due its close proximity to Canada, Detroit participates in the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, which features a fireworks display over the Detroit River and coincides with U.S. Independence day and Canada Day. The America's Thanksgiving Parade — previously referred to as the Hudson's Thanksgiving Day Parade — is one of the nation's largest and has been held continuously since 1924.[66]

Media

The Fisher Building, located in the City's New Center area, home to the Fisher Theatre as well as the antenna for radio station WJR.

The major daily newspapers serving Detroit are The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News, both broadsheet publications that are published together under a joint operating agreement. Other Detroit publications are weekly tabloids The Metro Times and Crain's Detroit Business. Detroit is home to the weekly Michigan Chronicle, the state's largest African American owned newspaper, and the Michigan Citizen.

The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;[67] however, these estimates do not include large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations, so the actual audience ranking may be higher. Broadcast channels in Detroit include WJBK (Fox), WDIV-TV (NBC), WXYZ (ABC), and WWJ-TV (CBS). Other Metro Detroit television stations include WMYD (My TV), WKBD-TV (CW), WPXD-TV (Pax TV) and WADL-TV. WTVS is the city's PBS station. Detroiters also receive broadcasts from CBET, the CBC Television affiliate in Windsor. Depending on location, some viewers can receive Canadian networks such as TVOntario, CTV, Global, Citytv, and SRC.

Cable television came late to the city of Detroit; instead of breaking the city into several franchise areas, Mayor Young's administration granted a single franchise that covered the entire city to Barden Cablevision in 1982. This made it, at the time, the largest minority-owned cable television operator in the United States, though Barden could not begin to wire the city until 1986. It did not complete the wiring until several years later. The last areas to be wired were the few remaining white areas of the city, in line with Barden's corporate philosophy of targeting minority communities.[68] Barden Cablevision was bought by Comcast in 1994.

Detroit has the ninth largest radio market in the United States.[69] As with television, this ranking does not take into account Detroit radio's large Canadian audiences. The primary AM stations are WWJ 950 (news), WJR 760 (news-talk), WDFN 1130 (sports), WXYT 1270 (sports-talk) and WDTW 1310 (Air America). WDET 101.9 is the city's NPR station. WUOM 91.7 and WEMU 89.1 are also regional NPR affiliates. Windsor radio stations CIMX 88.7 and CBC 89.9 can be heard in the Detroit area.

Sites of interest

Many Detroit museums are located in the Cultural Center near Wayne State University. These museums include Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, The Henry Ford, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, Detroit Science Center, and the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include the Motown Historical Museum, Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, Dossin Great Lakes Museum, and the Belle Isle Conservatory. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.[70]

Downtown Detroit buildings, the historic Art Deco Guardian Building is on the left

Hart Plaza, between the Renaissance Center and Cobo Hall on the riverfront, is the site of many events and various music festivals. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory, and the Belle Isle Aquarium. The aquarium and zoo on Belle Isle are currently closed.[71] The J.W. Westcott II, which delivers mail to freighters on the Detroit River, is the world's only floating post office.[72]

The most important civic sculpture in Detroit is the "Spirit of Detroit" at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.[73] A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24 foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.[74]

Other notable buildings include the Compuware headquarters, Fisher Building, Guardian Building, Detroit Public Library, and the Penobscot Building. Detroit has several historic churches that are open to the public.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Detroit
See also: U.S. cities with teams from four major sports

Detroit is home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All but two play within the city of Detroit (basketball's Detroit Pistons and Detroit Shock play in suburban Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the football team Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the ice hockey team Detroit Red Wings). Detroit is known for its avid hockey fans. Interest in the sport has given the city the moniker of "Hockeytown."

Ford Field is adjacent to Comerica Park.

In college sports, the University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Motor City Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

Since 1904, the city has been home to the American Power Boat Association Gold Cup unlimited hydroplane boat race, held annually on the Detroit River near Belle Isle.[75]. Detroit was the former home of a round of the Formula One World Championship, which held the race on the streets of downtown Detroit from 1982 until 1988, after which the sanction moved from Formula One to Indycars until its final run in 2001.[76]

City of Champions

Detroit was given the name, "City of Champions" in the 1930's for a series of successes both in individual and in team sport. Gar Wood (a native Detroiter) won the Harmsworth Trophy for unlimited powerboat racing on the Detroit River in 1931. In the Next year, 1932, Eddie "the Midnight Express" Tolan, a black student from Detroit's Cass Technical High School, won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Also, suprisingly in 1935, the Detroit Lions won the National Football League championship. The Detroit Tigers won the American League pennant in 1934 and again in 1935. And the Tigers won the World Series in 1935, defeating the Chicago Cubs. The Detroit Red Wings won the National Hockey League's Stanley Cup in 1936 & 1937.[77][78]

Recent Events

Comerica Park hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game on July 12, 2005, and Ford Field hosted Super Bowl XL on February 5, 2006. On December 13, 2003, the largest crowd in basketball history (78,129) packed Ford Field to watch the University of Kentucky defeat Michigan State University, 79-74.[79]

Infrastructure

Emergency entrance to Detroit Receiving Hospital

Medicine

Detroit is home to three major medical systems: the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, and the St. John Hospitals. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians.[80] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States.[81]

Transportation

Because of its proximity to Canada and its industrial facilities, major highways, rail connections and international airport, Detroit has been an important transportation hub. There are three international border crossings at the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. Some 35% of U.S. trade with Canada passes through Detroit.[82] The Ambassador Bridge is the nation's busiest border crossing, carrying 25% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.[83]

A Detroit Department of Transportation bus along Woodward Avenue.

Detroit is the crossroads for three Interstate Highways: I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway), I-96 (Jeffries Freeway) and I-75 (Fisher and Chrysler Freeways). I-696 (Walter Reuther Freeway) serves the northern suburbs, while I-275 serves the western suburbs and I-375 is a short extension of the Chrysler Freeway. Other major routes are the John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10), the Southfield Freeway (M-39) and the Davison Freeway (M-8).

A Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) bus traveling along Woodward Avenue

Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side. Although Southwest Airlines once flew from the airport, there is currently only charter service.[84] Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the area's principal airport, is located in nearby Romulus and is a hub for Northwest Airlines and Spirit Airlines. Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio, is a secondary commercial passenger airport. Willow Run Airport, in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti is a general aviation and cargo airport.

Mass transit in the city functions in two separate spheres of influence. Bus services are provided by the Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT), which terminates at the outer edges of the suburbs. Services in the suburbs are provided by the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART). Combining the systems has been problematic and tainted by the racial politics that has affected all aspects of city–suburban relationships.[85]

An automated guideway transit system known as the People Mover provides a 2.9 mile (4.6 km) loop in the downtown area and usually operates daily.[86] Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its Wolverine service between Chicago, Illinois, and Pontiac. The current passenger facility north of downtown replaced the presently unused Michigan Central Station, which was opened in 1913 and vacated in 1988.

Currently, a study is underway to investigate the feasibility of a Detroit-Ann Arbor commuter line,[87] which would service the nearly 100,000 daily commuters between the two regional hubs. The proposed system would be funded by a $100 million federal grant that is secured based on the results of the study.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ US Census July 2005 est
  2. ^ "Detroit ranked 2nd of America's most dangerous city".
  3. ^ "Detroit's $230 million budget shortfall".
  4. ^ Ste. Anne of Detroit St. Anne Church (accessed April 29, 2006).
  5. ^ Blockson, Charles and Chase, Henry (4/05). Detroit - Follow the North Star, The Guiding Light of the Underground Railroad. American Visions.
  6. ^ Zacharias, Patricia (2003). 'I have to die a man or live a coward' -- the saga of Dr. Ossian Sweet. Detroit News.
  7. ^ As of 2005, Detroit's population has dwindled to 886,675. A 6.8% loss from the 2000 Census population How Prohibition made Detroit a bootlegger's dream town. Detroit News.
  8. ^ Michigan Highways. michiganhighways.org (accessed April 30, 2006).
  9. ^ Nolan, Jenny (2003). Willow Run and the Arsenal of Democracy. Detroit News
  10. ^ Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies (November 29, 1997). CNN.com.
  11. ^ Wild Kingdom. Detroit Blog. Accessed March 8, 2006.
  12. ^ Lage, Larry (2003). Comerica Park has what Tiger Stadium didn't - in many ways. The Detroit News
  13. ^ Zacharias, Patricia (2001). The ghostly salt city beneath Detroit. The Detroit News.
  14. ^ Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture 1845-2005 Wayne State University Press
  15. ^ Detroit Riverfront Conservancy. (accessed May 27, 2006).
  16. ^ Detroit Weather & Climate (2006). Michigan Vacations (accessed April 20, 2006).
  17. ^ Monthly Averages for Detroit, MI (2006). Weather.com (accessed April 20, 2006).
  18. ^ Records and Averages - Detroit (2006). Yahoo! Weather (accessed April 20, 2006).
  19. ^ http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=073527&refer=&units=us
  20. ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 (June 1998). U.S. Bureau of the Census (accessed April 20, 2006).
  21. ^ Race Relations & Cultural Collaboration. New Detroit. Accessed March 8, 2006.
  22. ^ Literacy Volunteers of America-Detroit. United Way for Southeastern Michigan (accessed April 20, 2006)
  23. ^ Meeting on Supporting the Role of Fathers in Families - Statement of Travis Ballard (November 27, 1995). National Congress for Fathers and Children
  24. ^ Alliance of Automobile Manufaturers (2006). From the 2003 Study "Contributions of the Automotive Industry to the U.S. Economy" University of Michigan and the Center for Automotive Reseach.
  25. ^ Flint, Jerry (9/9/1996). Can Detroit Weather a Downturn?. Forbes, found at faculty.ncwc.edu/denders/eng112/sample_summary.htm
  26. ^ Josar, David (5/27/2005) Neighborhood rebirth stalls: High property taxes burden Detroit homeowners. Detroit News.
  27. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics (2/2006). Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment Summary. U.S. Department of Labor.
  28. ^ Bello, Marisol (12/30/2005).Auto woes add to city's budget problems. Detroit Free Press.
  29. ^ Standard and Poors Report (March 14, 2006). Asia's Auto Makers Think Globally. Business Week
  30. ^ Auto Quality (June 4, 2003). USA Today
  31. ^ The Most recalled Cars (July 17, 2006). Business Week Online.
  32. ^ Associated Press (July, 21, 2006). Japan Condemns Toyota on recall practices.
  33. ^ Woellert , Lorraine (3/3/2001). Why Detroit May Swallow Some Bitter CAFE. Business Week.
  34. ^ Dorinda Elliott (1/30/2006). "Can This Man Save The American Auto Industry?" Time Magazine.
  35. ^ Kiley, David (6/13/2001). GM buys stake in firm tapping hydrogen power. USA Today.
  36. ^ PRNewswire (3/22/2006). Diesel Jeep Liberty Sales Double Expectations Yahoo News.
  37. ^ GM announces world's most powerful fuel cell stack (9/13/2001). GM Press Release.
  38. ^ Fortune 500 (2006). CNNMoney.com.
  39. ^ Brunker, Mike (3/12/1999) Detroit bets big on downtown casinos. MSNBC.
  40. ^ See the Change (2006) TheWorldisComing.com. City of Detroit Partnership.
  41. ^ Ward, George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision - A Brief History. Citizens Research Council of Michigan (pdf file).
  42. ^ Associated Press (9/19/05). Mayor rekindles tensions between Detroit and suburbs. USA Today.
  43. ^ Lin, Judy (4/28/05). Detroit triggers loan limit. The Detroit News.
  44. ^ Heath, B., et al. (1/13/05). Mayor: Fix Detroit or risk takeover. Detroit News.
  45. ^ Wisely, John (10/25/05). Suburbs ramp up water system fight. The Detroit News.
  46. ^ Online Directory: Michigan, USA (2006). Sister Cities International (accessed April 20, 2006).
  47. ^ Detroit Crime Barometer (October 2005). Wayne State University.
  48. ^ Crime in the United States 2004. Department of Justice/Federal Bureau of Investigation (accessed May 5, 2006).
  49. ^ Metropolitan Informantion Center [1] Wayne State University
  50. ^ City Crime Rankings by Population Group (2006). Morgan Quitno at www.morganquitno.com/cit06pop.htm#500,000+.
  51. ^ Broken Detroit - Death of a City Block (6-17-2001). The Detroit News.
  52. ^ Woolley, Wayne and Hunter, George (1999). Detroit Drug Houses: Out of Control. Detroit News.
  53. ^ Josar, David (6/27/05). Demolition of Detroit homes slows. Detroit News.
  54. ^ Urban Community Intervention to Prevent Halloween Arson - Detroit, Michigan, 1985-1996 (4-11-1997). CDC Wonder at aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0047208/m0047208.asp.
  55. ^ Quarterly Status Report to the Independent Federal Monitor. Detroit Police Department
  56. ^ Detroit to trim 150 cops, precincts (8/30/2005). Detroit News.
  57. ^ Kozlowski, Kim (2/27/2005). Catholic schools fight to keep doors open. The Detroit News.
  58. ^ Wolfe, Alan (6/21/1998). Enough Blame to Go Around. The New York Times, through the Manhattan Institute at www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_nyt-enough_blame.htm
  59. ^ Census 2000. School Segregation Data for the School District Area U.S. Census (accessed April 20, 2006). See also Detroit Public Schools Attendance Report. DPS Schools (accessed April 20, 2006).
  60. ^ LewAllen, Dave (8/3/2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board. WXYZ.com.
  61. ^ MacDonald, Christine (11-23-2005). Detroit schools down by 10,000. The Detroit News.
  62. ^ MacDonald, Christine (3/17/2006). Detroit schools lose 11,500 kids at a cost of $63M. The Detroit News.
  63. ^ Bukowski, Diane (2006). Where did the first billion go?. The Michigan Citizen.
  64. ^ DTE Energy Music Theatre Listed as 2004 Top Attended Amphitheatre (1/25/05). DTE Energy Music Theatre.
  65. ^ Herb Boyd (9/17/97) Cookin' in the Motor City. The Metro Times.
  66. ^ Everyone Loves a Parade. The Parade Company.
  67. ^ Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (9/24/05) The Nielson Company
  68. ^ [http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/A-E/Barden-Don-H-1943.html Don H. Barden 1943– (2006)] at referenceforbusiness.com.
  69. ^ Market Ranks and Schedule (1-50) (2006). Arbitron.com.
  70. ^ History of Eastern Market. Eastern Market Mechant's Association (accessed March 8, 2006).
  71. ^ City of Detroit Budget Cuts Lead to Closure of 101 Year Old Belle Isle Aquarium (1/14/05). Detroit Zoological Association.
  72. ^ America's Floating ZIP Code 48222 J.W. Wescott Homepage.
  73. ^ Vivian M. Baulch (1998). Marshall Fredericks -- the Spirit of Detroit. The Detroit News.
  74. ^ Sarah Karush, The Associated Press (2/23/04). Police arrest two men suspected of vandalizing Joe Louis statue. USA Today.
  75. ^ History. The Detroit APBA Gold Cup
  76. ^ Track History. CART.
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  79. ^ History. FordField.com.
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  81. ^ Webpage: About the School. Wayne State University School of Medicine (accessed April 20, 2006).
  82. ^ Crawford, Mark (12/04). NAFTA Border Towns. Area Development Online.
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  84. ^ Sapte, Benjamin (2003). Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (accessed April 20, 2006).
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  87. ^ Ann Arbor to Detroit Lightrail at annarbordetroitrapidtransitstudy.com.

Further reading

  • Burton, Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701-1710. Detroit Society for Genealogical Research. ISBN 0-943112-21-4.
  • Burton, Clarence M (1912). Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time. Burton Abstracts. ASIN B00085GX94.
  • Chafets, Zev (1990). Devil's Night: And Other True Tales of Detroit. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 0-394-58525-9.
  • Farley, Reynolds; et al. (2002). Detroit Divided. Russell Sage Foundation Publications. ISBN 0-87154-281-1. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  • Peter Gavrilovich and Bill McGraw (2000). The Detroit Almanac. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 0-937247-34-0.
  • Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," Historic Towns of the Western States (New York).
  • Farmer, Silas (1889). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan. Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998). ISBN 1-55888-991-4.
  • Parkman, Francis (1994). The Conspiracy of Pontiac. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8737-2.
  • Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2435-2.
  • Sugrue, Thomas J (1998). The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05888-1.

External links

Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce

Visitor's Guide

Historical research and current events

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