Kühhornshof

The Kühhornshof, views from the southwest (above) and from the southeast, photographs by Carl Friedrich Mylius , 1868

The Kühhornshof in Frankfurt am Main , expanded in the twenties of the 14th century as Knoblauchshof , known as Bertramshof from 1660 , was a fortified courtyard established in the Middle Ages. It was located about two kilometers north of the gates of the Frankfurt city fortifications and was part of the defense system of the Frankfurter Landwehr from the early 15th century . Today only a single residential and defense tower remains from the former estate, which is located on the non-public area of the Hessischer Rundfunk in the Nordend district and which essentially dates back to the late 14th century.

Topography and explanations of terms

The Frankfurter Landwehr at the end of the 18th century, the Kühhornshof in the north is highlighted in blue, map by Eduard Pelissier, 1905

The Kühhornshof was at the northern end of the “Knoblauchsfeld”, which was separated from the “Affensteiner Feld” in the west by the Eschersheimer Landstrasse and from the “Friedberger Feld” in the east by the Eckenheimer Landstrasse . Confusingly, the historical name "Friedberger Feld" is often used as an umbrella term for the three aforementioned fields (see map of the Frankfurter Landwehr shown on the right). In the south, the Knoblauchsfeld was loosely bounded by the courtyard areas belonging to Holzhausenschen Öde and Stalburger Oede .

Kühhornshof and surroundings, detailed map by Eduard Pelissier , 1905

The courtyard itself consisted of two parts: on the one hand, the property surrounded by a thick hedge with the actual courtyard buildings, and on the other hand, the courtyard field, known as "Bunde", north of it. The Bundenweg in the Dornbusch district, named after the old field name, still bears witness to the latter .

The courtyard field had the shape of an upright rectangle, was accompanied in the west, south and east by Bundenweg and south of Eckenheim by the Altstraße " Diebsgrundweg ", part of the Hohen Straße Frankfurt-Leipzig . This part of one of the oldest streets in Frankfurt was renamed in 1911 with the incorporation of Preungesheim into “ Marbachweg ” and its course can be traced back to what is now the Dornbusch district. In the Middle Ages and in the early modern period , the Diebsgrund represented the northernmost extension of the Frankfurt city area, as the area beyond the DiebsgrundCounty Hanau belonged.

The actual courtyard property was in the shape of a lying rectangle, which, like the bundles, was surrounded by a bushy hedge. Its eastern extent was identical to that of the courtyard field, to the west the field towered over the courtyard property. In the southeast of the property, at the site of an old field court (see The courtyard as a field court ), a spring emergedthe Marbach, whose water fed the moat of the court from the 14th century and left the area to the northwest. The Feldgerichtsstraße, located southeast of the former property and a southern extension of the Kühhornshofweg, still testifies to the existence of the field court. The already mentioned thieves' path, the name of which can already be found in high medieval texts, probably goes back to it.

The Hoffleck with the buildings lay within the trench fed by the Marbach. The only remnant of the development still preserved today, a multi-storey brick building that was historically referred to as the “stone floor”, is the reason for the street name “Am Steinernen Stock”, which is peculiar for today's standards. To the east of the Hoffleck was the “Hofweg”, which led to the Eckenheimer Landstrasse.

story

prehistory

Ground plan of the courtyard. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after J. Weismann, 1863

The Kühhornshof area can be traced back to the Staufer period, when it belonged to the Saalhof as part of a royal estate . This was as a royal palatinate in the 1st half of the 12th century under Konrad III. been built. However, it was not until 1313 that the court was indirectly mentioned in a document as "the leagues that stozit on the Dypweg in Eckenheim". It can no longer be proven whether there was any building or remnants of one from earlier centuries. A field court located on the site of the source (see corresponding section) suggests that the place was important even before the Staufer period.

The owners of the property

In the 14th century, the royal estate, which had probably long since fallen into disrepair, was still the direct property of the Holy Roman Empire , but is now directly tangible in documents for the first time. Accordingly, Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian pledged the field property as an imperial fief to the noble family von Breuberg . In 1323 the patrician and later mayor of Frankfurt, Jakob Knoblauch , who was also a close confidante of the emperor, bought from Mechthild von Breuberg, the widow of the last Breuberger Eberhard III., whose yard, "the stozent uf den Dypewek". Jakob Knoblauch first expanded the property to include some surrounding properties and erected simple farm buildings there around 1329. His son of the same name, Jakob Knoblauch the Younger, completed the Knoblauchshof, which was soon named after its owners - a fortified estate protected by a wall and moat - by adding a stone residential and defense tower to it in 1385.

Coat of arms of the garlic. ( Siebmacher - Wappenbuch , 1605)

Coat of arms of the Kühorns. (Siebmacher coat of arms book, 1605)

In 1396 the court was sold to the City Council of Frankfurt for 800 guilders . On the occasion of the deal, an inventory of the farm property was drawn up: in addition to two acres of land on which the actual farm stood, there is again documented mention of the Bunde, i.e. the farm field to the north, and six other properties that had been purchased by different owners .

Kühhornshof in the remains of the Landwehr from the south. Drawing by Peter Becker , 1872

Although no longer directly understandable today, it was probably a targeted purchase, because in the same year the city in the east at the Riederhöfen , where it had also acquired a small area around 1395, began building the Frankfurter Landwehr. It was supposed to protect the outer boundaries of the free imperial city as a bridge made of impenetrable hedges together with an upstream ditch . In parallel, in Riedern a stone observatory and the gallows field in the west of the first timber gallows waiting built. The Knoblauchshof lay roughly in the middle along a semicircle drawn between the two waiting areas. The existing stone defense tower was therefore topped up with a wooden construction to take on a waiting function. The property had thus become an important base for the Right Main Landwehr. Since the confederation north of the farm was already secured by its own military defense, the city also saved money at this point for the construction of its own military defense. They contented themselves with connecting the new Landwehr to the existing Feldwehr east and west of the courtyard.

In 1413 Rudolf zum Humbrecht acquired the Knoblauchshof from the city for 850 guilders - with the obligation not to sell it on to strangers due to its strategically important location. From then on, all future farm owners had to assure the council of this lapel . After the court came into the possession of the mint master Voys von der Winterbach in 1421, there was a dispute with King Sigismund in 1424 over whether the court was still an imperial fiefdom or not. The city was able to decide this dispute for itself when the ruler, following an arbitration decision by the Archbishop of Mainz , Konrad III. von Dhaun recognized that the farm had already been owned by Jakob Knoblauch.

After the city had already decided in 1462 to "put the Eschersheimer Schlag czuczutun and the slaghuder on the Frideberger [di Eckenheimer] strassse and make yme a little bit", great upheavals occurred in the following decade. By 1474 by Emperor Friedrich III. Permitted purchase of Bornheim, the right Main city area expanded considerably. Large parts of the existing Landwehr slipped into the "second row"; In the following years one was busy with expanding the Landwehr around the boundaries of Bornheim. Work began in 1478 with the construction of the Friedberger Wartecompleted, which from then on attracted north and north-east traffic. The control room at the Knoblauchshof quickly lost its importance and was given up. The Eschersheimer Schlag, improved at the beginning of the 17th century by a name-giving iron strike , remained closed from now on, with a few exceptions.

Earliest known depiction of the court on the siege plan by Conrad Faber von Creuznach , 1552

In 1497 the residential and defense tower of the courtyard collapsed, but was rebuilt on the foundations of its predecessor at the beginning of the 16th century. On the siege plan of the city from 1552, despite few details, a tower can be clearly seen again, the complex here named Rorbacher Hoff after the owner at the time, the patrician Friedrich Rorbach . During the siege by Moritz von Sachsen in the Prince's War, the buildings of the homestead were partially destroyed. In 1561, Rorbach's widow sold the estate to Bernhard Kuhorn, after whose name it was soon popularly known as Kuhornshofwas known. Presumably between 1581 and 1586, the new owner had the minor damage caused by the siege repaired and a five-storey half-timbered house built in the north-west of the courtyard.

In 1586 the farm was transferred from Bernhard Kuhhorn to Johann Ogier Bromm, who sold it in 1607 to the Electorate of Mainz, Johann Peter Ebersheim. In 1639 Johann Campoing's homestead came to Maximilian Faust von Aschaffenburg. In 1660 the property changed hands again. It was acquired by Heinrich von Bertram, another Frankfurt patrician, from the widow of Faust von Aschaffenburg and from then on belonged under the name of Bertramshofto his property north of Frankfurt. In 1715 he had the former watch tower of the complex rebuilt into its shape that is still preserved today and, among other things, given his family coat of arms in the lintel. In 1742, the male line of the family with the aldermen Johann Jakob von Bertram died out, and the farm went to his son-in-law, the syndic Johann Simon Franc von Lichtenstein.

Decay and present

Kühhornshof from the north. Drawing by Peter Becker, 1872

Around 1840 the Rothschild family bought the property from the descendants of the previous owner, at that time the buildings included 300 acres of land. According to contemporary reports, the long-established Frankfurt family gave the court little care in the coming decades, wrote Carl Theodor Reiffenstein :

“April 1861 […] at present the building has fallen into extreme disrepair due to the carelessness of its current owner, Herr von Rothschild. You can hardly find a whole record anymore. The ceilings have broken through and emergency sprouts have been placed in the rooms everywhere, the roof is in the most wretched condition, all the beams are totally rotten and the whole thing threatens to collapse sooner or later. "

In the late 19th century, the property gradually fell into disrepair, so that the historic buildings were gradually demolished. In 1868 the main house built by Bernhard Kuhhorn from the 16th century fell, until 1872 the southern and western courtyard buildings were torn down and living quarters for the servants and maids of the new owners were built into the tower. In 1878, as one of the last older parts, the drawbridge was removed and replaced by a stone bridge, so that only the massive defense tower of the former Kühhornshof remained.

The Bertramshof with the restored buildings from 1888, 2005

Instead of the missing farm building was Baroness Louise de Rothschild in 1888, a Meierhof with farm buildings, stables, barns and build water tower - those brick buildings that still bear the name Bertramshof. When the owner died in 1902, the farm and land changed hands to Baroness Willy von Rothschild for 1.5 million gold marks . In 1911, the entire site was sold to a terrestrial company that used it as building land. The large-scale overbuilding of the area with its agricultural land did not begin until the late 1920s, among others under Ernst May, and continued well after the Second World War .

Today only the name of a street in the Nordend district on the former property, the Kühhornshofweg, refers to the Kühhornshof. The modernized historic residential and defense tower of the courtyard is now used by the HR and is not open to the public. It houses toilets and a kitchen on the ground floor, a seminar room on the first floor and a fireplace room on the second floor.

The 19th century buildings of the Bertramshof were modernized at the end of the 1980s and are also used by the Hessischer Rundfunk. Among other things, they house radio studios , training rooms, hr werbung gmbh , the radio pension fund and the Degeto production company . The House of Choirs was built in 2004 on the property north of Bertramshof on Kaiser-Sigmund-Straße , a rehearsal room for the Frankfurt choirs Cäcilienchor , Frankfurter Kantorei and Frankfurter Singakademie .

On the bordering Bertramswiese to the west, which used to be part of the estate, there are now public sports facilities, a park-like green area and a car park. The area is bounded by the Bertramswiese road to the south and by Bertramstraße to the west.

architecture

Bird's eye view of the entire facility to the west. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after CT Reiffenstein, 1855

View on an ink drawing by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1775

Almost nothing is known about the architecture of the Kühhornshof buildings before the 19th century, due to a lack of pictures and historical descriptions. The little information comes from building bills, which indirectly allow conclusions to be drawn about the nature and extent of what a service was paid for. It can be considered certain that the area of the property had hardly changed until modern times within the moat built by the Knoblauch family in the 14th century . The only access to the east over the moat was a drawbridge , which was first mentioned in 1404.

The courtyard buildings were grouped around an inner courtyard on the outer edge of the property. Most of them were two-story, constructive half-timbered buildings , critically of the 18th or even the early 19th century. In the 19th century, the stone curtain wall with battlements that was later bricked up , which certainly completely surrounded the courtyard since the 14th century , was clearly visible . A little-known ink drawing of the court by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe from 1775 gives an even better impression of its original appearance, despite the fact that it is only sketchy.

In the course of time, the fortification, similar to a city wall , was visibly repaired and raised in various places, but it was partly demolished in favor of new buildings. Elsewhere, especially in the west of the property, they were even included in courtyard buildings that they used as an outer wall. However, only the still preserved residential and defense tower in the east of the property and the diagonally opposite main house from the 16th century were of greater historical value .

The residential and defense tower

Building description

The restored defense tower of the Kühhornshof from the northwest in 2007

The almost 10 meter high tower is built on a solid rectangular floor plan from plastered quarry stone . The architectural parts, such as the door and window frames, are made of red Main sandstone , as in almost all older buildings in Frankfurt . The building has a basement and, with the ground floor, three floors as well as a mezzanine floor open to the fireplace room within the hipped roof .

The windows are arranged completely irregularly and of various formats, which suggests an eventful building history. The east side has two tiny square basement windows about 1.5 meters above the floor, two barred double windows on the ground floor, the first floor has a double window and a single window, and the floor above has two simple windows. In the 19th century, one of the window grilles still showed an original, late Gothic ironwork from the 16th century. The roof has a simple dormer on each side .

Inner courtyard with the tower to the east. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after CT Reiffenstein, 1855

The north side of the now free-standing building was built in the 19th century by adjoining buildings, the south side as well up to the first floor, so that only the floor above shows two simple windows. The west side facing the inner courtyard of the complex still forms the actual entrance to the building with a round-arched portal on the ground floor; the floors above have a number and arrangement of windows analogous to the east side. The portal is flanked by Tuscan pillars , the keystone of the round arch shows the coat of arms of the Bertram family, who last worked on the tower in 1715.

On the first floor there is an ogival door on the north side , which, however, had no spatial reference as early as the 19th century and was walled up; it is exposed again today and glazed as a window. It can be assumed that in earlier times the door led to a walkway or battlement of the curtain wall that was once here. An elevator for the heavy drawbridge, which must have been located directly north of the tower, was probably also operated from here. Apart from a historic tiled stove in the room on the first floor, the descriptions from the 19th century no longer testify to any historical furnishings, which has not changed much to this day.

Inside of the tower. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after CT Reiffenstein, 1855

To the south of the tower, the ring wall surrounding the courtyard formed a small inner courtyard, where, for strategic reasons, the original main entrance of the tower, also a pointed arched door, is located. In this way, the courtyard could still be defended even after the gate was stormed. The inner courtyard was later transformed into an independent building, which was ultimately used as a stable.

Dating

It is difficult to differentiate between the various construction periods of the building. It is no longer possible to clarify without a doubt what was to be attributed to the time of construction, probably around 1385, and what was to be attributed to the years shortly after 1497, when the tower had to be almost completely rebuilt after its collapse. Any damage during the siege of 1552 has not been recorded and was probably only of very minor extent. This results from the fact that the total destruction and the subsequent necessary rebuilding of comparable defense yards is explicitly mentioned in the chronicles of that time.

What is certain is that the tower had one, if not two more storeys before 1497 than it does today, which were not restored when it was rebuilt. This is supported by the number of 28 windows mentioned in 1404, of which not even half can be found in today's building, the loss of the waiting function after 1478 (see historical part), which means that such a building was no longer needed, and also the representation of the building on the 1552 siege plan.

Since the Gothic was still completely present in Frankfurt in the first half of the 15th century and there are also no stopping points for dating the few remaining parts to the late 14th century, it must be assumed that the tower that can be seen today is largely from dates back to the early 16th century. The undoubted and only visible legacy of the alterations in the 18th century is today's main entrance on the west side, the windows are more likely to be attributed to the previous construction phase in terms of style. The cellar and the foundations on which the building stands may still date from the 14th century , but in the absence of historical and modern studies, further research, especially archaeological research, would be necessary here.

The main house

Carving on the doors of the main house. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after CT Reiffenstein, 1855

The main house in the north-west of the complex was built between 1581 and 1586 as a half-timbered construction with two full and three attic floors. During construction, the north and west flanks of the curtain wall surrounding the courtyard were used for the house. With loopholes , it also formed the outer wall of the house facing the land. The well-fortified structure should serve as a safe refuge for the people living and working on the estate in times of crisis, wars and raids; For this reason, too, several attic floors were used as storage facilities.

Apart from that, little is known about the appearance of the house, although it was probably the best preserved building of the Kühhornshof next to the tower. In addition to a bay window on the north side at the level of the first floor, which can also be seen in pictures, neither a complete half-timbered picture nor a report on external decorations has survived. The spacious vaulted cellar on pillars, a stately room on the first floor and carvings on the doors on the ground floor, the typical Renaissance - ornamentation showed gave a picture of the former representative character of 1868 after a long decline demolished building.

The court as a field court

Feldgericht am Kühhornshof with a view to the east. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after CT Reiffenstein , 1860

In earlier centuries the Kühhornshof estate was the site of a field court - a lower jurisdiction for the negotiation of minor everyday offenses as well as border and inheritance disputes and the like. It was located to the south-east of the courtyard building and was built around the source of the Marbach, which was set in a well and where there were also two old court linden trees.

The only comprehensive description of the complex comes from Carl Theodor Reiffenstein , who meticulously documented and drew the changes in Frankfurt's old town and the surrounding area in the 19th century. He wrote:

Fox with lute. Stone relief on the field court at Kühhornshof. Drawing by Julius Hülsen after CT Reiffenstein, 1861

“On the left, before you get to the bridge leading to the main entrance, there is an old well in a depression, the drain of which fills the ditch. The back wall of the walls encompassing the depression is stepped like a crenellation and bears an old stone image in a panel about six feet above the floor, unfortunately badly damaged by ignorance and rawness. It depicts a fox carrying a lute, surrounded by a mole, a field mouse, a toad, and other animals harmful to agriculture. […] This place was a so-called field court. Next to the fountain, the recess still leaves space for a stone table with stone seats on which the judges sat while the people around the court could comfortably see into the room over the parapet. "

The almost 42 cm thick surrounding walls of the field court, built from rubble stones , had an average height of 1.90 m and formed a rectangle of 7.50 by 6.25 meters. Similar to the city's Gothic secular buildings, the upper edge of the surrounding wall was not smooth, but saddle-shaped , and edged with basalt blocks. The back wall with the picture mentioned by Reiffenstein was in the east. Its lower edge was just under 2.20 meters above the ground, measured 115 by 73 cm and was made of red Main sandstoneworked. The relief of the fox with a lute is currently the only known and visible relic of the field court. It shows very strong traces of erosion, weathering and other damage and is now in the renovated defensive tower, framed in the inner wall of one of the walls of the fireplace room on the second floor.

As early as the 19th century, the grounds of the field court had fallen into disrepair and had been repaired several times. How far back the field court went back in time is unknown due to the lack of further finds or sources. For assumptions to be found in older literature that it served as a field court as early as the first millennium after Christianity or even in pre-Roman times, there were and still are neither written documents nor structural or archaeological traces, whereby the latter would be irretrievably lost due to the modern development. The oldest parts, still preserved at the end of the 19th century, could only be dated to the 16th century in terms of style.

The defense tower of the Kühhornshof, 2008

Portal and entrance door of the defense tower in its west side
Keystone of the entrance portal with the coat of arms of Heinrich von Bertram, his initials and the year 1715
Former door arch of the fortified tower on the north side of the first floor, today used as a window
Sandstone relief "fox with lute" from the surrounding wall of the historic field court located at the court

literature

Rudolf Jung , Julius Hülsen: The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main . Third volume. Private buildings. Heinrich Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1914, p. 301-311 ( digital copy [PDF]).

Heinz Ulrich Krauß: Frankfurt am Main: data, highlights, construction work. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-7973-0626-1 .

Rudolf Maxeiner: Rural Life in Old Frankfurt. Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1979, ISBN 3-7829-0210-6 .

Hans Pehl: When they once protected the city - Frankfurt's fortified manors. Verlag Josef Knecht, Frankfurt am Main 1978, ISBN 3-7820-0411-6 .

Eduard Pelissier : The Landwehr of the Imperial City of Frankfurt a. M. In: Association for history and antiquity to Frankfurt am Main (Hrsg.): Archive for Frankfurt's history and art . Third episode, eighth volume, K. Th. Völcker's Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1905.

References and comments

↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume I . Association for history and antiquity of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1861, p. 19 u. 245.

^ Eduard Pelissier: The Landwehr of the imperial city of Frankfurt am Main. Topographical-historical investigation. Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 47; Loosely translated: "the leagues that border the Diebsweg near Eckenheim".

^ ^A ^b Eduard Pelissier: The Landwehr of the imperial city Frankfurt am Main. Topographical-historical investigation. Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. 47.

^ Rudolf Jung, Julius Hülsen: The architectural monuments of Frankfurt am Main - Volume 3, private buildings . Self-published / Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1914, p. 301; Freely translated: "which leads to the thief's path".

↑ Pelissier, p. 47; In 1329 the provost of Bartholomäusstift renounced the church tithe of “den bundin and the hobe who is made”, so the court was just emerging and is mentioned here for the first time as such.

↑ Pelissier, p. 47; In 1396 a stone stick is already mentioned on the site, in 1385 the sources say that “a New Warehouse was built at the Knoblauchs Hof”.

↑ 4,100 m², cf. Conversion table from Eduard Pelissier: The Landwehr of the Imperial City of Frankfurt a. M. In: Association for history and antiquity to Frankfurt am Main (Hrsg.): Archive for Frankfurt's history and art. Third episode, eighth volume, K. Th. Völcker's Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1905, p. XIV.

↑ cf. Certificate in the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, inventory of house documents, signature 1.975.

↑ Pelissier, p. 213 and 214; according to information in the arithmetic books 1396-1398, three waiting areas are already in the Rb. Mentioned in 1396.

↑ ^a ^b ^c August von Cohausen: Contributions to the history of the fortifications of Frankfurt in the Middle Ages , in: Archive for Frankfurt History and Art, Vol. 12, self-published by the Association for History and Antiquity, Frankfurt am Main 1869, p. 46; According to the arithmetic book of 1404, the council paid a master carpenter for the helmet on the tower that year, another craftsman was paid for installing 28 new windows in the building, which suggests a larger building than is preserved today. A pulling bridge , i.e. the drawbridge, is also mentioned here for the first time.

↑ Pelissier, p. 48.

↑ ^a ^b ^c Jung, Hülsen, p. 302.

↑ ^a ^b Pelissier, p. 60; Loosely translated: "to close the Eschersheimer Schlag, to move the keeper to the Eckenheimer Landstrasse and to build him a guard house there".

↑ Pelissier, p. 237 ff.

↑ Pelissier, p. 242 and 243.

^ ^A ^b Richard Froning: Frankfurt chronicles and annalistic records of the Middle Ages . Carl Jügel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1884, p. 281; Extract from Job Rorbach's diary: “Anno 1497 prima martii cecidit turris uf the Knobelachshoff extra portas. antiqua structura erat satis fortis, circumducta fossatis et aquis, diruptaque funditus reparari non potest nisi de novo edificetur ” . The old structure was adequately fortified, surrounded by moats and water. It is not possible to repair [that] which has been completely destroyed, all that remains is to rebuild. "

↑ ^a ^b Jung, Hülsen, p. 303; According to Reiffenstein, the year 1581 was carved above the entrance of the cellar, the year 1586 in the stone staircase plinth of the first floor.

↑ Jung, Hülsen, p. 305 and 306 (footnotes).

↑ 615,000 m², cf. Conversion table in Pelissier, p. XIV.

^ ^A ^b Franz Rittweger, Carl Friedrich Fay (Ill.): Pictures from the old Frankfurt am Main. According to nature . Publishing house by Carl Friedrich Fay, Frankfurt am Main 1896–1911; based on the caption by Franz Rittweger on the Kühhornshof.

↑ Jung, Hülsen, p. 308; after Reiffenstein's manuscript printed here.

↑ Jung, Hülsen, p. 311; to Reiffenstein.

↑ Jung, Hülsen, p. 306; to Reiffenstein.

↑ See above all Rudolf Jung: Frankfurter Chroniken and annalistic records of the Reformation period. Along with a depiction of the siege of Frankfurt in 1552. Carl Jügel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1888