Besenhausen manor
The manor Besenhausen is an agricultural building complex in the municipality of Friedland in the district of Göttingen in southern Lower Saxony . Today it is close to the border triangle Hesse-Lower Saxony-Thuringia . The oldest building structures of the former manor with baroque courtyard and park as well as the manor from the 18th century date from the Middle Ages . The entire ensemble is a listed building . The estate with its surrounding land has been in the family for 700 years without interruption. Today Besenhausen is a popular destination.
Geographical location
Besenhausen is one of three parts of the village of Niedergandern , which belongs to the municipality of Friedland in Lower Saxony. It is located about 2.1 kilometers northeast of the border triangle Hesse-Lower Saxony-Thuringia directly northwest of the border with Thuringia, the former inner-German border , on the Leine . Neighboring places are Niedergandern (1.5 km north-west), Reckershausen (2.5 km north) and Kirchgandern (1.1 km south-east; in Thuringia).
Northeast past broom Hausen running state road 566, which is about about the Thuringian L 1001 in the south following the Federal Highway 80 has and to the northwest over subsequent to it streets in Hessen at Marzhausen located junction Neu-Eichenberg-Friedland the Federal Highway 38 has ; this leads through the nearby Heidkopftunnel . The next train station is in Neu-Eichenberg .
Besenhausen's real estate extends from the Pferdeberg (approx. 300 m above sea level ) in the northeast to Hottenrode in the southwest. It is cut by the leash , which is partially integrated into the park of the manor house and separates the districts of Besenhausen and Niedergandern. The Leine-Heide-Radweg leads through Besenhausen .
history
People had probably already settled in Besenhausen at the end of the first millennium. Besenhausen, whose name is interpreted as "Haus des Bezo" or "Haus des Biso" (an old Saxon first name common at the time), has always been the border town of today's Thuringia, Lower Saxony and Hesse. It was thus subject to the eventful and often warlike history in the Middle Ages and modern times up to the upheavals of the 20th century.
The history of the 700 year old manor was a constant struggle for existence between the claims of various powers: the Prince-Bishops of Mainz , the Brunswick Guelphs and the Landgraves of Hesse . The estate was affected by the clashes between Catholics and Lutherans , between Prussia , the Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia and the Hanoverian Kingdom , and finally between the victorious powers of World War II . The centuries of archbishopric rule in Eichsfeld , which belonged to Kurmainz's sphere of influence, were formative. Besenhausen is part of the "historic Eichsfeld" even if Lower Saxony was founded in 1946.
Former village
The village Besenhausen was first mentioned in a document at the beginning of the 14th century; because of the specific name construction, it can be assumed that the village already existed 300 or 400 years earlier. The village that no longer exists today was presumably located directly north of today's estate between Hottenrode, Niedergandern and Kirchgandern.
In 1307 Besenhausen was first mentioned as a possession of the von Hanstein family . According to this document, the brothers and knights Heinrich and Lippold von Hanstein held the village at the time as part of a fiefdom of the Archbishops of Mainz who ruled in Eichsfeld at the time. In the document they received, the two brothers undertook to transfer the major and minor tithe to the altar of Saint Stephen in Martinsstift in Heiligenstadt , the most important ecclesiastical institution in Eichsfeld at the time. At the time , the Hansteiners were Vicedome , i.e. governors of the Mainz lords. As part of the donation, the presence of a property ( allod ) of the Hansteiners in Besenhausen was confirmed. In another contract dated October 4, 1308, the Hanstein brothers were ordered to build a castle for the Mainz ore monastery in Besenhausen. As a result, a fortified structure must have been built near the current estate. At that time, however, the Besenhauser Hansteins still lived on their ancestral castle, the Hanstein .
Around 1360, the village of Besenhausen was abandoned by its inhabitants for the first time - at least for the most part - and it fell "desolate" . The reasons for this are not known; epidemics, crop failures or armed forces could have been the cause.
What is certain is that the von Hanstein family was able to prevent the fall of the desert for their own property in Besenhausen. In 1522 Johann von Hanstein became the first Besenhauser landlord who also lived here. From the beginning of the 16th century, the Hansteins no longer stayed in their increasingly dilapidated ancestral castle, but had settled on their knights' farms - in addition to Besenhausen these were also Bornhagen , Werleshausen , Wahlhausen , Ershausen , Oberelle and Henfstädt . At that point in time, however, the Hansteins had already lost the rights to their own farm in Besenhausen, as it now belonged to the Landgraves of Hesse due to the enforced feudal assignment . With each generation change, the feudal relationship between the Besenhausen Hansteins and the feudal lord had to be renewed.
In a feudal letter from 1362, the property was named as "our Gut zu Beßenhußen", in feudal letters from 1546 as "Beßenhausen". In the statistical handbook of Landgrave Wilhelm IV , the estate was then already referred to as "Besenhausen".
Country seat of the Hansteins
In 1540, Johann von Hanstein († 1558) had a representative building built in the Renaissance style . In addition, he had acquired additional land in Besenhausen from a Matz Conradt from Kirchgandern by swap. Today only a few relics testify to this building, which was surrounded by a wall and moat.
Since the early 16th century, Gut Besenhausen has repeatedly been a dispute between the Welf Office of Friedland and the Mainzischen Oberamtmann in Heiligenstadt. Mainz, Hessen and Hanover tried several times to get the stately complex of estate and lands under their respective influence.
Like the greater part of the Eichsfeld nobility, the Hansteins also converted to the Reformation early on. In the following religious wars, Hottenrode, the patronage church of the Besenhauser, played an important role. In the church belonging to the Duchy of Braunschweig , Protestant Eichsfelder gathered for Lutheran worship and thus evaded Mainz religious supervision. In the course of the Thirty Years War the manor and the village of Besenhausen were destroyed.
Reconstruction after the Thirty Years War
The reconstruction of the residential buildings on the estate began under Hans Hermann von Hanstein (1610–1686) at the end of the 17th century. His son Dietrich von Hanstein (1644–1716) completed his father's work. The manor house was again given a rectangular moat and rampart, which no longer exists today. Dietrich von Hanstein's son Carl Friedrich von Hanstein built the farmyard from 1740. A village that probably existed (again) before the war was not settled again and fell (again) desolate.
Since Carl Friedrich von Hanstein († 1724) died childless, Besenhausen fell to his cousin Liborius Friedrich von Hanstein (* 1678) from the Werleshauser line. The Protestant Friedland bailiff took this inheritance as an opportunity to have around three hundred armed men occupy the estate in 1724. Part of this troop stayed there and held the estate against the Mainz team for 20 years. It was not until 1743 that the electoral government in Hanover agreed with the Mainz government of the Eichsfeld on the future course of the border, which the Besenhausen estate added to the Eichsfeld, but a large part of the agricultural area of the estate belongs to the Hanoverian area, and thus the Friedland office. A boundary stone with a Hanoverian Wolfsangel on one side and the Mainz Wheel on the other still testify to this today. Even if the Besenhauser and the manor again fell to Mainz, they were allowed to retain the right to the Protestant faith.
The "Zedler" , the largest encyclopedia of the 18th century, described Besenhausen in 1751 as: ... a castle, manor and village in Lower Hesse, on the Eichsfeld border, on a leash, one hour from Witzenhausen .
Friedrich Ernst von Hanstein (1723–1807) became the heir of Liborius Friedrich von Hanstein in 1737. In 1802 the Eichsfeld fell under Friedrich Wilhelm III. to Prussia. At the time, the then 79-year-old Friedrich-Ernst von Hanstein was the master of Besenhausen, he also owned the Rommerode and Wiesenfeld estates as well as the former Grone properties in Friedland and Reiffenhausen. Hanstein was also the representative of the Eichsfeld knighthood ("Knightly Deputy of the Estates of the Principality of Eichsfeld")
In 1896 the grandson of the knight's representative Friedrich von Hanstein died unmarried, and 600 years of Hanstein's history in Besenhausen, with always male heirs, were over. In his time, the Besenhauser Hansteins owned the estate in Rommerode and half of an estate in Ober-Ellen. The Besenhausen estate now fell to Bertha, the sister of the last Hanstein owner, who was the wife of the scholar Levin Georg Freiherrn von Wintzingeroda-Knorr , who lived in Göttingen . He was also the district administrator of the Prussian district of Mühlhausen and therefore got into a historical dilemma with possession of Besenhausen. In 1866, as a Prussian civil servant, he had to pass on what he had learned as a Guelph landowner: the exact route of the Hanoverians, who were then defeated during the German War in the battle of Langensalza .
From the marriage of his grandson Friedrich-Wilhelm Freiherr von Wintzingerode-Knorr (1893–1952) to Ruth, b. Marschall produced the next inheriting woman in Besenhausen's history, Sitta.
German division and turn
After the Second World War, US military units occupied the estate. The demarcation line between the British and Soviet zones of occupation , established in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement of summer 1945 , ran directly through the estate: the manor and farm would have fallen into the Soviet zone, the watermill and workers' houses into the British zone. Most of the lands would have been in the West Zone. Without his land ownership, the estate would no longer have existed and it would have been probable that the historic complex on the demarcation line would have been demolished. On July 1, 1945, Soviet soldiers and the British entered. Wintzingerode-Knorr was able to persuade the Soviet military administration to swap. The moved the border a few hundred meters to the southeast and Soviet troops looted the estate for three days.
About the daughter of Sitta von Klitzing, geb. Baroness von Wintzingerode-Knorr, Besenhausen came into the hands of the Flechtner family in the 1960s, descendants of Ferdinand Gottlieb Flechtner from Langenbielau in Silesia - the estate has been inherited three times after around 600 years of Hanstein family ownership so far in the female line.
Building ensemble
The entire complex consists of the residential courtyard consisting of four buildings, which is surrounded on three sides by a tree-lined park. The gatehouse on the southeast side of this courtyard is followed by the much larger farm or estate courtyard, via which the inner courtyard can only be reached. The actual farm yard is formed by three elongated building units and also includes the courtyard pond, which is around 10 × 30 meters in size.
The former sugar factory and a connecting equipment shelter are adjacent to the farm yard. At the north end of the park are the former workers' houses (with stables) and the former grain mill . The patronage church in Hottenrode, 800 meters away, and a former border clearance building 150 meters away are also part of Besenhausen.
The leash limits both the manor and the park to the south. An elongated island formed by the division of the line extends over a length of around 180 meters. It is used as a park and - in the area of the former grain mill - as a kitchen garden.
patio
The buildings in the inner courtyard were built in their current baroque form from around 1680. However, the gatehouse contains older structures in the lower part of the building. The entire substructure as well as the old defensive wall with its vaulted cellar and its loopholes are of medieval origin and in the Renaissance style.
The mansion on the courtyard side, view from the upper park
Inner courtyard building in front of the "Schneckenberg"
Gatehouse with a former chicken coop, view from the manor
Manor house with lower park, view from the Leine
In addition to the gatehouse, the courtyard group consists of the manor house and the “Christian house”. Both buildings are two-story with hip roofs, the manor house has a two-story attic. There is also a one-story warehouse and storage building with a hipped roof and extended gable. This building is based on the artificially created, around four meter high "Schneckenberg" and provides access to the vaulted storage rooms below the mountain. None of the buildings have a basement.
The inner courtyard ensemble is surrounded on three sides by a 200-year-old and around 7,000 square meter park, which ends on the south side of the Leine, but also partially integrates the upper course of the river there.
grange
The most noticeable building on the estate is a stately half-timbered building on the Hofteich. It was built in 1740, on the gable roof there is a tower with a clock. The left pillar to the former courtyard gate, which was later walled into the so-called "farm building", contains two coats of arms: The Hanstein family coat of arms of Hans-Hermann von Hanstein (1610–1686) and the coat of arms of his wife's family, Ursula von Spiegel. They are considered to be the first to build the facility after the Thirty Years War . The offices of the estate inspector (also: estate manager) used to be housed in the front part of the “farm building”. The pigsties were in the back. The cow stalls were housed in a lower, adjoining building.
The other farm buildings had to be renewed after a yard fire in 1907. These include the elongated, leashed former sheep and horse stable, used as a tractor shed and workshop in the second half of the 20th century; Today it is used as an exhibition and event hall after another renovation. The flatter, former blacksmith's shop is attached to the sheepfold. The transverse, brick barn building that closes off the courtyard has housed a grain drying system and corresponding grain storage facility, which is still in use today, since the 1980s.
Sugar factory
In 1836 the first sugar factory in the province of Saxony was built on the estate . It was only in operation for five years. After decades of use as a storage facility, garage and vacancy, the Rosenwinkel hand weaving mill is now located in the building .
While preserving and partially reconstructing the façades from the building period and the structural system, two storeys were largely dismantled so that two superordinate, two-storey large rooms (today: sales room and weaver's workshop) were created. The mezzanine floor is accessed via a gallery. In addition to the handicapped-accessible design of the usable areas, natural building materials were used and energy-optimizing measures were taken for the listed building. In 2004 the renovation received the Prize for Monument Preservation from the Lower Saxony Sparkasse Foundation .
Farm building at the manor
Rear of the former stables
The old forge
The former sugar factory now houses a weaving mill
Reservoirs and generator
Next to the former farm workers' houses stood a grain mill directly on the two-part line. This has been shut down since the beginning of the 20th century, but in the building that still exists, a water-powered turbine has been producing electricity via a generator since 1924 . In this way, a power supply for the residents and the economy of Besenhausen could be guaranteed, even if nowadays the generated energy is first fed into the general power grid for conversion into direct current .
To drive the turbine and to regulate the required amount of water, it is necessary to stow part of the line. For this purpose, the river is divided by a weir about 100 meters in front of the turbine , so that the higher-flowing arm of the river can drive the turbine with a fall from a height of around 2 meters. About 80 meters after the artificially created turbine waterfall, the two river arms of the Leine are brought together again.
Former manor house
The 80-year-old generator house of the upper Leinelauf bridged here
The patronage church in Hottenrode , which belongs to Besenhausen , is still used today as a burial place for residents of Besenhausen.
Former inner-German border
Above the property on the L 566 between Reckershausen and Kirchgandern is a former border house, the former handling point of the former border crossing on the inner-German border .
Due to its proximity to Friedland, the transition was of great importance between 1945 and 1952. Because of its refugee reception camps and a railway connection, Friedland formed a concentration point of escape and migration routes from the summer of 1945. People marched from the Soviet occupation zone over the demarcation line into the British occupation zone that began here. The border was crossed on foot, as the road between Kirchgandern and Niedergandern or Reckershausen had not yet been restored. People from the west also migrated to the east, mainly prisoners of war and forced laborers. On October 12, 1945, a Refugee Exchange Point was set up in Besenhausen . First, a corrugated iron barrack was built, in which those arriving were taken care of by the German Red Cross and church facilities. In 1949 the border house, also known as the “customs house”, was built. Later, a small sales stand for refreshments and a wooden baggage handling ramp that no longer existed were added.
More than two million people moved across the border in Besenhausen. On May 27, 1952, the border crossing was closed by the Soviets, from then on only a few special transports were allowed to pass. In 1956 the border was finally closed.
After the inner-German border was closed and the border installations were set up (which in the Besenhausen area also included self- firing systems and mines), the handling building was used by the border authorities on duty as a support and stay point. In the 1960s, a provisional exhibition room with information material on border issues was set up in the building for the first time. In 1987, the then State Secretary Stefan Diekwisch and the responsible senior district director Alexander Engelhardt inaugurated a border information facility that is now located here.
After the inner-German border opened in November 1989, the building was used again - for about six months - as a border clearance building for customs and the Federal Border Guard. Today it is part of the inventory of the Besenhausen estate. On October 13, 2005, a memorial stone with the inscription “GATE TO FREEDOM - 1945–1956” was erected to commemorate the importance of the Besenhausen border crossing and on the occasion of the double jubilee “60 years border transit camp” and “50 years homecoming” .
present
The agricultural and forestry areas belonging to Gut Besenhausen are managed by another facility. The courtyards hardly serve their original purpose anymore. Due to various cultural and social institutions, the manor has increasingly become a regional excursion destination.
Today the “Cafe Rosenwinkel” (former sugar factory) and a rustic ballroom (former sheepfold) are located in the buildings of the farm yard. The ballroom is rented out for celebrations and used for wedding celebrations, since it has been possible to get married in Besenhausen since 2008. For this purpose, a studio room in the former farm building was declared a branch of the Friedland registry office.
Exhibitions take place in the studio in the former pigsty. Readings also take place in the courtyards, such as on the occasion of the Göttingen Fairy Tale Weeks , the cultural festival in the Göttinger Land and the Göttingen Children's and Young People's Book Week . The Friedland cultural ring organizes concerts in Besenhausen, the Göttingen aid project Movement gave a benefit concert with the band "Seven Up".
Rosenwinkel hand weaving mill
In May 2004 a place of work and exhibition of the association Handweberei im Rosenwinkel e. V. opened in the former sugar factory. The non-profit association was founded in 1992. The aim is to offer disabled people jobs and training positions. In addition, the traditional weaving trade should be maintained. The social craft business of the same name, supported by the association, moved from Reckershausen to Besenhausen in 2004. Woven textiles are produced and offered for sale on the premises. In the weave room occur on 20 looms , the products made of natural materials; You can watch the production of the fabrics. The most important work steps in the weaving trade are explained in the demonstration workshop . Many yarns and fabrics are hand dyed.
Expo theme trail water
Since Besenhausen has its own source, a water turbine and a plant-based sewage treatment system for wastewater treatment and the property is therefore independent of the municipal water supply and disposal, it was part of the water theme trail at the Expo 2000 in Hanover . It was one of 280 projects selected by independent expert committees that were intended to answer questions about the future of the 21st century. Parts of the themed trail can still be viewed today.
Great personalities
Hermann von Christen was born in Besenhausen in 1841. In 1925 Theo Harych worked here for a short time as a driver before he was dismissed without notice after 5 months for campaigning for the KPD . In 1944 the general of the infantry Otto von Below died in Besenhausen.
In literature and film
In 1955, Fontanes Effi Briest (as Rosen im Herbst ) was filmed in Besenhausen by director Rudolf Jugert with the then 31-year-old Ruth Leuwerik in the lead role. In the 1980 novel "Nirgendwo ist Poenichen", the second part of the Poenichen trilogy by Christine Brückner , published in 1977 by Ullstein , the Besenhaus pigsty is described as emergency accommodation (when crossing the border) for the character Maximiliane von Quindt.
literature
- Peter Aufgebauer : This side and that side of the border, considerations on the occasion of the 700th anniversary of Besenhausen. In: Eichsfelder Heimatzeitschrift. Issue 7/8, July / August 2007, Mecke Druck und Verlag, Duderstadt 2007, pp. 241–245.
- Peter Aufgebauer, Hans-Dieter von Hanstein (Ed.): Hanstein Castle. On the 700-year history of a border fortress in Eichsfeld. Mecke Printing and Publishing, Duderstadt / Eichsfeld 2007.
- Carl Philipp Emil von Hanstein: Documented history of the family of Hanstein in Eichsfeld. 1856/1857. (Reprint: Helmut Mecke (Ed.), Mecke Druck und Verlag, Duderstadt 2007, ISBN 978-3-936617-39-9 )
Web links
References and comments
- ↑ in addition to Besenhausen, these are the presumably older town of Niedergandern itself and the desolate Hottenrode. The three-part Niedergandern has around 160 inhabitants and a size of 3.2 square kilometers
- ↑ In the late 9th century, a bishop Biso, who was instructed by King Charles the Fat , officiated in Paderborn
- ↑ a b Peter Aufgebauer: This side and the other side of the border - considerations on the occasion of the 700th anniversary of Besenhausen . In: Eichsfelder Heimatzeitschrift , issue 7/8, July / August 2007, ISSN 1611-1648 , Mecke printing and publishing for the Heimat- und Verkehrsverband Eichsfeld e. V., Duderstadt 2007.
- ↑ according to Website Burgruine-Hanstein.de
- ↑ according to Carl Philipp von Hanstein: Documented history of the family of von Hanstein in the Eichsfeld in Prussia (province of Saxony) together with a document book and gender tables . First part, JJ Bohne'sche Buchhandlung, Kassel 1856, p. 173 ff.
- ↑ a b c according to Carl Philipp von Hanstein: Documented history of the family of von Hanstein in the Eichsfeld in Prussia (province of Saxony) together with a document book and gender tables . Second part, JJ Bohne'sche Buchhandlung, Kassel 1857, p. 816 f.
- ↑ a major general and commander of the Rinteln fortress in the service of Hesse
- ↑ At the beginning of the 19th century, Friedrich Ludwig Christian von Hanstein had the moat filled with the building material of the ramparts, which made it possible to create today's park. Friedrich Ludwig Christian also had the family crypt of the Besenhauser Hansteins, which had previously existed in the northern part of the manor house, relocated to a correspondingly dedicated property outside the park. As part of a reburial, the remains of this grave site were brought to the cemetery of Hottenrode at the end of the 20th century
- ↑ This regulation should give rise to problems in the case of the internal German division in 1945
- ↑ Besenhausen. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Supplement 3, Leipzig 1752, column 985.
- ↑ Levin Freiherr von Wintzingerode-Knorr had studied cameralistics and jurisprudence in Göttingen and was first district administrator of the district of Mühlhausen, then land army director of the province of Saxony and finally deputy to the governor of the Prussian province of Saxony. Today he is best known as the author of studies on the history of the Eichsfeld, especially a comprehensive history of the desertification of the Eichsfeld
- ^ Genealogical handbook of the nobility. Volume 96, CA Starke, ISBN 3-7980-0700-4 , 1989, p. 509.
- ↑ had in a branch of Klitzings from the Brandenburg Demerthin married
- ↑ Hahn Steiner in Hausen broom. In: Tageblatt Spezial. May 19, 2007 (PDF; 596 kB)
- ↑ Information on the website of the architectural office responsible
- ↑ Website ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Lower Saxony Sparkasse Foundation
- ^ Wilhelm Kleeberg: Lower Saxony mill history. H. Bösmann, 1964, p. 163.
- ↑ Ulrich Koglin, Achim Tacke, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Hamburg (ed.): Landpartie - on the way in the north. 4th part: Usedom, Eichsfeld, Dithmarschen, Grafschaft Bentheim. Schlütersche, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-89993-704-X , p. 66 ff.
- ^ Dietrich Denecke , Rudolf von Thadden, Günter J. Trittel: Göttingen, history of a university town. Volume 3, Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, p. 875.
- ↑ according to the information board “Tor zur Freiheit” of the Friedland community at the former border house in Besenhausen
- ^ Maren Ullrich: Divided views. Remembrance landscape of the German-German border. Aufbau-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-351-02639-0 , p. 155 ff.
- ↑ Website ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. the Friedland community
- ^ Website of the Göttinger Märchenland eV
- ↑ Website ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the KulturRad e. V.
- ↑ according to Website of the Göttingen Children's and Youth Book Week of the Education and Science Union, Göttingen District Association
- ↑ in the old sheepfold. The Compasso Quartet will play works by Joseph Hayden and Robert Schumann on Sunday, May 27th at 7pm
- ↑ "Seven Up" sings for a benefit project. In: Göttinger Tageblatt Online. July 28, 2009.
- ↑ Regina Löneke, Klaus König-Hollrah: Of shepherds, penny hunters and rib biteers. Shepherd life and sheep husbandry in the Göttingen region in the 20th century. Landschaftspflegeverband Landkreis Göttingen e. V. (Ed.), 2006, p.83
- ↑ Themepath.de ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the Regionalverband Südniedersachsen e. V.
- ↑ Jürgen Serke: At home in exile. P. 60.
- ^ Helmut Müller-Enbergs, Jan Wielgohs, Dieter Hoffmann: Who was who in the GDR? A biographical lexicon . Links, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-86153-201-8 , p. 317.
Coordinates: 51 ° 23 '23.7 " N , 9 ° 56' 54.2" E