Wood anemone

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Bush anemone
Wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa)

Wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Anemone ( Anemone )
Type : Bush anemone
Scientific name
Anemone nemorosa
L.

The Buschwindröschen or wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa ) is a plant of the genus Anemone ( Anemone ) in the family Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae). It is common in temperate Eurasia .

description

Illustration of the wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa )
Collective fruit with nuts, still unripe

Appearance and leaves

The wood anemone grows as a pre-summer green, perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 11 to 25 centimeters. An underground, about 30 centimeters long, creeping rhizome serves as a storage and persistence organ . It continues to grow at one end and forms the bud, but dies at the other end. The rhizome branches sympodially . The terminal shoot bud arises from a scale. A stalked, finger-shaped base leaf is only formed after the flowering period .

Flower and fruit

During the flowering period at the beginning of first spring between March and April / May there are no basal leaves. In the upper third of the stem are arranged in a whorl (whorl) three clearly, at least 1 centimeter long stalked, each palm-shaped three-part bracts with roughly sawn sections. The leaf sections are two to three times as long as they are wide. They protect the flower buds and thus take over the function of the missing calyx .

Usually the wood anemone develops only one flower (rarely two) per plant specimen. The flower stalk arises from the union of the three bracts and is covered with numerous small hairs that curve upwards. The flower contains six to eight (rarely: twelve) white, outwardly slightly pink tinted tepals . They are arranged in two circles. They form an elongated-elliptical shape. The petal tip is usually rounded, but occasionally slightly notched. Numerous stamens with white stamens and yellow anthers surround about 10 to 20 ingrown, elongated and downy hairy carpels . This sitting of the slightly curved flower axis and go into a short and upturned stylus over. Analogous to the number of fertilized carpels, nuts develop in a collective fruit . The lonely nuts are densely hairy and short bristly.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is n = 8, 12, 16, 2n = 30, 32, 45 were detected.

ecology

pollination

Way of life

The wood anemone's perennial buds are located on its rhizome at a depth of more than one centimeter below the surface of the earth. Its life form therefore corresponds to that of a rhizome geophyte . The wood anemone belongs to the spring green plants with regard to the foliage rhythm . The leaves shoot in early spring. After the seeds have been scattered, the above-ground parts of the plant move in during early summer. The nutrients for the next growing season are stored in the rhizome.

Flower ecology

In terms of flower ecology , it is "pollen disk flowers". The white color of the simple flower envelope , the perigon , is caused by total reflection of the light at the interfaces between the cells and the air-filled intercellular spaces . The strong UV absorption, which makes the perigone appear dark, is important for the flower visitors. Pollinators are different insects . A more intensive flower visit is rarely observed. Self-pollination can also occur.

The flowers are closed at night and in cool weather due to growth movements ; the outside of the petal grows faster than the top at low temperatures. The beginning of flowering of the wood anemone is considered to be the onset of first spring.

Propagation ecology

The fruit stalks are directed downwards at fruit time. This one is gravity propagation and spread by ants allows. The latter is supported by the very short, thick fruit stalks that serve as elaiosomes . The fruit ripens in May. The embryo therefore initially only consists of a few cells. The wood anemone is a germ of light and frost .

The vegetative propagation takes place through branching of the rhizome. It is not uncommon for one plant specimen (clone) to have over 100 flower stems.

Toxicity

All parts of the plant are poisonous. The main active ingredient is the protoanemonin , which is converted to the ineffective anemonin during drying , and other unknown toxins.

Diseases

The rhizomes of the wood anemone are quite often parasitized by the anemone cupling. The leaves of the wood anemone are attacked by the rust fungi Tranzschelia fusca and Ochropsora ariae .

Occurrence

Wood anemone in the beech forest (bottom left beech seedlings)

The distribution area mainly includes western and central Europe, which is more atlantic to subcontinental, and parts of Asia from the plains to the mountains (in Austria up to 2000 meters above sea ​​level). In the Allgäu Alps it rises almost up to 2000 meters above sea level. With the exception of the coastal marshes and similar forest-free landscapes, Germany is largely densely populated.

The wood anemone is a typical spring geophyte that forms the herbaceous layer in forests , while the trees do not yet have any leaves in spring. Since the wood anemone has high demands on light, the entire life cycle of the plant takes place in spring. Often large areas are occupied by this sociable growing species and covered with a white carpet of flowers. Moderately fresh to moist, nutrient-rich, deep, loamy garbage soils in deciduous deciduous forests (e.g. mixed beech forests , oak-hornbeam forests, hardwood forests), sloe bushes and, secondarily, in poor oat meadows are populated. It is a species of beech and deciduous oak forests of Europe (Querco-Fagetea class). The wood anemone is considered to be ecologically moderately demanding in terms of site conditions; it is a little more indifferent than the yellow anemone with which it can appear syntopically .

If the yellow anemone and the wood anemone occur in the same habitat, in rare cases hybrids with a pale yellow flower color occur. The hybrid bears the botanical name Anemone × seemenii . Synonyms are Anemone × intermedia (bastard anemone ) or Anemone × lipsiensis (Leipzig anemone ). Under the latter name, which goes back to several occurrences near Leipzig, the plant is also available in gardening shops.

In the garden, the wood anemone thrives best in undisturbed places under trees. An occasional addition of humus is sufficient for maintenance. Every soil cultivation measure disturbs the plant in its development.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Anemone nemorosa was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum . A homonym is Anemone nemorosa Schangin in the latest Nordic contributions to physical and ... 6, 1793, p. 34. The scientific name Anemone nemorosa is made up of the generic name anemone , which is derived from the Greek word anemos for wind and the specific epithet nemorosa , which comes from the Latin word nemorosus / -a / -um for "shady, wooded".

Common names

This plant species is popularly known as the witch flower, in Switzerland also as the goat flower or the goat flower. For the wood anemone , the common names Aeschabluomen ( St. Gallen bei Gaster ), Aprilenblume (Sommerfeld), Aprilenhahnenfuss ( Silesia ), Augenblume ( East Friesland ), Augewurz ( East Prussia ), Bettsaichern (St. Gallen) are or were, in some cases only regionally, , Eierbluome (St. Gallen in the Lower Rhine Valley), Gaisanägeli (St. Gallen in Untertoggenburg ), Gaisglöggli (St. Gallen in Toggenburg ), Gastglöggli ( Appenzell ), Geistblüemli ( Lucerne , St. Gallen in Toggenburg), Geissblumen ( Bern ), Gockeler ( Augsburg ), Guggechblume ( Switzerland ), Gugguche (Switzerland), Hahnefüssel (Silesia), Hanotterblom ( Altmark ), Hazel flower, Heinanemone, white wood flower (Henneberg), Käsblümchen ( Eifel near Kirchweiler ), Käsflower (Henneberg, Erzgebirge ), Cat flower ( Henneberg near Epdorf ), Kukuksblume (Eifel near Uelner ), Licht , Lick, Luck ( Tübingen ), Luk (Tübingen), Merzaglöggli (St. Gallen in Toggenburg), Merzenblume, Morgendämmcher ( Transylvania , Zuckmantel ), Ostblome ( Delmenhorst ), Easter blome ( Bremen ), Osterblueme (St. Gallen in the Lower Rhine Valley), Schneeglöggli (St. Gallen in the lake district ), Schneekaterl ( Salzburg ), Storchblume ( Brandenburg , Swabia ), Tubateckel (St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley ), wild violets (Silesia), Waldglöckli ( Bernese Oberland ), grouse (Oldenburg ), Forest hens, white forest heels, forest heelin (East Prussia), white forest violets (East Prussia), water flower ( Vogtland ), Weißäugel ( Waldbrühl ), Wissi Steibluoma (St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley), Witte Oeschen ( Mecklenburg , Pomerania ), Witte Oeschken (Mecklenburg , Pomerania), Wittögschen, Zegenblaume ( Göttingen ) and Zitlosa (St. Gallen in the Upper Rhine Valley) are used.

history

Left: Vitus outlet 1479: Anemone nemorosa . Middle: Vitus Auslasser 1479: Anemone ranunculoides . Right: Otto Brunfels 1532: Anemone nemorosa

In the Sanickel chapter of his small distilling book from 1500, Hieronymus Brunschwig first mentioned the wood anemone . He called it "regen würmlin". It grows with white flowers in May and soon disappears again. After Vitus Auslasser roughly sketched the wood anemone and the yellow wood anemone in 1479 , Hans Weiditz depicted the wood anemone in 1532 in Otto Brunfels' German herbal book . There it was called "a vnbekant forest herb".

Hieronymus Bock described the wood anemone in his herbal book in 1539 as the "third hemp foot or white ranunculus":

“… The third Hanenfůß or like Ramunculus / grows in the woods / is split apart like the other Hanenfůß or ſchier like Sanickel ſchwartz green. Won in the middle of the leaf on the eym ſtengel in the beginning of the apprillen / eyn eintzige wieſs body color blům / like eyn blům from eym apffel baum. The root is braided in the Grundt eyns rocken halms dick. Brent vnd ​​wrinkles his tongue like the smacked Hanenfuß. ... from the names. ... The third Ramunculum in the woods is called Apprillen bloom. "

In his Latin Kreuterbuch published in 1542 Leonhart Fuchs led the species under the Swabian name "Weißes waldhenle" (= white wood grouse; Ranunculi quarta species lactea = wood anemone ) together with "Gelbß waldhenle" ( Anemone ranunculoides ; Ranunculi quarta species lutea = yellow anemone ) under the group of buttercups ( Ranunculus ), which can still be considered correct today (belonging to the buttercup family ). The use of the word cockerel is still used today as "mountain cockerel" in the related species narcissus anemone ( Anemone narcissiflora ).

philately

A German postage stamp with the value 155 cents shows the wood anemone.

photos

  • Blooming aspect on forest floor

  • Wood anemones, group

  • Close up of a flower from above

  • Close up of a flower from the side

  • Group of wood anemones on forest floor

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Wood anemone. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 4th edition. BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0053-3 , p. 568 .
  3. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 525.
  5. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 541, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D541%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  6. ↑ Anemone nemorosa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 28 f., Online.
  8. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 103v (digitized version )
  9. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Contrafeyt Kreueterbuch. Strasbourg 1532, p. 111 (digitized version)
  10. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, book I, cap. 30 (digitized version)
  11. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . De historia stirpium. (Basel 1542) Lyon 1549 edition, p. 162 (digitized version)

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 (reprint from 1994).

Web links

Commons : Wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files