Bielawa

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Bielawa
Bielawa Coat of Arms
Bielawa (Poland)
Bielawa
Bielawa
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Dzierżoniów
Area : 36.20  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 41 '  N , 16 ° 37'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 41 '14 "  N , 16 ° 36' 59"  E
Height : 280-345 m npm
Residents : 29,971
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 58-260 to 58-263
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DDZ
Economy and Transport
Street : Wroclaw - Nowa Ruda
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Residents: 29,971
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Community number  ( GUS ): 0202011
Administration (as of 2018)
Mayor : Andrzej Hordyj
Address: pl. Wolności 1
58-260 Bielawa
Website : www.um.bielawa.pl



Bielawa [ bʲɛˈlava ] (German: since the 17th century Langenbielau , previously Bielau ) is a town in the Powiat Dzierżoniowski ( Powiat Reichenbach in the Owl Mountains ) in the Polish Voivodeship of Lower Silesia .

Geographical location

Langenbielau south of Reichenbach ( Reichenbch. ) On a map from 1905.

The city is located at the eastern foot of the Owl Mountains on the Biele ( Bielawica ), a left tributary of the Peile ( Piława ), about 55 kilometers southwest of Wroclaw .

The strikingly elongated residential area of ​​this city begins two kilometers south of Dzierżoniów ( Reichenbach ) and rises eight kilometers in a south-westerly direction into the mountains.

Neighboring towns are Bratoszów ( Stolbergsdorf ) in the north, Dzierżoniów in the northeast, Piława Dolna and Piława Górna in the east, Owiesno in the southeast, Ostroszowice , Myśliszów ( Karlswalde ) and Jodłownik ( Tannenberg ) in the south and Pieszyce and Rościszersdorf ) ów ( Steinseif ) in the north-east. To the south of the city rises the 455 m high Góra Parkowa ( Herrleinberg ), in the west the 693 m high Wrona ( Crow's Mountain ) and above at 1014 m the Hohe Eule with the observation tower . The area beyond the ridge belongs to the powiat Kłodzki ( Glatz ).

history

District at the Owl Mountains.
town hall
Corpus Christi Church (Protestant parish church until 1945), built in 1743
Catholic Church of the Assumption of Mary, built from 1868 to 1876
City park in Bielawa

The different variants of the place name are probably based on the Czech word bílá or the Polish word biały for "white". Bielau originated in a strip of area on the eastern edge of the Owl Mountains, which was settled in the first half of the 13th century in the area of ​​the former Preseka . From the beginning, they were forest hoof villages under German law , the center of which was Reichenbach . It was mentioned for the first time in 1288 when the Breslau Duke Heinrich IV donated 48 interest hooves in «Bela» to the Breslauer Kreuzstift. From 1290/91 Bielau belonged to the newly founded Duchy of Schweidnitz . Because of its large size, it was already divided into Upper and Lower Bielau in 1305.

After the death of Duke Bolko II. In 1368, Bielau and the Duchy of Schweidnitz fell under inheritance law to the Bohemian King Wenzel , who was a son of Queen Anna of Schweidnitz . However, Bolkos II's widow, the Duchess Agnes von Habsburg , was entitled to a lifelong usufruct . It lent the secular ( secular ) part of Bielau to knightly persons, whose successors also acquired jurisdiction and other privileges over the whole place. After several changes of ownership, the secular part of Bielau came to the noble family von Netz in 1535, who built a castle in Bielau. House weaving has gained economic importance since the 16th century . Since the home weavers worked cheaper than those united in the guild, the weavers from Reichenbach and Schweidnitz asked the Bohemian sovereign to remedy the situation, but were unsuccessful because the home weavers from Langenbielau, Peterswaldau and Peilau were supported by their landlords. When the weavers of Reichenbach did not receive enough orders after the Thirty Years' War because of the consequences of the war, they settled in Langenbielau and the surrounding weaving villages. As a result, Reichenbach lost its position as the main weaving mill in Bielau, which has been known as "Langen" bielau since the beginning of the 17th century. In 1672 the lords of Netz Langenbielau exchanged with Adam Bogislaus von Sandretzky for Weigelsdorf and Nieder Habendorf . Gottfried Ferdinand von Sandretzky was with the title in 1697 Sandra contactor by Emperor Leopold I in his capacity as King of Bohemia in the Czech baron added. In 1713 and 1714 the plague raged in Langenbielau.

After the First Silesian War in 1742, Langenbielau and most of Silesia fell to Prussia . Subsequently, King Friedrich II raised Hans Ferdinand von Sandretzky to the Prussian count. In 1758 he also acquired the prebendatic share of Langenbielau, so that now both shares were combined. In 1765 Hans Ferdinand von Sandretzky received the dignity of Hereditary Marshal of Silesia. His sons Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Gottlob and Hans Carl Gottlob founded the Majorat Langenbielau in 1778 , to which Berthelsdorf, Harthau, Nieder Langseifersdorf, Stoschendorf, Lauterbach, Groß Ellguth as well as Nieder- and Oberpanthenau belonged.

Langenbielau has been a center of cotton weaving since the beginning of the 18th century. For the year 1800 282 weavers and 372 looms are recorded. However, the continental blockade imposed in 1806 had negative effects . Nevertheless, the Dierig-Werke, founded in Langenbielau in 1805, subsequently developed into the largest textile company in Silesia.

After the reorganization of Prussia, Langenbielau came to the newly founded district of Reichenbach in 1816 , with which it remained connected until 1945. Because of the oppressive working conditions of the home weavers, there was a weaving revolt in neighboring Peterswaldau from June 3 to 6, 1844 , which also spread to Langenbielau. On June 5, the military moved into Langenbielau. When the angry weavers did not disperse despite being asked, the commanding officer had the crowd shot. Eleven people (including one woman) were killed and another 24 seriously injured. The uprising was portrayed in Heinrich Heine's poem The Silesian Weavers and Gerhart Hauptmann's play Die Weber .

In 1845 Langenbielau was divided into the following districts:

  • Ober-Langenbielau
  • Central Langenbielau
  • Nieder-Langenbielau
  • Neubielau as well
  • Langenbielau manor district.

In 1874 the district of Langenbielau was established, which consisted of the rural communities of Mittel Langenbielau, Neu Langenbielau, Nieder Langenbielau and Ober Langenbielau and the manor district of Langenbielau. After the death of the landlord Hans von Sandretzky , his nephew Ernst Julius von Seidlitz inherited his property , who was made Count von Seidlitz-Sandretzky in 1891. In 1891 the railway connection from Reichenbach to Langenbielau was opened and in 1900 it was connected to the Eulengebirgsbahn , which led over the Eulengebirge to Wünschelburg below the Heuscheuergebirge . In the same year the Prussian Technical School for Textile Industry was opened. Since 1874 Langenbielau tried unsuccessfully to get city rights. It only received this in 1924. In 1925, a lookout tower was built on the Herrleinberg to the south. In 1930 the city acquired Langenbielau Castle, which it used as a school and official building. Around 1930 there were two spinning mills in Langenbielau, around 30 textile factories, 18 dyeing works and other textile manufacturing companies. In 1939 Langenbielau consisted of 19,924 inhabitants. During the Second World War there were two satellite camps of the Groß Rosen concentration camp in Langenbielau after 1940 , both of which were only liberated at the end of the war.

In 1945 Langenbielau belonged to the district of Reichenbach in the Eulengebirge in the administrative district of Breslau in the Prussian province of Lower Silesia of the German Empire .

Towards the end of the war, Langenbielau was occupied by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 , and in the summer of 1945, along with almost all of Silesia, it was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power and given the Polish place name Bielawa . Unless they had fled before, the German population was almost completely expelled by the local Polish administrative authority . Some of the newly settled residents came from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the “ West displacement of Poland ” .

1975-1998 Bielawa belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship (German: Waldenburg). In 1977 the railway connections to and from Bielawa were closed and replaced by regular buses.

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1925 17,704 of which 11,656 Protestants, 5,589 Catholics, 42 other Christians and 19 Jews
1933 19,666 thereof 12,498 Evangelicals, 5,623 Catholics, three other Christians and eight Jews
1939 19,924 thereof 13,042 Evangelicals, 5,495 Catholics, 18 other Christians, no Jews

traffic

Provincial road 385 runs through the village. Since 2019, the Dzierżoniów Śląski – Bielawa railway has been in service again. Bielawa was once located on the Owl Mountain Railway .

Attractions

Hotel Debowy
Langenbielau Castle around 1860, Alexander Duncker collection
  • Langenbielau Castle was rebuilt in 1598 by the lords of Netz and after a fire in 1739 by the lords of Sandretzky with farm buildings. After the death of Count Hans von Sandretzky in 1886, his nephew Ernst Julius von Sedlitz inherited it, who moved his residence to Olbersdorf in 1910. After his death in 1930, the castle was acquired by the city of Langenbielau, which used it as a school and official building.
  • The Catholic Church of the Assumption of Mary was built from 1868 to 1876 according to a design by the architect Alexis Langer in the neo-Gothic style.
  • The former Protestant Corpus Christi church was built in 1743 in the Baroque style. In 1843 it received a classical tower with a clock. It was rebuilt in the neo-Romanesque style from 1878 to 1880. In 1945 it was used for a different purpose. Since 1972 it has served as a Catholic church.
  • The two Dierig villas are now used as hotels.

Town twinning

sons and daughters of the town

literature

Web links

Commons : Bielawa  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ [1] , accessed on November 5, 2018
  3. ↑ Entry Sandreczky u. Sandraschütz in Pierer's Universal Lexicon
  4. ^ Karl Obermann : Germany from 1815 to 1849 . VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 3rd, revised. Edition 1967, p. 153.
  5. ↑ Langenbielau district
  6. ↑ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Inhabitants 1939. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  7. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990.reichenbach.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  8. ^ Poland: First test drive to Bielawa. In: lok-report.de. October 25, 2019, accessed May 8, 2020 .
  9. ↑ Contradictory information in the sources: According to Dehio p. 126 it was built by Wolf and Heinrich Seidlitz von Schönefed.
  10. ↑ Roztocznik since 1945 .