Barbie

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Current Barbie logo

The Barbie doll (actually Barbara Millicent Roberts ) is one of the most famous and best-selling dolls in the world, making it one of the toy classics . Barbie is a registered trademark of the US company Mattel and denotes the production line of fashion dolls on a 1: 6 scale. The Ken doll , the male counterpart, is therefore also a Barbie doll. Barbie is, however, the main character in the doll world. When Barbie is mentioned in the following , this figure is meant.

history

prehistory

There were fashion dolls even before Barbie; the first are reported from 13th century France . The fact that Barbie became part of western cultural history of the 20th century is thanks to the concept created by the founder of Mattel and refined over the years, which has the following main points:

  • Design of the Barbie doll
  • Focus on clothing
  • Inclusion of different ethnic target groups
  • Expansion of the product line to include more doll personalities
  • Development of the doll from luxury to mass toy
  • Production of collectible dolls in addition to the play dolls
  • Barbie doll as an ideal of beauty

Mattel was founded in 1945 by Ruth and Elliott Handler and Harold Matson. The small company initially produced picture frames, costume jewelry and dolls furniture, and later other toys. According to Ruth Handler , as early as the early 1950s she had the idea of ​​producing a mannequin based on the dress-up dolls her daughter Barbara played with . However, her husband was of the opinion that the production would be too expensive. On a trip to Europe, Ruth Handler discovered such a doll in a shop window in Lucerne and bought it. She was about a foot tall and had a blonde ponytail hairstyle.

The doll from the shop window was the Bild-Lilli , a doll based on the model of a comic that Reinhard Beuthien drew for the BILD newspaper from 1952 and that had been on the market since 1955. It was modeled by Max Weißbrodt from the company O. & M. Hausser in Neustadt near Coburg . Back in the USA, the dealers set about implementing their doll project. There are two versions of the exact circumstances under which this happened - that from Hausser and that from Mattel. On March 9, 1959, the first Mattel doll was presented at the American Toy Fair in New York (named after the handlers' daughter). However , Mattel only bought the marketing rights to the Bild-Lilli in 1964, so that its production was then discontinued. This enabled the Barbie doll to be sold in Germany.

Changes in the doll

Barbie , the main character in this world of dolls, has been based on current fashion trends from the start and is therefore always an embodiment of the current zeitgeist . Accordingly, their appearance has changed again and again:

  • The first Barbie came in blonde and brunette, each with a ponytail and curly pony . Her head shape with closed mouth and modeled eyelashes was modeled after that of Lilli , and just like her she has a body with feminine shapes and wears heavy make-up . Unlike most other dolls, she doesn't spread her legs when sitting down, but keeps them parallel like a lady (this was the case with Lilli ). Later they were also available with short hairstyles and in other hair colors.
  • In 1967, Barbie got a new face. The lips are slightly parted and the eyelashes are painted on or made from real hair. Overall, she looks more girlish than its predecessor.
  • In 1977 the superstar Barbie appeared . She was the first to have the head that was used for Barbie for the next 20 years : a broadly smiling face with large eyes and dimples on the chin. It's the most common head shape used by Mattel. The variety of hair colors was abandoned with this doll: Barbie was basically blonde from now on. It wasn't until 1991 that Barbie came back with different hair colors.
  • Since 1996, Barbie has had a new face with her mouth closed. In 2000 the superstar face was modified; it has been narrower since then and the grin is no longer so exaggerated. These two head shapes are still used today; since 2005, however, in a version that is about 10% larger.
  • In early 2003, Mattel launched dolls with a new body shape; The torso and legs are shorter and the hips wider. This shape was abandoned after two years and Mattel reverted to the previous size.
  • At the beginning of 2016 Mattel released "The Doll Evolves" and from now on there is "Barbie" with different bodies in thick, large and small.
  • November 2017, the manufacturer announced the first Barbie with a hijab for 2018. The prototype for the model from the Sheroes - she + hero series is the Olympic saber fencer Ibtihaj Muhammad from the USA, she also wore her headscarf during competitions. In the same month Mattel also presented a Barbie doll with a “Love Wins” t-shirt . The original is designed by fashion blogger Aimee Song and is intended to support equal sex love .
  • Well-known personalities from history as well as from politics , culture and sport are regularly portrayed in Barbie & Ken form.
  • For Women's Day on March 8, 2018, a series of 19 “Inspiring Women” was presented. They are intended to promote the idea of ​​diverse development in girls. An accompanying booklet describes the performance of the role models. However, the stereotype of the short torso / wasp waist / long legs is sometimes criticized for the shapes of the figures . The following women were included in the series:

In order to make playing with Barbie more interesting, Mattel has continuously developed changes over the years, for example bendable legs, interchangeable wigs , dyeable hair (Color Magic). Talking dolls also came onto the market regularly. Several times a more flexible body with additional joints was developed for Barbie , which was used in addition to the conventional body with rigid arms and legs that could only be bent to a limited extent. However, these bodies were only produced for a few years.

production

The first edition of the Barbie, launched in 1959, was not produced in the USA, but entirely in Japan. A few years later, not only Barbie's clothes ( homework ), but also the figures were made in China. In 1990 important machines for the production of Barbie came to China from the USA and Europe. Primary products are delivered to the production sites from Japan, Taiwan or the USA, for example.

dress

Barbie dolls with different costumes

The commercial success of Barbie is due in large part to the fact that she was equipped with a rich wardrobe for every occasion right from the start. Barbie was originally only sold in a bathing suit . The first dresses were influenced by the models of haute couture and were named like them. In the early 1960s, Jacqueline Kennedy was a style-maker, and this influence can also be felt in Barbie's clothes. From 1967, Barbie wore models that were based on the mod dresses of Carnaby Street .

Barbie always went with fashion and wore the current colors of the season. In the 1950s and early 1960s, these were more pastel shades, and it wasn't until the late 1960s that bright colors became fashionable. Later trends, such as those from the television series Dynasty (English: The Denver Clan ), also influenced fashion in the 1980s, and disco fashion and designer jeans also left their mark on Barbie .

From the 1990s onwards, clothes were no longer only offered for more or less everyday situations, but Barbie could now also dress up as a mermaid , flower elf or fairytale princess.

As early as the 1960s, Mattel was offering items of clothing that the children could redesign themselves using the fabric paints, appliqués or sequins attached. Such pieces are still produced today and represent a considerable expansion of the playing possibilities.

Ethnic barbies

Barbie comes out in half a dozen variants every year . Originally these dolls were all fair-skinned. Since 1980, most models have also been available in a Hispanic and Afro-American version in order to offer children from these ethnic groups Barbies in their own skin color. Asian barbies are also occasionally offered, but are rare. There are also occasional ethnic versions of Barbie's friend Ken and her sisters. Regardless of this, Barbie has friends from different ethnic groups (see under Friends and Relatives ).

Dolls from the My-Scene series

Since the turn of the millennium , several other companies had brought fashion dolls with disproportionately large heads onto the market. In order to participate in this trend, Mattel developed an independent series of games under the My Scene brand in 2003 , which until 2006 also used the name Barbie . There were also various girlfriends in the My-Scene series; unlike Barbie , the same head shape (with different skin and hair colors) was used for all dolls. The heads of these dolls were about twice the size of traditional Barbie dolls; however, the bodies were the same in both rows, so that the My-scene dolls could wear Barbie's clothes and shoes and vice versa. The last My Scene articles were produced in 2009.

From the luxury doll to the mass toy

Barbie cost 3 US dollars in 1959 - at that time that was the equivalent of about 12 DM . The starting salary of a commercial clerk at that time was around 200 to 300 DM per month. In addition there were the costs for her clothes, which were often made of fine materials such as silk or brocade and were elaborately tailored (lined and provided with functioning buttons or zippers). Under these circumstances, only members of the upper and middle classes could afford to buy this toy. Accordingly, the style of the doll and her clothes were based on the women of these layers.

From the mid-1960s, the current trend in fashion was determined by British fashion designers who deliberately targeted lower-class youngsters as buyers. The trend towards inexpensive clothing continued into the 1970s, when the renunciation of “ consumer terror ” was preached. Mattel followed these trends and made clothes for Barbie mainly from synthetic fabrics. Furthermore, there was no longer a discreet wardrobe for the elegant lady, but clothing according to the mass taste; that means the cuts became more playful and the colors stronger. The doll itself also followed this trend: with a flowing blond mane, a broad grin, a lush cleavage and tight mini skirts , it now corresponded to the ideal of beauty of the lower class. She no longer attended vernissages and tennis courts , but instead devoted herself to popular sports such as roller skating or bowling and went to pop concerts . In addition, the accessories for designing the Barbie game world became increasingly complex. All of this made sales skyrocket.

biography

Mattel made biographical details officially known as early as the 1960s to promote new dolls. So in 1961 TV spots were broadcast reporting how Barbie met Ken. Barbie was later given the full name of Barbara Millicent Roberts . She is the eldest daughter of Margaret and George Roberts, has attended high schools in California and New York , holds several doctorate degrees ( veterinary , pediatrician , dentist and gynecologist ), and has a driver's license and a pilot's license . In the 1990s she ran several times for the office of US president . As a final announcement, Mattel announced Barbie's split from Ken in 2005 ; There should be a man named Blaine in her life now . But after years of separation pain, Ken did everything in early 2011 to win back Barbie and had the manufacturer Mattel place large-format posters throughout New York, on which he proclaimed his unbroken love for Barbie ( “Barbie, we may be plastic but our love is real. " ). Just in time for Valentine's Day , a spokeswoman for Barbies said on the Today Show that Barbie and Ken were officially a couple again.

friends and family

The doll's success was not only due to the fact that it was always fashionable. The play possibilities were soon expanded by adding more dolls. The package briefly explained their relationship with Barbie ; So friendship or kinship. This is where the product differs significantly from other fashion doll series, which, apart from the main character, usually only contain a male and a child doll. If girlfriends are offered for the main character, it is at most the same doll with different hair and / or skin colors. In contrast, Mattel designed friends with their own faces from the start.

In addition to the Barbie dolls, Mattel also produced numerous other series of fashion dolls, for the most part on the same scale as Barbie (in this case it is often indicated on the pack that these dolls fit Barbie's clothes, sometimes the pack also includes a Barbie Prospectus at). However, this article only mentions those who, according to the label, belong to Barbie's world.

This area is confusing, as many of the friends were sold with different faces: those who stayed in the program for a longer period of time were given new faces over the years or even decades - adapted to the changing tastes of the time. Conversely, already known heads were often used for dolls with new names. As with Barbie , the heads have been around 10% larger than before since 2005.

Most of the minor characters in Barbie's world were only sold for a year or two. Becky from 1997 is remarkable , the only one of the dolls to be in a wheelchair . Here are briefly presented those figures that were produced for several years.

Friends

Barbie had been a boyfriend since 1961, Ken (named after Ruth and Elliot's son Kenneth). He was a little taller than his girlfriend and had mostly modeled hair until 2000. Other male adult dolls were referred to as Ken's friends. In 2004, Barbie split from Ken and then got involved with Australian surfer Blaine .

Girlfriends

Her oldest friend Midge (1963) embodied a completely different type than the chic Barbie ; namely the nice girl next door. Unlike Barbie , Midge was allowed to marry ( Ken's friend Allan ) and start a family, most recently in 2003 under the trademark Happy family . Christie (1968) was Barbie's African American friend who lasted until 2006. PJ (1970) was the English friend who liked to wear the fashionable Carnaby Street fashion of the time. As the only one of the longtime friends she had no face of her own, but the heads of the 1963 Midge and Steffi were used. The last PJ was sold in 1984. Barbie's friend Steffie (1972) was only on the program for a few years, but the head shape developed for her became one of the most widely used at Mattel. This head shape was also often taken for African American and Hispanic Barbies, as well as the Dolls of the World dolls. Kira , her Asian friend , had been around since 1986 (the doll was called Marina in Germany ). Kira's head has been regularly used on dolls of Asian descent, although her features are more European (e.g. she lacks the epicanthus medialis fold). There have been no dolls with this face since 2001. The only one of Barbie's old friends that is still sold today is Teresa (1988). She is of Latina origin and had her own head shape for a long time. Since 2007 the dark-haired dolls with Barbie's head shape have been called Teresa . Barbie's Afro-American friend Shani (1990) was initially the main character of a series of its own with plenty of clothing, but in the years that followed it became more and more integrated into Barbie's world. The last Shani appeared in 1994. Her and her friends' heads continued to be used for African American dolls until 2006. Kayla and Lea (2002) have the same head shape, but are not to be confused because of different colors: Kayla is a Latina, Lea is of Asian descent. These two were also available until 2006.

Even Barbie's sisters had friends who could wear them as the same clothes. In the 1960s, separate head shapes were developed for this. Later, the friends received the current head shape of the sister in question with dark hair and different make-up.

relative

The first character from Barbie's family was Skipper (1965), the little sister with childlike features. Barbie's cousin Francie (1966) followed shortly thereafter . It is the first doll of which there was a dark-skinned version, which at the time was not very well received by buyers and therefore soon disappeared from stores. The siblings Tutti and Todd (1968) were about six year old twins . Unlike the other dolls, they were not made of vinyl , but of a wire frame covered with rubber. Francie , Tutti and Todd existed until the 1970s. In 1991, the eight-year-old sister Stacie appeared and was produced until 2000. In the mid-1990s, Sister Kelly (1996) appeared, who is called Shelly in Europe . The doll represents a two to three year old child. In 1999 a baby sister named Krissy appeared . After Mattel ceased production of Skipper in 2003, Kelly was the only family member still in production. Stacie and Shelly have had their own line since 2007 . This does not fit the Barbie line due to the size of the dolls. In 2009 Skipper and Stacie were reissued. Although Skipper was the same size as Barbie as a teenager in the late 1990s, the remake is being made back to its original size.

Barbie pink

Polaroid camera in Barbie pink

At the end of the 1960s, Mattel started packing the dolls in pink boxes. Since then, this dark, bright pink has been protected as a registered design under the name Barbie Pink . The color pink has been associated with femininity since the 1920s and thus with the preferred target group of the doll. For the same reason, violet tones are also increasingly used.

Collectible

Barbie was originally designed as a play doll. In the mid-1980s, however, it was found that older dolls were being collected and sometimes fetched high prices. Since then, in addition to play dolls, Mattel has also produced Barbie dolls that are intended for adult collectors. Since they are produced in smaller editions, they are also more expensive than the play dolls. Some of these collectible barbies wear dresses and accessories designed by well-known fashion designers, such as: B. Karl Lagerfeld , Byron Lars or Christian Louboutin . Others are dressed like characters from a movie or TV series; often their heads are modeled on the actors. In the Dolls of the World Series led Barbie , the costumes in front of different countries. Since 1994 there are again dolls with the head shape of the first Barbie that replicas carry the Barbie dresses sold in the 1960s. Since 1986 there have also been Barbie dolls made of porcelain , and since 2000 made of the porcelain-like hard plastic material "Silkstone". Like many of the collectible dolls, they are not suitable for children because they do not meet the legal safety requirements for toys. Rare Barbie dolls now fetch several thousand euros from collectors.

Barbie dolls are made of plastic and are therefore subject to its aging. There are problems especially with the older dolls because the material fades or yellows, oil secretes, stains or enters into chemical reactions with other materials (e.g. metal earrings or the fabrics of clothing) . As in all collecting areas, there are also rare models, special editions and misprints. The latter is mainly due to the fact that Mattel was always careful to produce inexpensively. Was there any material such as For example, if there was a shortage of supplies for dolls' hair or clothing fabrics , employees were required to use up remaining stocks from previous productions. So dolls and clothes that deviated from the basic model came into the shops. There is also a Blue Mauritius in Barbie's world : at the end of the 1960s, Becky was announced in the catalogs as the new friend , but never went on sale. Nevertheless, over the decades, some prototypes of the doll found their way into collections. There are still similar cases to this day.

criticism

Body measurements and appearance

When scientists converted and transferred Barbie's body measurements to a human, they came to the conclusion that a human being with the measurements of Barbie was not viable. In particular, the abdomen does not offer enough space for all the vital organs. The proportions of the first Barbie doll were already criticized (39-18-33 inches , corresponds roughly to the dimensions 99-46-84 cm), which, according to the critics, corresponded more to the male imagination than the actual dimensions of a woman and thus would rather diminish rather than strengthen girls' self-confidence. So designed Jack W. Ryan , u. a. the sixth husband of Zsa Zsa Gabor , the doll around. The bust was reduced and the waist increased. Although the new dimensions did not correspond to reality either, they at least silenced the critics. In 1991, another company released the Happy To Be Me doll , the proportions of which were more realistic. However, it could only last a few years on the market. Again and again the accusation was made that Barbie's figure could cause eating disorders .

A mental illness was named after Barbie: Barbie syndrome is the desire to want to look like the doll. The case of the American Cindy Jackson became known, who had almost 30 operations performed on her in around 20 years and spent more than $ 50,000 on them. A well-known German example is the photo model Angela Vollrath, who declared herself "Miss Barbie" and tries to this day to get closer to her role model through numerous cosmetic operations. There are also men who can be transformed into Ken through cosmetic surgery (the term "Ken Syndrome" does not exist).

In 2013, the American artist Nickolay Lamm, in a critical examination of the unrealistic ideal of beauty of the Barbie, based on official data from the American health authority Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , designed a doll with the average size of a 19-year-old American woman using a 3D printer . Due to the strong response, this doll is called Lammily , which can stand and for whom u. a. Acne pimple stickers are said to be available, produced with the help of crowdfunding as an alternative to Barbie.

Image of women

Barbie was also regularly criticized from the feminist side because she cemented a traditional image of women and encouraged uncritical consumption. Ruth Handler's doll was originally deliberately planned as an alternative to the baby dolls that were almost exclusively sold in the 1950s and that were supposed to be used to practice the role of mother. Barbie only wore one swimsuit when she bought it; the children should develop a personality for them. As a result, Barbie was offered workwear every year she appeared; 1961 even a doctoral hat and robe. After Ruth Handler's departure from Mattel (1973), the concept was changed so that the dolls specific themes such as B. Pop culture , love of animals or sports and were therefore sold dressed accordingly. Since then, the focus has been on trivial topics such as make-up, hairstyles and fashion design, so that the doll has become a symbol of the superficiality of consumer society. Barbie is still a working woman without a husband or children, with her own house and car - unlike her friend Midge, Mattel never let her marry.

Prohibitions

In September 2003, Saudi Arabia banned the sale of Barbie dolls because they did not conform to the spirit of Islam . In addition, since November 2003, an Islamic counterpart to Barbie called Fulla has been competing with the original in the Arab world .

In Iran , the sale of Barbie dolls was banned as a "symbol of immoral western culture ".

privacy

The Hello Barbie model, introduced by Mattel and ToyTalk in the USA in 2016 , has speech recognition that enables a kind of conversation with the doll. The data is transmitted to Mattel and evaluated there. The children's parents can also access this data. Hello Barbie already received the Big Brother Award in the technology category in 2015 for violating data protection and children's rights . Security expert Matt Jakubowski overcame the security system and demonstrated that others can access the information if they want to.

Manufacturing and environmental protection

Sometimes the conditions of the production of the Barbie dolls and their accessories are criticized. In addition to the environmental problems of the plastics used , workers in China are paid comparatively poorly for production.

Adaptations

literature

Books in which Barbie played the leading role were published as early as the 1960s.

music

The Danish-Norwegian group Aqua released their worldwide hit Barbie Girl (number 1 in over 35 countries) in 1997 , which is indirectly devoted to the Barbie doll as a controversial parody. Due to the sexual innuendo in the song and the accompanying video, Aqua was sued by Mattel, but this had no further impact on the success of the song or the group. Mattel's lawsuit was finally dismissed in 2003. Since 2009, the song's melody has served as background music in Mattel's commercials.

Movies

In 2000, a television production called Life-Size appeared in which Tyra Banks played the ethnic Barbie-like doll Eve .

Numerous animated films have appeared since 2001, initially on an annual basis, now mostly twice a year. At first it was only about fairy tales and fantasy stories, but more recent films also show real locations (such as fashion magic in Paris or rock star camps ). The appearance of the films on DVD and the first TV broadcast are often close together. As a rule, a radio play is also published on CD for a film. The film Barbie - A Princess in the Rockstar Camp was shown in cinemas nationwide for the first time on August 15 and 16, 2015 (only on these two days).

Published so far:

  • Barbie in: The Nutcracker (2001)
  • Barbie as Rapunzel (2002)
  • Barbie in Swan Lake (2003)
  • Barbie as The Princess and the Village Girl (2004)
  • Barbie and the Mysterious Pegasus (2005)
  • Barbie - Fairytopia (2005)
  • Barbie - Mermaidia (2006) (alternatively also Barbie - Fairytopia: Mermaidia )
  • The Barbie Diary (2006)
  • Barbie in: The 12 Dancing Princesses (2006)
  • Barbie - The Magic of the Rainbow (2007) (alternatively also Barbie - Fairytopia: The Magic of the Rainbow )
  • Barbie as Princess of the Animal Island (2007)
  • Barbie - Mariposa (2008)
  • Barbie and the Diamond Castle (2008)
  • Barbie in A Christmas Story (2008)
  • Barbie presents Elfinchen (2009)
  • Barbie and The Three Musketeers (2009)
  • Barbie and the Secret of Oceana (2010)
  • Barbie - Fashion Magic in Paris (2010)
  • Barbie: The Secret World of Glitter Fairies (2011)
  • Barbie - The Princesses Academy (2011)
  • Barbie Christmas Magical (2011)
  • Barbie and the Secret of Oceana 2 (2012)
  • Barbie: The Princess and the Pop Star (2012)
  • Barbie in The Enchanted Ballet Shoes (2013)
  • Barbie Mariposa and the Fairy Princess (2013)
  • Barbie & Her Sisters in Horse Luck (2013)
  • Barbie in Magic Pearls (2014)
  • Barbie and the Secret Door (2014)
  • Barbie in The Super Princess (2015)
  • Barbie Princess at Rockstar Camp (2015)
  • Barbie and her sisters in The Great Dog Adventure (2015)
  • Barbie in The Agent Team (2016)
  • Barbie in Starlight Adventure (2016)
  • Barbie and her sisters in The Big Dog Search (2016)
  • Barbie the Video Game Heroine (2017)
  • Barbie: The Magic of the Dolphins (2017)

Video games

There are video games with Barbie for Commodore 64 , PC , NES , Nintendo Wii , Game Boy / Game Boy Color / Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS , Xbox , PlayStation and PlayStation 2 .

Others

  • In Germany, the Barbie brand has a level of awareness of 100%. On average, each girl owns seven Barbie dolls.
  • Statistically speaking, three Barbie dolls are sold every second.
  • In the American cartoon series The Simpsons , the doll Malibu Stacy appears as an allusion to Barbie .
  • In 2013, the exhibition Barbie - The Dreamhouse Experience took place in Berlin , giving insights into the world of Barbie.

literature

  • BillyBoy: Barbie - her life & her world , Popa, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-925818-06-5 .
  • Silke Knaak: German fashion dolls of the 50s and 60s , 2005.
  • Dieter Warnecke: Barbie in the course of the decades , Heyne, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-453-08738-0 .
  • Wolfram Metzger (Ed.): 40 Years of Barbie-World , Info Verlag 1998, ISBN 3-88190-229-5 .
  • MG Lord: Forever Barbie: The Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll , Avon Books 1995, ISBN 0-8027-7694-9 (English).
  • Rolf Hausser's Story , interview in Barbie Bazaar magazine , February 2000 (English).
  • Karl-Heinz Gessat: Barbie, from a child's dream to a collector's dream , Weingarten 1993.
  • Kitturah B. Westenhouser: The Story of Barbie Doll , 2nd edition 1999 (English).
  • Cheryl Benard, Edit Schlaffer: Let's Kill Barbie , German (Heyne 1997) and English.
  • Gabriele and Berthold Gertz: Barbie Price Guide 1992 , ISBN 3-921844-32-0 .
  • Hacking Barbie in gendered computer culture . In: Rosemarie Buikema, Liedeke Plate, Kathrin Thiele (eds.): Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture . Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-1-134-00640-3 (English).

Web links

Commons : Barbie  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rolf Hausser's story. Interview in Barbie Bazaar magazine , February 2000 (English).
  2. ↑ Like Ibtihaj Muhammad: Barbie Wears Hijab Now , n-tv , November 14, 2017, accessed March 10, 2018.
  3. ↑ Doll with a clear message: Barbie is now fighting for gay marriage , n-tv , November 29, 2017, accessed March 10, 2018.
  4. ↑ Barbie Celebrates Role Models (English).
  5. ↑ In Frida Kahlo's footsteps: Barbie pays tribute to power women , n-tv , March 8, 2018, accessed March 10, 2018.
  6. ↑ Family threatens to take legal action because of Frida-Kahlo-Barbie , orf.at, March 9, 2018, accessed March 10, 2018.
  7. ^ Hahn, Barbara: World Trade. History, concepts, perspectives , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft , Darmstadt, 1st edition 2009, p. 49.
  8. ↑ Ken woos - and wins back - his ex, Barbie , msnbc.com, news from February 14, 2011 (English).
  9. ↑ Barbie can cause eating problems ( Memento from June 4, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Netzeitung .
  10. ↑ How Cindy became Barbie. BZ , July 9, 2002, accessed January 24, 2020 .
  11. ↑ End of a doppelganger career: "Miss Barbies" fear of old age. Spiegel Online , February 10, 2014, accessed January 24, 2020 .
  12. ↑ nean .: A doll with acne and cellulite. In: FAZ.net . November 21, 2014, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Persian culture war: Iran takes action against Barbie. n-tv , January 20, 2012, accessed on January 17, 2020 .
  14. ↑ www.google.de
  15. ↑ www.google.de
  16. ↑ WIR - IG Metall membership magazine. (PDF; 1.15 MB) IG Metall , February 2011, accessed on January 17, 2020 .
  17. ↑ Working for Barbie and Olaf. Saechsische.de , November 28, 2017, accessed on January 17, 2020 .
  18. ↑ Fair Childhood: Nightmare Toy World. Education and Science Union , April 18, 2019, accessed January 17, 2020 .
  19. ^ VOX , Süddeutsche TV .
  20. ↑ Malibu Stacy. simpsonspedia.net, February 6, 2014, accessed January 12, 2019 .
  21. ^ Barbie The Dreamhouse Experience. www.berlin.de, September 3, 2013, accessed on January 17, 2019 .