Brussels Newspaper

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The Brussels newspaper (BZ) was a national German-language daily newspaper with an editorial office in Brussels , which appeared from July 1, 1940 to September 2, 1944 during the German occupation of Belgium in World War II . It was part of a group of newspapers that were founded specifically for the areas occupied by Germany and later discontinued due to the Allied recaptures.

In contrast to its North and West European sister newspapers, the BZ achieved print runs in the range of a large German national newspaper and stood out, especially in comparison to the newspapers published in the German Reich, with a more moderate style and a higher standard, which is also quite popular in Germany made. Despite the greater freedom that she enjoyed, she too was clearly a National Socialist newspaper; the Belgian readership, from which the BZ especially the Flemish as “Germanic brother people”, remained small.

Foundation phase

Military commander von Falkenhausen made sure that the BZ got its offices and print shop. The newspaper then became the mouthpiece of his military administration.

After it was established that the soldiers' newspaper West-Front would no longer appear in Belgium, the military administration in Belgium and northern France also supported the establishment of a successor, as Eggert Reeder , head of administration, due to the lack of German-language newspapers, the interrupted telephone traffic, the poor radio reception and the confrontation the soldiers and the civilian population saw the urgency of a "detailed political briefing". The publication of the successor to the West Front went into civilian hands, Europa-Verlag, a subsidiary of Franz-Eher-Verlag under Max Amann , managed by Rolf Rienhardt ; This was eventually assigned to all the occupation newspapers , including the Deutsche Zeitung in the Netherlands , which was put into circulation on June 5, 1940 as the latest such print product to date. The head of the founding workforce was made up of editor-in-chief Rudolf Sparing and publishing director Viktor Muckel . Sparing had previously worked for the Frankfurter Zeitung , then co-founded the newspaper Das Reich and, most recently, helped create a German press in the occupied Polish territories. Muckel had been the publishing director of the Rheinische Landeszeitung and then briefly took part in the war as a soldier until he was wounded.

The premises and print shop were found at the newspaper La Dernière Heure , which was banned because of its alleged “liberal Freemason character” and had to hand it over to Muckel on the basis of instructions from military commander Alexander von Falkenhausen . The latter was able to convince the majority of the staff to work for the Brussels newspaper in the future. However, the leading positions were filled by Germans; the previous management dealt with administrative matters for a while, but then had to leave the field. Since the administrative area of ​​Falkenhausens also included northern France, the name Deutsche Zeitung was not used in Belgium , contrary to the previous naming scheme .

The quick start of the newspaper initially placed enormous demands on the editors, who had to work 16 hours a day. Since there were hardly any local contacts so far, the BZ was still heavily dependent on Berlin reports and articles at that time, which had to be delivered by plane and picked up by car from Melsbroek due to the interrupted telephone and radio connections . Sparing also had problems communicating with the Belgian staff; the lack of language skills of the typesetters , who had received a type case with umlauts from the German editors , led to the fact that the newspaper read “söben” instead of “just”. The aforementioned circumstances forced that the newspaper, with the exception of the Sunday edition, could not appear until the afternoon. As of July 18, it was possible to switch to the morning schedule and working conditions began to normalize.

After founding an advertising agency in November, which was to be followed by another in Antwerp at the beginning of September 1941 , the founding phase was so far completed that Viktor Muckel left the newspaper about a month later to set up the newly founded Pariser Zeitung , followed by his deputy Theo Hansen to. From the end of 1943 Hansen was Muckel's successor at the Pariser Zeitung , but remained with the BZ until its end, so that for a while he seems to have directed both newspapers at the same time. Sparing had already resigned his post in mid-October 1940 and from then on, like Muckel, worked in an old position at the Pariser Zeitung , where he also did not stay long. His successor was August Haase, a former Belgium correspondent for various newspapers. After the German attack, he was deported to France by the Belgian authorities and did not return until October, so he appeared in the newspaper as an outsider. However, he stayed for less than a year; on September 1, 1941, his status was reported as "out of town" until he was replaced by Heinrich Tötter in October . Tötter had previously been responsible for the political part and was appointed deputy shortly before Haase's departure. His articles were more moderate than those of his predecessor, who had preferred to write folkish texts with a radical coloration. Haase wrote another article in 1944, this time as a war correspondent for a propaganda company; therefore he was presumably drafted by the Wehrmacht .

In mid-1941 the company had grown so much that it employed almost 200 people, 160 of whom were Belgian. There were now only Germans in management positions. Since Muckel had not succeeded in acquiring the shares in the publishing house of Dernière Heure , a separate Belgian legal form had been founded, which from then on published the newspaper; Muckel and Hansen were each half involved. Finally, the BZ managed to get hold of the goods of the Société d'Editions et de Publicité . The latter was under the supervision of a German administrator who, with a sale in 1942, presented the former owners of the Societé with a fait accompli.

Frequency of publication, scope and special editions

The BZ first appeared on all weekdays with eight pages, towards the end of 1940 on Saturdays with ten and on Sundays with twelve pages. On Mondays the newspaper had four pages at all times. The increasing shortage of paper became clearly visible in the course of time, from June 1942 onwards there were only eight and ten pages respectively on Saturdays and Sundays. From the beginning of 1943 the newspaper appeared on Wednesdays and Fridays as well as four pages on Mondays and six pages on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. In May 1944, the Sunday edition was finally abolished. Overall, the number of pages halved between the fourth quarter of 1940 and September 1944.

During the first two years the newspaper published various special editions on Belgian breweries, the textile or furniture industry or the Cologne or Leipzig trade fair . These were then twice as extensive as usual. Sometimes there were special occasions like the attack at this time the Soviet Union also had extra sheets , which, however, no longer appeared after the tide had turned during the war. The increasing shortage of paper meant that the politico-military share of news grew at the expense of sections that were rather unimportant for propaganda, such as business and sport. While the size of the newspaper halved within four years, the price doubled in the same period.

In the first year the BZ still benefited from hoarded paper stocks, but like its Belgian competition it was also subject to paper rationing by the propaganda department and offered only a few pages more per week than the pro-German Volk en Staat and Le Nouveau Journal . Nevertheless, the BZ was considered so important for the soldiers that the propaganda department, despite its tense relationship with the editorial team, did not dare to make cuts.

The BZ used Antiqua instead of Fraktur , preceded by an order that printed products intended for foreign countries should only be delivered in this font.

Content and positioning

Editing, categories and design

The editorial office

The mostly young editors - mostly under 40 years old - came from different parts of the empire. They were assigned by their newspapers; their old employers and family members who remained behind received compensation for the duration of their absence, they received a good salary themselves, including reimbursement of housing costs, but some stayed in a hotel permanently. At no time did the editorial team consist of more than 15 editors and was subject to high fluctuation. One reason for the fluctuation is the relatively young average age of the editorial team, whose members could easily be withdrawn.

What was unusual for a German occupation newspaper at the time was that it employed a large number of female editors, including the newspaper scholar Herta Dörr, the young culture and local editor and later sociologist Imogen Seger , the Netherlands correspondent Annemarie Spitzfaden and other local editors - and political editors, some of which, however, did not stay long or did not appear particularly prominent.

Content rubrics of the BZ

An edition from 1942.

The political part occupied the largest part of the newspaper. The articles on the front page with a photo were framed by a gloss and an editorial , the latter varied thematically and was occasionally written by a person of high standing in the Reich. The column was supplemented by further political news, the official announcement of the High Command of the Wehrmacht , short reports, military news, reports from the German Reich and short opinion articles from the editors. There was also an international press review, which quoted primarily the German-friendly press. On another heavily illustrated page, the BZ occasionally dealt with a special topic such as the Rothschilds , the Todt Organization , the Belgian pre-war press or an English “cultural barbarism”.

The features section was the showpiece of the newspaper and contained longer general art-historical or philosophical considerations, short stories and serial novels, most of which dealt with wars, homeland issues or German-Flemish connections in the German cultural area. What stood out there was the typography with its carefully selected fonts and the illustration with beautiful photos, drawings, sketches and paintings. This made the newspaper stand out from the Belgian newspapers, even after the war. A special focus was on the promotion of Flemish art, which on the one hand should tie Flemish cultural personalities to the newspaper, on the other hand it should have a propagandistic effect on the population and especially on the soldiers, the aim was to suggest that the Flemish artists are committed to the Third Reich would have turned.

The business section contained a leading and shorter articles as well as news snippets and stock market reports. It was conducted with a firm hand, since the German military administration did not want to offend economic and financial circles, and its tone was sober. Since the autumn of 1943, the BZ no longer had a business editor; the lack of paper had the effect that from then on the rubric was either omitted or filled by freelancers. The editorial team of the column, which with other editors of the newspaper always had an outsider status, never comprised more than two employees.

In the local section there was a column about customs and anniversaries of large associations as well as reflections in the manner of a historical walk. The BZ did not have these items, which were more touristy and aimed at soldiers, exclusively; they were also found at its Amsterdam sister. In addition to guidelines for darkening, the section also contained concert and theater programs as well as current film events.

In addition to an editor, the sports section was mainly covered by correspondents; the reporting took place mainly on Mondays. In the first year the newspaper dealt with Belgian sport to the same extent as it did with German, and from September 1940 to February 1941 ran a weekly portrait of a Belgian athlete. In football, the focus was on the province of Brabant . In the first half of 1941 an attempt was made to arouse the interest of a local readership with a section aimed at Antwerp, but this was given up again in the summer. Brussels also disappeared more and more from the reporting, which became increasingly German-oriented; By early 1943, Belgian football had almost completely disappeared from the newspaper. The development of the sports section is an indication that the newspaper did not succeed in attracting a larger Belgian audience.

Advertisements, design elements and letters to the editor

There was no shortage of advertisements in the newspaper; after the first few weeks, in which large advertisements from important companies such as IG Farben , AEG , Henkel and Deutsche Bank were represented, Belgian companies also joined them. The newspaper's frequent target group were soldiers with a good fortune. The steady flow of ads was one of the constants on which BZ could build; This also explains why, according to Rienhardt, the occupation newspapers were not subsidized and, after initial help, were self-supporting.

The photos published in the newspaper were of good quality and came from our own staff or press agencies. The BZ used drawings, maps and statistics as graphic design elements that were created by a permanent Belgian employee from 1941 onwards. Up until 1943 caricatures by freelancers appeared only sporadically, since February 1943 the Brussels cartoonist Paul Jamin worked as a permanent employee for the newspaper and drew a caricature every day; after Mussolini's deposition , Victor Emanuel II served him as a kind of mascot .

With one exception, letters to the editor were only printed between February and April 1944, in which only praise for German achievements could be read. From the unpublished letters that have not yet been received, it can be deduced that apart from corrections and other criticism, the BZ was occasionally confronted with private concerns, so they received requests to prevent hostage-taking or deportations, on the other hand, the newspaper also received denunciations. Antwerp nationalists asked for the Flemish name of the street of the publishing house to be printed, which they did, but that did not seem to be enough because after a while it was placed before the French one. The editors also received one or the other threatening letter, which was informed that they were on a blacklist.

Correspondents and authors

Hendrik Elias , author for the BZ and later chairman of the Flemish National Association courted by the newspaper .

The BZ was able to fall back on a well-developed network of correspondents, in addition to two permanent employees, the aforementioned Annemarie Spitzfaden in The Hague and Franz Rodens in Paris (both from June 1941, the latter was part of the BZ editorial team until November 1940), there were also freelancers from Budapest , Lisbon , Madrid , Reval , Riga and Rome for the newspaper. Reports came from Scandinavia ( Helsinki , Copenhagen , Stockholm and Oslo ) as well as from Belgrade , Bucharest and Rome, as well as from experts on Scandinavian, Swiss , Indian , Chinese and Japanese political issues at irregular intervals . A further employee since November 1942 was the Sorbonne professor emeritus Louis Le Fur , after his death in February 1943 his colleague René Martel .

The local correspondent network had to be laboriously built up, so in October 1940 the newspaper placed an ad to which, in addition to unemployed journalists, people only interested in the press card and Flemish nationalists registered. In fact, by the end of the year it was possible to create a solid basis for reporting.

The number of authors represented in the BZ during its short existence was extremely high at around 2000. For the political part wrote u. a. University professors such as Hans Peter Ipsen , administrator of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Johann von Leers , known for his numerous anti-Semitic writings, and the Americanist Friedrich Schönemann , whose contributions dealt with the United States . In addition, articles by retired military personnel such as Franz Brüninghaus and Albert Benary as well as the former officer, journalist and military writer Wilhelm Ritter von Schramm have appeared . The personalities of the Third Reich represented in the paper include Joseph Goebbels , Alfred Rosenberg , Reich Labor Leader Konstantin Hierl and Reich Press Chief Otto Dietrich , his subordinates Karl Scharping , Helmut Sündermann and Hans Fritzsche as well as Paul Carell and Hasso von Wedel . Foreign authors such as the Italian ambassador Dino Alfieri and the French minister Marcel Déat were represented as well as German and Flemish celebrities from occupied Belgium such as the military administration chief Eggert Reeder, Cyriel Verschaeve , Hendrik Elias , Jef Van de Wiele , Franz Petri (cultural advisor of the military administration) and above all Walter Hailer from the press office of the military administration and the deputy regional group leader of the NSDAP (AO) Julius Reinhard Koch. In addition, numerous war reporters from the propaganda companies wrote for the newspaper.

One of the most important contributors to the feature pages was Franz Fromme , who as a permanent employee wrote articles on Flemish art from 1940 to 1944. The correspondents who contributed cultural news included Karl Jacobs , who reported from Lille and translated texts from Dutch, as well as Reich editor Jürgen Petersen and employees in Berlin, Munich and Vienna. In addition to Berlin's film and music life, the newspaper also featured news from many other major cities in the empire as well as from Luxembourg , The Hague, Brussels and Antwerp, and Flemings and Walloons also worked here. In the event that there was a lack of cultural news, the Romance studies professor Walter Mönch and the philosophers Franz Böhm , Paul Feldkeller and Rolf Göldel wrote further articles (Böhm and Göldel were Wehrmacht soldiers at that time (their last years of life)).

The economic section also had a number of employees, one of the most active was the lawyer and author Hans Peter Danielcik , the Flemish General Secretary for Economic Affairs from the Committee of General Secretaries Victor Leemans among the most famous . In addition, officials from the military administration made contributions. Until the end of 1941, the BZ received information from Alfons Colle from the Central Federation of Liberal Trade Unions, after which the number of articles on the Belgian economy decreased, which, apart from a lack of information, could also be explained by the fact that it was plundered.

The employees of the local section did not limit themselves to local events, but sometimes gave their articles a tourist touch. While this section was rather unprominent, the sports coverage from the Reich was covered by well-known journalists such as Friedebert Becker , Paul Laven and Jupp Wolff . In the beginning, when Belgian football was getting even more attention, the newspaper also had some local staff.

Propaganda and surveillance

The relationship between BZ and the propaganda department, which decided on paper rationing in Belgium, was tense.

The BZ used the first year to propagate the new order and to settle accounts with the Ancien Régime , which had not behaved neutrally (only parts of the pre-war press served as “evidence”); Deportations of supposed enemies of the state after the German attack were also deplored. In addition, the newspaper took apart the “liberal-democratic disorder” and the party system that was viewed as horse-trading. The free market - portrayed as the prey of the Jews - and cultural life that is too individualistic and too focused on France were also addressed, as was communal autonomy, portrayed as a symbol of small-scale disorganization. On the other hand, the military administration was praised, thanks to which work and a more controlled and social economy are now being created, all within a framework of greater cooperation with Germany, with which the Flemish culture should now form a unity. Flanders is no longer discriminated against, but is given the rights it is entitled to. The activities of the nationalist Auguste Borms were praised, but there was no aggressive advertising for Flemish nationalism.

But the tone became more negative over time. The newspaper saw usury at work and condemned it as well as Jews and Freemasons. Growing resentment in the population led the BZ to say that previous mildness should not be understood as weakness. From December 1940 she supported the Flemish National Association and kept silent about the Flemish SS in order to create a picture of unity. Germanophile artists such as Cyriel Verschaeve, Wies Moens , Raf Verhulst and Albert Servaes received a lot of attention. During this time August Haase wrote a large number of rather confused cultural-historical articles in which he highlighted connections between Flanders and Germany, on the other hand, Charles Maurras (anti-Semitic, but with a Germanophobic past) as well as Edmond Picard (also anti-Semite) and Henri Pirenne reviled as an advocate of the Belgian idea ( idée belge ).

The attack on the Soviet Union and the resulting tightened measures in Belgium led to growing resistance, which was now being tackled. From then on, many articles were recruiting for volunteers for the Eastern Front, which was also related to the fact that the newspaper now occasionally focused on Wallonia. The Rex movement, which was by now forced to collaborate with the occupiers , was only given attention if it was in line with the newspaper's advertising objectives. With the military turning point after the Battle of Stalingrad , the tone against the resistance was intensified again. An Allied invasion could only lead to annihilation after the BZ - they used the bombing raids on Belgian territory as well as the battle of Monte Cassino and later the destruction during Operation Overlord - and thus cause an even greater evil, a Bolshevik one Revolution. The newspaper held fast to its apocalyptic incantations to the end.

The BZ was also affected by the side effects of various agencies under National Socialism, which at the same time sought to secure their influence. In Belgium, Walter Hailer was officially entrusted with the censorship of military reporting, but he expanded his position to that of de facto press chief, which in addition to the propaganda department, another actor came on the scene. From September 1941 he wrote comments for the newspaper, which, despite being part of the Franz-Eher-Verlag, also served as a mouthpiece for the military administration. That the exhibited ideas about the future of Belgium also caused friction with the Belgian authorities became clear when an article advocated a reorganization of the Belgian economy based on the German model, whereupon Oscar Plisnier , like BZ author Victor Leemans, became a member of the committee the general secretary, who is responsible for the financial area, felt compelled to rebut it.

The BZ did not always meet the requirements of the propaganda department, which was influenced by Goebbels' people, so it wrote illegally about Jozef-Ernest Van Roey's pastoral letter , in which he addressed the demand for church bells, as well as about the appointment of Josef Grohé as Reich Commissioner, which was also prohibited. On the other hand, it did not broadcast the Victory sign as requested by the propaganda department and hardly responded to the cardinal's protests against the Allied air raids on Belgium. The political activities of the German-Flemish Working Group (DeVlag), which favored an annexation of Flanders to Germany, were ignored by the newspaper until mid-1943, while DeVlag received support from the Propaganda Department, instead the BZ drew public support from the Flemish National Association in front. Nevertheless, she was not more objective in her reporting than other newspapers and used her greater freedom in the sense that she decided against or for whom she stood up at what point in the National Socialist sense. Even if the BZ illegally picked up Van Roey's pastoral letter, it did so in a very harsh manner. Nevertheless, the historian Ivo Schöffer conceded that it was less Nazi than the Deutsche Zeitung in the Netherlands .

Distribution and Readership

"BRUSSELS ZEITUNG, we, little David, declare war on you, great Goliath!" The Belgian resistance was also one of the readers of the BZ.

The circulation of the BZ fluctuated greatly and was exposed to various circumstances. It appeared in two editions, one "not for sale" for soldiers and one for civilians. The title could often differ, but the content remained the same except for the articles that followed. Problems caused the sometimes several days late delivery of the newspaper within Belgium, which could also be found a year after it was founded; The reasons were relocations of the soldiers, their anonymity and the negligence between the various stations between the printer and the reader. The most important reason, however, was the degree of secrecy that was maintained about the location and number of troops in Belgium. As a result, the distribution was changed so that the BZ did not go directly to the soldiers, but was delivered via various channels to the district commanderships and the field post , which ultimately delivered the newspaper. From then on, the Belgian soldiers received the BZ early in the morning, and those in northern France a few hours later. This gave her a lead of half a day to a full day ahead of the German competition, which made her very popular.

The BZ was also delivered abroad, for example to the Rhineland, where it was quite popular.

Like the other occupation newspapers, the majority of the circulation went to soldiers, the proportion of copies delivered to the other Germans in the country and the population is usually estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 copies. The newspaper was also delivered abroad, in addition to France, the Netherlands and Germany, where it was particularly popular in the Rhineland . 20,000–40,000 copies were sold there, which may also have been due to the higher quality compared to German newspapers. The total circulation, influenced by troop movements, started with 66,000 copies and was already 214,000 copies in September 1940, 150,000 of which went to soldiers. At the end of the year it was 160,000 copies. With the appearance of the Pariser Zeitung , the French market had ceased to exist in January 1941, causing the circulation to drop to 96,000 copies by the end of that year. The following year the circulation rose again to 170,000 copies, on Saturdays, when many soldiers spent their weekend in Brussels, it came to a number of 200,000. The highest value ever reached was 245,000 copies. Even after relocations to the German-Russian front or other theaters of war, many held on to their subscription, around 20,000 copies went to such particularly loyal subscribers of the newspaper. The BZ was thus well above the numbers of its northern and western European sister newspapers, which mostly did not get much more than 50,000 copies.

The Belgian readership is generally composed of mostly Brussels and Flemish intellectual, industrial and commercial circles, among whom knowledge of German was the most widespread, and, as already mentioned in relation to the letters to the editor, they also included Flemish nationalists. The BZ and its sister newspapers were also read by the allied British and American Abwehr. The occupation newspapers were often of even more interest than the domestic German press, as they provided valuable information about the actions and views of the occupation authorities scattered across Europe. The Belgian resistance was also among the readers, as can be seen from the mentions in its leaflets and pamphlets .

The last year

Last year, the continual decline of the empire had a marked impact on the newspaper. The scarcity of paper ensured that, given the priority of political news, other sections were reduced to a rudimentary level. Business, sports and local food were merged on a single page, making the first two sections practically insignificant. As the war situation deteriorated, so did the hostility of the population. At the end of March 1944, a fatal incident occurred when a German photographer who worked for the newspaper was shot by resistance members. The year before, they had already started to secure the offices like a fortress. The fluctuation, possibly also caused by coercive measures, did the rest to let the mood in the editorial office sink to a low point.

At the end of August 1944 the situation had become untenable and the evacuation had to be initiated, leaving only staff directly connected to the newspaper. Much of the records were destroyed in order to dispose of potentially compromising material. The last edition was printed in Brussels on the night of August 30th to 31st. The following day, the propaganda company used the otherwise empty print shop to print some soldiers' newspapers and leaflets. On September 3, she too withdrew; the board with the lettering of the Brussels newspaper was removed again so that the one of the Dernière Heure was visible again, the aim was to prevent the offices from being devastated.

Reich Commissioner Grohé brought part of the editorial team to Mönchengladbach ; Tötter, his deputy Robert Schmelzer and another editor had to drive a wood gas truck on their return journey through partisan territory, which finally had to be left behind after driving over Crows feet in Maastricht , so that the editors were transported to Germany with the help of the Todt organization. In Mönchengladbach they still worked on two issues of the BZ, which probably only went to soldiers. With this action, which probably served to hide the withdrawal of the newspaper, the history of the BZ came to an end.

BZ employees after the war

Many of the employees continued their work elsewhere after the war, but not the founding editor-in-chief Sparing , who died in Soviet captivity in 1955. Before the end of the war, Tötter and Schmelzer had been imposed by the Gauleitung immediately after the end of the BZ of the Kölnische Zeitung , the former also taking over the editor-in-chief there again. After the war he was in the same position in several regional newspapers, u. a. of the Mainzer Allgemeine Zeitung , during his time with this newspaper he also taught journalism at the local university . His deputy Schmelzer was from 1947 to 1967 editor and later editor-in-chief of the Ruhr-Nachrichten and in personal union of the Westfalenpost . Then he was editor-in-chief of the Frankfurter Neue Presse until 1979 .

Cartoonist Paul Jamin , who worked for other newspapers during the occupation, was sentenced to death for collaboration but was finally released after seven years in prison; he then worked for the satirical newspaper Pan . Hugo Grüssen, in the final phase of the political editor of the BZ, was at times Bonn correspondent for nine newspapers at the same time.

Viktor Muckel , publishing director during the development phase, also continued his work for other newspapers; shortly before the end of the war he was again the publishing director of the Rheinische Landeszeitung and then deputy managing director (publishing director) of the FAZ . His successor Theo Hansen became the publishing director of the Nordwest-Zeitung .

List of publishing directors and editors-in-chief

Publishing Directors
Viktor Muckel 1940
Theo Hansen 1940-1944
Editors-in-chief
Rudolf Sparing 1940
August Haase 1940-1941
Heinrich Tötter 1941-1944

literature

  • Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 41–83 (Falter is the nephew of Jacob Frank , the head of personnel at the Brussels newspaper from Eupen at the time ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 48–49. The West Front was not completely discontinued, as one could see from Eggert's statement, but merely relocated to Paris (Heinz-Werner Eckhardt: Die Frontzeitungen des Deutschen Heeres 1939–1945 . Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, Vienna / Stuttgart 1975 (= Series of publications by the Institute for Journalism at the University of Vienna; Volume 1), ISBN 3-7003-0080-8 , p. 48).
  2. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 43–44. The Europa-Verlag represented a change of name to the empty shell company Rheinische Verlagsanstalt (Thomas Tavernaro: The publishing house of Hitler and the NSDAP. The Franz Eher Successor GmbH. Edition Praesens, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7069-0220-6 , p. 75).
  3. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 49.
  4. ^ Friedemann Siering: Newspaper for Germany. The founding generation of the Frankfurter Allgemeine. In: Lutz Hachmeister , Friedemann Siering (ed.): The gentlemen journalists. The elite of the German press after 1945. Munich 2002, ISBN 3-406-47597-3 , pp. 55–56. Rolf Falter erroneously suspected that Muckel had been the publishing director at Cologne West German Observer , although he correctly stated two paragraphs earlier that Muckel worked in Düsseldorf (Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 51).
  5. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 51–52.
  6. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 52–53.
  7. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944). In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 54.
  8. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 53.
  9. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 64–65.
  10. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 53–54.
  11. ↑ a b Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 57.
  12. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 56–57.
  13. ↑ Otto Thomae: The Propaganda Machine. Fine arts a. Public relations in the Third Reich. Mann, Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-7861-1159-6 , pp. 183-185. At the same time dissertation Berlin 1976.
  14. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 50.
  15. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 63–64.
  16. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 83 (number of editors) and 77 (fluctuation and its reasons).
  17. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 67 u. 73 as well as Joachim S. Heise: For Company, God and Fatherland. Company war magazines in the First World War. The example of Hanover . Series Hannoversche Studies , Volume 9, Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover 2000, ISBN 3-7752-4959-1 , S 31. Also dissertation Hanover 1999.
  18. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 71 u. Biography of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann .
  19. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 69.
  20. ^ Further editors after Rolf Falter: De Bruxelles Zeitung (1940–1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 67 (Lore Stehberger), 74 (Renata Michniewicz) a. 75 (Hildegard Mark). The Deutsche Zeitung in the Netherlands, for example, had no female editors (Gabriele Hoffmann: Nazi Propaganda in the Netherlands: Organization and Steering of Journalism . Saur, Munich-Pullach / Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-7940-4021-X , pp. 87-88 , Footnote 154).
  21. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 65.
  22. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 70–72.
  23. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 73.
  24. ↑ Tourist-oriented local section of the Deutsche Zeitung in the Netherlands according to Gabriele Hoffmann: Nazi Propaganda in the Netherlands: Organization and control of journalism . Saur, Munich-Pullach / Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-7940-4021-X , p. 85. Remainder from Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 74.
  25. ↑ a b Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 75–76.
  26. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 76.
  27. ↑ Heinz-Werner Eckhardt: The front newspapers of the German army 1939-1945 . Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagbuchhandlung, Vienna / Stuttgart 1975, ISBN 3-7003-0080-8 (= series of publications by the Institute for Journalism at the University of Vienna; Volume 1), p. 7.
  28. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 76-77.
  29. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 57–58.
  30. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 66 u. 69-70.
  31. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 74.
  32. ^ Wrongly written as "Fritsche" by Falter (Rolf Falter: De Bruxelles Zeitung (1940–1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 69).
  33. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 60 u. 68-69.
  34. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 71–72. Death of Böhm in captivity after Hans Jörg Sandkühler : Philosophy in National Socialism. To forget? Repressed? Remind? Meiner, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7873-1937-4 , p. 94. As with many other authors, also published by Rolf Werner Göldel (born April 12, 1911 in Leipzig, life data after his published dissertation The teaching of the Identity in German logic science since Lotze. Hirzel, Leipzig 1935, p. 449) also in other occupation newspaper articles ( Deutsche Zeitung in the Netherlands , Deutsche Zeitung in Ostland , available at delpher.nl and periodika.lndb.lv).
  35. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 73–74. As the contact person, Falter mentions A. Colle that it is Alfons Colle and not his son Armand Colle, who was also active in the union, can only be derived from the second evidence listed by Falter (Els de Bens: De Belgische dagbladpers onder Duitse censuur (1940-1944) . De Nederlandsche Boekhandel, Antwerpen / Utrecht 1973, ISBN 90-289-9883-7 , p. 283).
  36. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 78–79.
  37. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 79.
  38. ↑ On the loss of the remaining Flemish members, cf. Lukas de Vos, Yves T'Sjoen, Ludo Stynen: Verbrande schrijvers: “culturele” collaboratie in Vlaanderen (1933–1953) . Academia Press, Gent 2009, ISBN 978-90-382-1509-9 , p. 192. Remainder from Rolf Falter: De Brusselser Zeitung (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 80.
  39. ↑ a b Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 81.
  40. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 60 u. 62.
  41. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 63.
  42. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 60–61.
  43. ^ Ivo Schöffer: Het national-socialist beeld van de geschiedenis der Nederlanden. A historiographical and bibliographical study . New edition by Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2006, ISBN 90-5356-895-6 , p. 273 (originally published by Van Loghem Slaterus, Arnheim / Amsterdam 1956. Dissertation Amsterdam 1956). dbnl.org , dbnl.org (PDF).
  44. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 54–55.
  45. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 55–56.
  46. ↑ The following is the highest value that can be found in the literature, i.e. H. there may have been even higher values ​​(in the case of the first-mentioned sheets), but these should not represent any major leaps, also due to the short period of publication of the occupation newspapers.
    German newspaper in the Netherlands : 54,500 (Gabriele Hoffmann: Nazi propaganda in the Netherlands: Organization and control of journalism . Saur, Munich-Pullach / Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-7940-4021-X , p. 89).
    Both editions of the Pariser Zeitung together around 55,000 (Andreas Laska: Presse et propaganda en France occupée: des Moniteurs officiels (1870–1871) à la Gazette des Ardennes (1914–1918) et à la Pariser Zeitung (1940–1944) . Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-8316-0293-X , p. 267 (French, with a German summary; also a dissertation on the history of the press using the “Cotutelle procedure”)).
    German newspaper in Norway : 98,000 ( entry in the Norske Leksikon store ).
  47. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 58.
  48. ↑ Oron J. Hale: Press in the straitjacket 1933-45 . Droste, Düsseldorf 1965, p. 281.
  49. ↑ Examples of mentions:
    De Vrijheid , edition 3, August 1940 (particularly detailed)
    L'Espoir ,     no.5 , May 1941
    Jong België     ,     no.7 , February 1944 (vol. 3)
  50. ↑ a b Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 82.
  51. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, pp. 81–82.
  52. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 82. Falter writes of “probably” September 2nd, but meanwhile it is certain that there was an edition for this day, cf. Edition by The Belgian War Press and entry for the BZ in the catalog of the German National Library.
  53. ↑ Erika Martens: For example the realm . Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1972, ISBN 3-8046-8459-9 , p. 74 u. Hans Dieter Müller (ed.): Facsimile cross section through the empire . Scherz, Bern / Munich 1964, p. 11.
  54. ^ Kurt Weinhold: The story of a newspaper house, 1620-1945. A chronicle 1945-1970 . Verlag M.DuMont Schauberg, Cologne 1969, ISBN 3-7701-2478-2 , p. 293.
  55. ^ Editor-in-chief according to Tobias Eberwein, Daniel Müller (ed.): Journalism and the public: A profession and its social mission . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-15759-7 , p. 492 u. Federal Archives - Central Database Legacies: Heinrich Tötter. Teaching activity according to Wolfgang Duchkowitsch, Fritz Hausjell, Bernd Semrad (eds.): The spiral of silence. On dealing with National Socialist newspaper studies , LIT, Münster 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-7278-6 , p. 111, footnote 58.
  56. ^ Editor-in-chief of Ruhr-Nachrichten and Westfalenpost after Wolf Bierbach: The new WDR . Grote Verlagsbuchhandlung, Grote 1978, ISBN 3-7745-6387-X , p. 433. Editor-in-chief of the Frankfurter Neue Presse after eleven FNP editors-in-chief . In: Taunus-Zeitung , January 9, 2012.
  57. ↑ Mark van den Wijngaert, Vincent Dujardin: België zonder koning: 1940-1950. De 10 jaar dat Belgium had geen koning. Lannoo Uitgeverij, Tielt 2006, ISBN 90-209-6297-3 , p. 120.
  58. ^ Political editor based on Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940–1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 67. Correspondent after the CDU crisis - memory of Kronstadt . In: Der Spiegel . No. 47 , 1964, pp. 29 ( online ).
  59. ^ Andreas Laska: Presse et propaganda en France occupée: des Moniteurs officiels (1870–1871) à la Gazette des Ardennes (1914–1918) et à la Pariser Zeitung (1940–1944) . Utz , Munich 2003, ISBN 3-8316-0293-X (French, with a German summary; also press history dissertation in the "Cotutelle procedure"), p. 405 and Kurt Pritzkoleit: Who owns Germany . Kurt Desch publishing house, Vienna / Munich / Basel 1957, p. 223.
  60. ^ Andreas Laska: Presse et propaganda en France occupée: des Moniteurs officiels (1870–1871) à la Gazette des Ardennes (1914–1918) et à la Pariser Zeitung (1940–1944) . Utz , Munich 2003, ISBN 3-8316-0293-X (French, with a German summary; also press history dissertation in the “Cotutelle procedure”), p. 404 and Institute for Journalism at the Free University of Berlin (ed.): Die Deutsche Presse 1961 . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1961, p. 128.
  61. ^ Rolf Falter: De Brussels newspaper (1940-1944) . In: Historica Lovaniensia , 137, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Faculty of History), Löwen 1982, p. 42, footnote 3.