Alexander Gelevich Dugin

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alexander Dugin

Alexander Geljewitsch Dugin ( Russian Александр Гельевич Дугин , scientific transliteration Aleksandr Gel'evič Dugin; born January 7, 1962 in Moscow ) is a Russian politician , political scientist , political philosopher and publicist . From 1994 to 1998 he was co-chairman of the now banned National Bolshevik Party of Russia (NBP). Observers consider him a neo-fascist and a source of ideas for an intellectualized extreme or new right in Russia. Dugin represents anti-Western and anti-liberal positions and propagates the geopolitical concept of “Neo-Eurasism” on the basis of a Great Russian Empire in opposition to the United States via international networks . Since Donald Trump's election as US president, however , he has rejected anti-Americanism and instead speaks of a “swamp” of globalist elites, which he regards as an opponent and which in his opinion should be drained in America and Europe.

His books are distributed in Germany by the publisher Dietmar Munier and other right-wing publishers.

Career

Dugin comes from a family of soldiers. There are various details about the father, to which Dugin himself also contributed. So this colonel or general was and worked for the KGB or GRU . After a mediocre graduation, Dugin attended the State Aviation Institute in Moscow in the 1970s and originally wanted to pursue a military career.

He had been an anti-communist since the 1980s . Because of his activities, he was observed by the KGB and finally de-registered from the State Aviation Institute or he did not finish his studies due to his inadequate performance. A biographical summary claims that Dugin then worked for the KGB, in any case he earned his living mainly as a street cleaner. At the same time he dealt with right-wing and neo-fascist theories. With or without access to the KGB archive, he read works by René Guénon , Ernst Jünger and Julius Evola . During this time, perhaps even earlier, he became a member of the small esoteric Golowin circle ("Black Order of the SS") around Yevgeny Golowin , an avowed fascist mystic. He was one of his most important mentors. From 1983 to 1989 Dugin is said to have been chairman of the circle. In 1987 Dugin became a member of the radical nationalist and anti-Semitic group Pamjat , where he was promoted to the executive committee. Due to the low level of intellectualization of the group in his opinion, he traveled to Western European countries in 1989 and met various ultra-nationalists. He met u. a. Alain de Benoist and Jean-François Thiriart , who led him back to Russian traditionalism.

In times of new beginnings in Moscow he founded a publishing house and bookstore called Arktogeya and a geopolitical think tank . The books published by Arktogeya were intended to support a “conservative revolution” in terms of authority , collectivism , hierarchy , spirituality and tradition . He published the magazine Giperboreyets and the almanac Milyi angel, as well as works by authors of the New Right in Western Europe. From 1991 he worked closely with Juri Mamlejew , whose books were published by Dugin. Still unsuccessful in the 1980s, in the 1990s he propagated his ideology in various radio and television broadcasts and thus also reached the student body. In 1999 the newspaper project Evrasijskoje wtorschenije (German: "Eurasian Invasion") appeared. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992/93 he also became a political companion of Eduard Limonov . In 1993/94 he was a co-founder of the National Bolshevik Party of Russia (NBP), to which he was available as head theorist. From 1994 to 1998 he was co-chair. In 1998 he left that party due to a lack of interest in his views. The party was later banned because of anti-constitutional tendencies.

In 1996 he began to write irregularly in the newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta , which was supposed to offer him a forum for his ideology. Dugin made a name for himself in the field of geopolitics, gave a. a. Seminars at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces and is said to have maintained further contacts in military circles. He also approached the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) and became an advisor to Gennadiy Seleznyov , the spokesman for the Duma (1996-2003), who introduced him to the circles of Russian power. He also became the author of the nationalist magazine Den (today: Sawtra ). Today he is on the editorial board. In 2001 he initiated the Eurasian movement, which knew about the support of religious leaders such as Talgat Tajuddin and Avrom Shmulevich . Since then he has advised President Putin in numerous articles. In 2002 he founded the anti-globalization, radical-centrist Eurasian Party , of which he is chairman. He is considered a supporter of the Eurasian Economic Community .

Dugin is a member of the right-wing extremist think tank Isborsk Club .

According to the Russian oligarch Konstantin Malofeev is Dugin editor of the radio station founded by Malofejew Tsargrad and the called also by Malofejew to life think tanks Katehon.com .

Philosophy and geopolitics

Flag of the "Eurasian Party", which was founded by Dugin, with the chaos symbol , which comes from the Elric novels by Michael Moorcock (see also: Chaos Magic )

The (Western) European New Right , the Conservative Revolution , Pan-Russianism , culturalist elements and the esoteric- metaphysical thinking of René Guénon and Julius Evola are considered to be influences for Dugin's philosophy, the “Fourth Political Theory” . German thinkers like Friedrich Nietzsche , Karl Haushofer and Carl Schmitt are also among his influences. He claims to love the roots of German culture , but claims that today's Germany is “a kind of counter-Germany”. According to him, Germans today no longer read or understand their own authors, nor do they discuss them. According to him, they would live in a "degrading civilization" today.

Dugin is an opponent of liberalism and western values . According to him, the West is “culturally” racist because it regards its values ​​as universal and demeaning other cultures as “barbarism”. In Dugin's view, there are no universal values, but different cultures and civilizations. The eastern civilization is superior to the western one in that it defends itself against the "racism" of the western one. Russian civilization is shaped by Orthodox Christianity , of which the Muslim minorities in Russia ( Turkic peoples , Mongols ) are also a part, because Christian Orthodoxy is not exclusive. In his manifesto "Eurasia above everything", published in 2001, Dugin writes: "The Eurasian ideal is the powerful, passionate, healthy and beautiful person, and not the cocaine addict, the bastard from secular discos, the anti-social criminal or the prostitute." In August 2008, when the Russian army invaded Georgia, Dugin called for the country to be completely occupied and, when the time comes, to annex Crimea as well.

In geopolitical terms, Dugin propagates a multipolar world order without “unipolar American dominance”. He accuses the US of double standards because it recognizes the statehood of Kosovo , but not that of Abkhazia and South Ossetia . His geopolitical deliberations focus on Russia's role in ending US domination in the world, with the help of Iran in the Middle East and the EU-skeptical parties in Western Europe. He claims that the "Russian spirit" was awakened by the war in Ukraine and speaks of a "Russian Spring". He supports the separatist leader Igor Strelkow and maintains regular contact with the rebels in Donetsk . In his view, Putin is behaving too hesitantly because he is being held back by the “liberal elites” in Russia. Dugin describes powerful large entrepreneurs ( oligarchs ) as "liberals" who acquired their fortunes through questionable and illegal business practices in the 1990s and who are pro-Western because of their links with the global economy. Because of their business relationships, they would have the most to lose from the sanctions imposed by the West on Russia. According to Dugin, there is an internal conflict between the “liberal” and “patriotic” forces within the Russian government. Mistrust of the “liberal elites” is widespread in Russia, as many believe they are responsible for the poor economic development in the 1990s.

In an interview published on April 12, 2013, Alexander Dugin presented his theory that Russia should conquer Europe with the help of soft power . He said there: “ Let's fight with the help of soft power. Let us propose to protect Europe from gay marriage. “Russia should also protect Europe from immigrants. He went on to explain his concept of “soft power”: “ In addition, we have experience with expansion into Europe, which took place during the Soviet era, when our Communist Party, the Comintern and the Cominform achieved very impressive results in terms of penetrating European parliaments. Yes, that was our foreign policy instrument. The situation today is different. We are no longer communist countries. But we can find other partners. "

In January 2015, articles appeared on various news sites (including Welt.de and Focus.de ) claiming that Dugin had said in an interview with the news portal Alfahir, which is related to the Hungarian party Jobbik , that the states of Hungary, Romania and Serbia , Slovakia and Austria are to be dissolved in one great empire. The German journalist Manuel Ochsenreiter published an interview with Dugin a day later, in which the latter claimed that he had been "disfigured and defaced" by the media on the matter.

influence

How great Dugin's political influence was (or is) on Russian politics is questionable: Eva Hausteiner describes the thesis that Putin's worldview is Dugin as “unfounded” or as not proven; Michel Eltchaninoff believes that the detour via Dugin is not necessary, since Putin draws from the same sources as Dugin, namely not only Russian philosophy, but also the Conservative Revolution in Germany between 1918 and 1933. Others measure him to have considerable influence on high government circles and Politicians attribute or dub Dugin the “chief ideologist”, “thought leader” or “whisperer” of Russian President Vladimir Putin .

He himself claimed in 2014 that he did not know Putin personally. However, he is (as of 2014) an advisor to the Speaker of Parliament Sergei Evgenyevich Naryshkin and is said to have high-ranking friends in the presidential administration. His book Fundamentals of Geopolitics serves as a textbook for future general staff officers in Russia.

Dugin held on October 27, 2013 at the IX. Bielefeld ideas workshop of the fraternities , which was organized by the "Burschenschaft Normannia-Nibelungen zu Bielefeld", a lecture on his 4th political theory. According to this, an ideology-free position against modernity (in its pure form liberalism) should be found that is neither fascist nor communist (since fascism and communism are themselves modern ideologies). Dugin calls this, based on Heidegger, Dasein . The press spokesman for the “Bielefelder Ideenwerkstatt”, Dirk Taphorn, was later a speaker for the Dresden AfD city ​​council group, while there were personal contacts between Dresden AfD and Pegida .

In January 2015, over 700 emails had been compromised, including emails from Dugin. They are regarded as indications of the close contact Russian ideologues like Dugin (and oligarchs like Konstantin Malofejew ) have with important Greek politicians. Russian foreign policy has been closely monitored since the escalation of the Ukraine crisis and the Greek parliamentary elections in January 2015 with the subsequent formation of the Alexis Tsipras cabinet .

In March 2015 Dugin was supposed to appear at a readers' meeting of the right-wing extremist publisher Dietmar Munier in Germany. The Bundestag member Volker Beck ( Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen ) tried to prevent this by submitting an application to the German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier ( SPD ) demanding an entry ban against Dugin. At the event of the magazine First! it was finally switched on live via video.

Dugin spoke at a Compact conference in 2018 .

Chair

Although Dugin graduated late at rather insignificant educational institutions (Novocherkassk State Melioration Academy, North-Caucasian Higher School Scientific Center / Rostov-on-Don, Legal Institute of the Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federation / Rostov), ​​in 2010 he became a professor at the renowned Lomonosov University , where he headed the Sociology Chair in International Relations at the Sociological Faculty. In June 2014 he announced that his contract would not be renewed because of his "political position on Novorossiya ".

On the occasion of the war in Ukraine in 2014, Dugin called for the murder of supporters of the Ukrainian government in an interview. "Kill, kill, kill, that's my opinion as a professor," said Dugin. In addition, the "terrible people" who are in power in Kiev are to be killed and dead Russians are to be repaid "with the blood of the Kiev junta". A petition with more than 10,000 signatories called for his release. Herwig Höller of the Wiener Zeitung interpreted Dugin's dismissal as a sign of Dugin's dwindling influence. Dugin has been banned from entering Ukraine since 2007.

Positions

  • “After the collapse of Marxist ideology and the victory of the West in the Cold War… there was no coherent and stable ideology to replace Marxism that was able to compete with liberalism (which is now embodied by the USA)… At that moment they turned the most inquisitive spirits, the purest hearts and the most ardent souls to the legacy of the Eurasians. "
  • Dugin's conception of democracy : “There are two conceptions of democracy: as rule by a majority and as rule by a minority. The classic view, to which I also subscribe, is the rule of the majority. In the liberal postmodernist West, however, democracy is understood today as the rule of the minority. Because this majority is suspected of voluntarily leaning towards populism, socialism or fascism. That is why it is the task of the ruling minorities to fight against the majority. A strange logic. "

Publications

literature

Entries in reference books

  • Dugin, Alexander Gelevich (1962-) . In: Stephen E. Atkins: Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups . Greenwood Press, Westport 2004, ISBN 0-313-32485-9 , pp. 81-82.
  • Dugin, Alexander . In: Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov: Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation . Scarecrow Press, Plymouth, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-5475-8 , p. 153.

Monographs

Contributions to edited volumes

  • Wayne Allensworth: Dugin and the Eurasian controversy. Is Eurasianism “patriotic”? . In: Marlene Laruelle (Ed.): Russian Nationalism and the National Reassertion of Russia . Routledge, New York 2009, ISBN 0-415-48446-4 , p. 104 ff.
  • Mark J. Sedgwick: Neo-Eurasianism in Russia. In: Against the Modern World. Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press 2004, ISBN 0-19-515297-2 , pp. 221-240.
  • Mikhail Sokolov: The local conditions for the global expansion of the intellectual new right. The case of Russia . In: Thomas Greven, Thomas Grumke (ed.): Globalized right-wing extremism? The extremist right in the era of globalization . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-531-14514-2 , p. 112 ff.
  • Andreas Umland : The Neoeurasism of Alexandr Dugin: On the role of integral traditionalism and orthodoxy for the Russian New Right. In: Margarete Jäger & Jürgen Link (Eds.): Power - Religion - Politics. On the renaissance of religious practices and mentalities. Unrast Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 3-89771-740-9 , pp. 141–157.

Articles in professional journals

Articles in national newspapers

Other considerations

  • Dugin, Limonov and the National-Bolshevik Party . In: Stephen D. Shenfield: Russian Fascism. Traditions, tendencies, movements . ME Sharpe, Armonk 2001, ISBN 0-7656-0634-8 , pp. 190 ff.
  • "Neoeurasism" . In: Gabriela Lehmann-Carli, Yvonne Drosihn, Ulrike Klitsche-Sowitzki: Russia between East and West? A tightrope walk of national identity (= East-West Express . Volume 9). Frank & Timme, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86596-338-3 , p. 125 ff.
  • Between national patriotism, “Third Reich” and postmodernism. Alexandr Dugin and his neo-Eurasian movement . In: Stefan Wiederkehr : The Eurasian Movement. Science and politics in Russian emigration in the interwar period and in post-Soviet Russia (= contributions to the history of Eastern Europe . Vol. 39). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-33905-0 , p. 227 ff.
  • Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right? . In: Marlène Laruelle: Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire , Johns Hopkins University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-8018-9073-4 , pp. 107-144

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Russian anti-liberals love Donald Trump but it may not be entirely mutual In: The Economist , November 20, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Atkins (2004), p. 81 f.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Andreas Umland: Aleksandr Dugin's transformation from a lunatic fringe figure into a mainstream political publicist, 1980–1998: A case study in the rise of late and post- Soviet Russian fascism . In: Journal of Eurasian Studies 1 (2010) 2, pp. 144–152. doi: 10.1016 / j.euras.2010.04.008
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Christian Neef: Every Westerner is a racist . In: Der Spiegel . No. 29 , 2014, p. 120–125 ( online - Spiegel interview).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Shenfield (2001), pp. 190 ff.
  6. ↑ Sokolov (2006), p. 112.
  7. ↑ a b Saunders & Strukov (2010), p. 153.
  8. ↑ Andreas Umland : Analysis: New right-wing extremist intellectual circles in Putin's Russia: the Anti-Orange Committee, the Isborsk Club and the Florian Geyer Club . Dossier Russia , Federal Agency for Civic Education , May 3, 2013.
  9. ↑ After attack under suspicion: AfD networker is fighting for a Russian Europe. www.t-online.de, January 30, 2019
  10. ↑ a b Kerstin Holm: Putin listens to this man. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . June 16, 2014, accessed September 8, 2014 .
  11. ^ Anton Shekhovtsov & Andreas Umland : Is Aleksandr Dugin a Traditionalist? “Neo-Eurasianism” and Perennial Philosophy . In: The Russian Review. 68, October 2009, pp. 662-678
  12. ↑ "Conquer, integrate and connect" —Alexander Dugin invades Germany . In: Vice . February 17, 2015 ( vice.com [accessed November 10, 2017]).
  13. ^ A b c Megah Stack: Russian nationalist advocates Eurasian alliance against the US . In: Los Angeles Times , September 4, 2008. 
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h Dina Newman: Russian nationalist thinker Dugin sees war with Ukraine . In: BBC News , July 10, 2014. 
  15. ↑ Александр Дугин: Присоединить Европу - это по-русски! Most of the interview in German translation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-oH58VA5Rw
  16. ↑ Boris Kálnoky: Putin ideologist Dugin wants to dissolve Austria In: Die Welt , January 30, 2015.
  17. ↑ No place for small states: Putin's thought leader wants to dissolve Austria. In: Focus , January 30, 2015.
  18. ↑ " For a strong and independent Europe ( Memento of the original from February 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / manuelochsenreiter.com archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. “ ManuelOchsenreiter.com , January 31, 2015.
  19. ^ Eva Hausteiner: Putin's demon? In: Die Zeit , August 21, 2014
  20. ↑ Volker Weiß: The authoritarian revolt. The New Right and the Fall of the West. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2018, p. 193
  21. ↑ Cornelius Janzen: Putin's Eurasia - The ideology behind Russia's expansion course . In: Kulturzeit ( 3sat ). May 9, 2014
  22. ↑ [1]
  23. ^ Alexandr Dugin: Bielefeld. October 2013. Fourth Political Theory. October 27, 2013, accessed July 22, 2017 .
  24. ↑ coloRadio on February 17, 2015: Pegida’s new-right roots extend to Kremlin ideologist Alexander Dugin
  25. ↑ zeit.de February 6, 2015: In the network of Russian ideologues. - Powerful Russians want to split the EU and fight for Moscow to rule. Hundreds of confidential emails reveal how they are influencing the Greek government
  26. ↑ spiegel.de: Greece's anti-Europe course: Tsipras relies on Russia
  27. ↑ FAZ.net January 28, 2015: To Moscow! To moskau! The Greek foreign minister has dubious contacts with Russian right-wing extremists. Athens could block further EU sanctions against Moscow.
  28. ↑ zeit.de: Tsipras draws the Putin card
  29. ↑ Le Figaro : Athènes s'accroche déjà avec l'UE sur la Russie
  30. ↑ NZZ.ch: Putin's Trojan Horse?
  31. ^ Anton Maegerle : Conspiratorial "Readers' Meeting" look to the right , February 17, 2015
  32. ^ Motion against Dugin from Volker Beck to Frank-Walter Steinmeier February 3, 2015.
  33. ↑ Andreas Speit : Putin's adviser is undesirable. taz , March 6, 2015
  34. ^ Andreas Speit : In right company . Look to the right , March 9, 2015.
  35. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / webapp.zdf.de
  36. ^ Andreas Umland : Fascist Tendencies in Russian Higher Education: The Rise of Aleksandr Dugin and the Faculty of Sociology of Moscow State University . In: Demokratizatsiya , Spring 2011.
  37. ↑ Spiel im Schatten - Putin's undeclared war against the West ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: ARD , July 4, 2016, from around 24:00.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ardmediathek.de
  38. ^ The rector of the Moscow State University dismissed Alexander Dugin ( Memento of July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: Russian News. 29th July 2014.
  39. ^ Catherine A. Fitzpatrick: Russia This Week: Dugin Dismissed from Moscow State University? (23-29 June) . In: The Interpreter. June 29, 2014
  40. ↑ Fred Weir: With Ukraine rebels on the ropes, some Russians ask: Where is Putin? . In: Christian Science Monitor . 7th July 2014
  41. ↑ Julia Smirnova: Putin's thought leader, a right-wing radical guru. In: The world . July 11, 2014
  42. ↑ Herwig G. Höller: War faction in Russia is losing influence . In: Wiener Zeitung . July 14, 2014
  43. ^ Marlène Laruelle: Neo-Eurasianist Alexander Dugin on the Russia – Georgia conflict . Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst. September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  44. ↑ Dugin 2001, quoted from a lecture by Karl Schlögel 2009, printed in the anthology Grenzland Europa. Source: Putin and the Third Empire . In: Badische Zeitung . April 30, 2014
personal data
SURNAME Dugin, Alexander Gelevich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Дугин, Александр Гельевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian national Bolshevik politician, political scientist, political philosopher and publicist
DATE OF BIRTH January 7, 1962
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow