Choreography (fan culture)

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Choreo in the Volksparkstadion at the Hamburg city derby on February 16, 2011
Choreography of the fans of Olympique Marseille in the Stade Vélodrome , 31st matchday of Ligue 1 2014/15 .

A choreography - or “choreo” for short - is a unique scenographically staged grandstand image at a sporting event, which is usually shown shortly before the teams arrive until the game starts. By means of large-scale compositions and the emphatic effect of light on the masses, organized fan groups attract visual attention , which, through broadcasting on television or social media, goes beyond presentation to themselves and the stadium visitors on site. Choreos have a decorative ( ornament ) and performance character. They are part of the fan culture .

Active agent

Paper choreo in the Millerntorstadion

A choreography can contain light, decoration and text elements. When decorating means serve paper ( confetti , colored slip, toilet paper , paper rolls, wallpaper, Coaster / felts, Pilsdeckchen ), cardboard , plastic films , textile fabrics (Banner, (block) flags, scarves) and balloons . Occasionally, stage technology such as rope pulls and auxiliary structures made of plastic rods , wooden slats , fiber structure tape and cable ties are also used.

A choreo is illuminated and fogged by the burning of pyrotechnic movements . Are used pyrotechnics as torches , Bengal fire , fog pots and sparklers rare, even fireworks .

aesthetics

The visual stimulus results from the simultaneous and sequential interaction of colored surfaces, text, images, light, smoke and movement. Choreographies can extend over one, several or all stands of a stadium. Comparable to a tableau vivant (French for “living image”), a choreography is a representation of an artistic work by living people.

subjects

The choreos are mostly related to the sporting occasion ( derby , possible league change , rivalry) and honor their own club (history, anniversary, tradition), its insignia (club colors, emblem), deserving athletes (key players, living legends , idols ), coaches and teams (championships, cup competitions). In the second row of irregularities are sporting associations (sports policy, corruption), and sports TV (fragmenting start of the game entry, biased coverage), the executive ( repression , Fanauflagen, stadiums , security controls ) and functionaries ( commercialization , eventisation) discussed. Your own fan culture and a commitment to the club should always be expressed and your own team should be motivated.

Media review

Television is not only an objective reporter of a live event, but also creates a reality through the selection of the images itself and thus becomes "an actor in a theatrical arena created by this very image production, the other actors of which are the football professionals and the fans." and international football associations and television broadcasters pursue different strategies in their sports reporting with regard to the reproduction of events that disrupt well-organized football, such as violent confrontations in the stands, banners with critical or insulting messages, pyrotechnics and speedsters .

Project planning

The public display of the temporary work is planned almost exclusively by organized fan groups, designed financed, procured, prepared and carried out, requires law but the approval of the House legal hold-off stadium operator. Funding is secured by the performative fan scene through donation campaigns and membership fees. Most ultra groups categorically reject financial donations from the association or sponsorship by companies. A stadium-wide block flag can cost up to € 20,000.

motivation

According to Utz and Benke, the four decisive attributes of ultraculture are solidarity , masculinity , triumphant success and territorial sovereignty . As fans present themselves through choreos and flags, cheer and sing along, they break through the fourth wall , swap auditorium and stage for one another and turn from consumer to performer. The architect and philosopher Georg Franck postulates the motivation :

“Getting other people's attention is the most irresistible of all drugs. Your reference outweighs any other income. That is why fame is above power, that is why wealth pales next to prominence. "

controversy

Choreography in the north fan block of SK Sturm Graz

While purely decorative choreos are welcomed by clubs and associations and published with gratitude by the mass media , according to the former DFL managing director Holger Hieronymus, the "dangerous use of pyro technology is not, as repeatedly claimed, an integral part of fan culture" .

The possession, traffic and use of pyrotechnics can, depending on its classification and the amount of pyrotechnic charge , violate laws, explosives and fire protection regulations , the stadium regulations, accident prevention regulations and the (safety) guidelines of an association and the judiciary , the Stadium operators (as the holder of the domiciliary rights ) and a sports jurisdiction are prosecuted and punished, resulting in an ongoing dissent between supporters of a controlled use of pyrotechnics and their opponents. Questions of operator and accident liability or accident insurance protection are also the subject of controversy. The grossly negligent and intentionally violent use of pyrotechnic objects in the stadium and the resulting injuries to uninvolved fans, security guards, referees, athletes and minors discredits the position of advocates of controlled pyrotechnics and reduces the willingness of associations and clubs to engage in dialogue.

With the development of "cold Bengali torches", which are intended to reduce the risk potential due to a significantly lower burning temperature, the aim of Denmark is to make Bengali fires officially permissible in the stadium in the long term. In Norway and the USA there were already individual areas in stadiums in 2005 in which certain types of pyrotechnics could be burned down in a controlled manner.

The dialogue with security forces is also made more difficult by unorganized "riot tourists" who use the anonymity of the masses.

Former DFB President Theo Zwanziger wrote in 2012 in his biography Die Zwanziger : “The DFB Presidium and League President Reinhard Rauball have always taken the clear position that it is not legally possible to legalize Bengali fires, firecrackers and rockets in the stadium without Breaking laws. "

According to the fan researcher Prof. Dr. For Harald Lange, pyros "have become symbols, they look huge, and that phenomenologically fits the choreographies and other representations." In his opinion, the fan motto is: "It's a conflict, yes, but it's our mark."

Facts in the German-speaking legal area

Switzerland (football)

The Swiss “Guidelines of the SFL Committee regarding the enactment of stadium bans of February 3, 2006 (revised version of January 25, 2008)” (based on Art. 8 Para. 4 and Art. 20 of the SFL Safety Regulations (SiRegl)) defined in "Chapter III Facts - Article 7 - Ordinary cases": "In the following cases (no exhaustive list) of misconduct in connection with the implementation of an international or national sporting event, a stadium ban is pronounced against a person: e) Violations of the Explosives Act (including Carrying and / or burning pyrotechnic objects) "

At the Zurich derby on October 2, 2011, a fan of FC Zurich threw a burning pedard into the fan section of the Grasshopper Club Zurich , where the hot torch hit a spectator and injured his shoulder. A court sentenced the petard thrower to two years' conditional imprisonment . Referee Sascha Kever ended the game in the 77th minute after violent fanfare. The city derby went down in Swiss football history as the “ Shame of Zurich ”.

Germany

Due to the assembly regulations of the federal states, operators of stadiums and organizers of league games are obliged, subject to a fine , to prevent the use of pyrotechnics. If pyrotechnics are used within the scope of the regulations on places of assembly, then the approval of the fire brigade is always required when using the lower classes (Section 35 (2) MVStättVO 2005). There is no uniform jurisprudence in Germany.

With a judgment of March 11, 2015, the Hanover District Court decided (file number: 223 Ds 375/14) that igniting “Bengalos” in the stadium can constitute attempted dangerous bodily harm according to Section 224 . In a judgment of April 12, 2013, the Wolfsburg District Court (file number: 6b Ls 350 8618/12) ruled that the burning of Bengalos does not constitute a crime according to Section 330a of the German Criminal Code (1) "Serious risk from the release of poisons". In a judgment of August 11, 2015, the Hamm Higher Regional Court (file number: 5 RVs 80/15) convicted a 25-year-old planner of a Bengalo campaign in which at least eight were not involved in the campaign due to toxic gases in accordance with Section 224 of the Criminal Code (StGB) Fans sometimes suffered considerable smoke inhalation, resulting in a prison sentence of 18 months.

With a judgment of September 22, 2016, the Federal Court of Justice ruled :

"If a spectator of a soccer game throws an ignited explosive device at another part of the grandstand, he can contractually claim damages for a damage caused to the club in accordance with § 9a No. 1 and 2 of the legal and procedural rules of the German Football Association e. V. are liable for the fine imposed. "

This means that clubs can, in principle, reclaim fines imposed by the DFB for the use of pyrotechnics in the stadium from the polluter.

history

The traditional English-inspired fan culture of situational stadium chants and chants , a culture of words, is increasingly giving way to large-scale expression: “The British stadium culture matched the Protestant form of the oratorio , a religious singspiel performed by the choir and orchestra . The theatrical imagery of the ultras, on the other hand, belongs to the sphere of opera . ”The author Patric Seibel argues that the“ image-hostile, Calvinist-inspired tradition of the Anglican Low Church ”is being displaced by the lush display of Italian-influenced,“ baroque Catholicism ”.

literature

Web links

Commons : Stadium Choreographies  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Examples

Individual evidence

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  29. ^ A joint declaration by German ultra groups . In: Legalize pyrotechnics .
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  35. Bernd Jolitz: Mob destroys a football festival. In: Rheinische Post . May 10, 2010, accessed December 11, 2015 .
  36. Jan Mohnhaupt: Interview with Georg Koch: “I want to play again”. In: Der Tagesspiegel . October 19, 2008, accessed November 30, 2018 .
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  43. Theo Zwanziger , Stefan Kieffer: The Twenties . Bloomsbury, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-8270-1114-5 , pp.  420 ( google.de ).
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  48. Franziska Zambach: Pyros in football: The thin line between aesthetics and crime. In: Basellandschaftliche Zeitung . May 25, 2012, accessed July 31, 2017 .
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  53. Michael Ebner: Security in Event Technology . Beuth Verlag , Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-410-24639-8 , pp. 125 .
  54. ^ Judgment on attempted dangerous bodily harm by igniting so-called 'Bengalos' in the stadium . In: Hanover District Court . March 12, 2015.
  55. OLG Hamm ruling of August 11, 2015 Az. 5 RVs 80/15 . In: Open law . 11th August 2015.
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