Spirostachys africana
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Spirostachys africana in the Pilanesberg National Park |
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| Sond. |
Spirostachys africana is an African deciduous tree species and one of the two species of the genus Spirostachys in the family of Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae). Different common names are used insouthern and eastern Africa, where Spirostachys africana is native. Tamboti ( English ), Tambotie ( Afrikaans ), Sandalo africano ( Portuguese ), umTfombotsi and Msarakana ( Swahili ), as well as Ndzopfori and Xilangamahlo ( Xitsonga )are widespread.
The wood from Spirostachys africana is mainly used in East Africa as turning wood for handicrafts . All parts of this tree species are poisonous. Nevertheless, various extracts of this type are used in small doses in traditional medicine against a variety of diseases, such as diarrhea, which Spirostachys africana can only trigger in the event of an overdose . Some chemical components from leaves, bark and milky sap have been scientifically analyzed and show, among other things, an antibiotic effect against various bacterial strains . The poison from this tree was also used by local tribes to make poisons for hunting.
Spirostachys africana is also known as the “jumping bean tree”: When the fruit is attacked by the larvae of a butterfly species, the movement of the larvae in the partial fruit (cocci) causes the cocci to “hop”. Furthermore, the ore wasp species Tanaostigmodes tambotis was named after the common name Tamboti for this tree species. Individuals of these wasps cause damage to the strains of Spirostachys africana in northern South Africa .
description
Appearance and leaf
Spirostachys africana usually grows as a deciduous tree and reaches heights of 10 to 15 meters, on average around 12 meters. It grows very slowly. Other sources show stature heights of up to 18 meters. Spirostachys africana is knot-free up to around 7 meters. The trunk diameter is around 0.3 to 0.55 meters. Spirostachys africana has a rounded treetop . The very rough, partially torn bark has a brown to blackish color. In all plant parts is poisonous milky sap found that especially when turning from the reddish, irregularly coffee brown striped rind emerges. The bark of the branches is bare and has lenticels .
The trees can appear almost evergreen because the young leaves appear and the old leaves are thrown off at the same time. In spring, the young, red leaves appear together with the older, green leaves. The leaves are alternate and spirally arranged on the branches. The leaf blade has two glands at the transition to the petiole . The dull green, bald or slightly hairy, parchment-like to leathery leaf blade is elliptical to egg-shaped with a length of up to seven centimeters and a width of about 3.5 centimeters. The leaf margin is slightly crenate to slightly toothed. There is pinnate nerve with 6 to 14 lateral nerves on each side of the midrib. The stipules are triangular to ovate and about one millimeter long.
Spirostachys africana mostly occurs in groups of trees. Some large and small trees stand close together. The young trees are characterized by several trunks, a light-colored bark and thorns up to 15 centimeters in length.
Inflorescence, flower and fruit
The flowering period precedes the foliage and extends in Zimbabwe from September to January. Spirostachys africana is single sexed ( monoecious ). On the 15 to 30 millimeter long, catkin-like, spiked inflorescences are mainly male flowers. The one to three female, deep red flowers are in the lower area of the inflorescence, the yellow, male flowers due to the pollen in the upper area. The male flowers have two to three sepals about one millimeter long , as well as three stamens , which are fused at their base. The female flowers contain five, around one millimeter long, triangular to egg-shaped sepals. The three-lobed, three-chambered, upper ovary has a diameter of one millimeter. Each female flower contains three styluses about 1.5 millimeters long with red stigmas , which are also fused at the base.
The three-lobed capsule fruits, which are yellowish-brown when ripe, have a length of about six millimeters and a diameter of 10 to 13 millimeters. When ripe, around one to two months after pollination, the fruits shatter into three separate parts with an exploding sound. This releases pale brown, round seeds with a diameter of about five millimeters.
Occurrence
As the home region of Spirostachys africana , the warmer regions of southern Africa are given , with the exception of Lesotho because of its altitude. Spirostachys africana is found in East Africa in the states of Tanzania and Southeast Kenya . Mozambique and Zimbabwe are given as the distribution area in Southeast Africa. In Zimbabwe, Spirostachys africana thrives at altitudes of up to 1350 meters. In south-west Africa Spirostachys africana occurs in Angola and in northern Namibia in the provinces Kaokoland , Ovamboland and Grootfontein . Botswana , Swaziland and the South African provinces of Gauteng , Limpopo , Northwest , Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal are distribution areas in South Africa.
ecology
Habitat and ecological demands
Spirostachys africana grows in semi-arid dry forests and tree savannas (in South Africa: Bush Veld ). Individuals of this species prefer well-draining sandy or sandy loam soils and therefore often grow on the slopes along river valleys, coastal forest areas or termite mounds . Spirostachys africana can withstand drought and cold, but not frost. The density of trees in this habitat is determined not only by human influences but also by the intensity and frequency of fires and large herbivores. This means that both closed dry forests and grass-dominated tree savannas can develop under similar site conditions.
Socializations
The individuals of this kind grow mostly as companions of Mopane ( Colophospermum mopane ) and / or kinds of the genera long threads ( Combretum ), Acacia ( Acacia ) and Brachystegia . There is a tendency for Opuntia stricta to grow among individuals of Spirostachys africana in the Kruger National Park rather than in open countryside.
Interactions
Spirostachys africana is rather avoided by the African elephant ( Loxodonta africana ). However, animals such as impala ( Aepyceros melampus ), vervet monkeys ( Chlorocebus ), nyala ( Tragelaphus angasii ) and other species of the genus Tragelaphus , such as the kudu species, eat the fallen leaves. The giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) eats the leaves from the tree. Especially birds, such as the Crested guinea fowl ( Guttera pucherani subsp.), Frankoline ( Francolinus ) and pigeons TYPES (Columbidae) eat the fallen seeds. The black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) prefers the young branches. In the Kruger National Park , Spirostachys africana is said to be one of the preferred food plants of the black rhinoceros.
The still young, green fruits are regularly attacked by Emporia melanobasis , a butterfly species of the subfamily Phycitinae . Their larvae develop within the partial fruit (cocci) without an infestation being visible from the outside. Movement of the larvae within the fallen cocci causes them to jump randomly and uncontrollably by a few centimeters into the air. This behavior gave rise to the nickname "Jumping Bean Tree" for Spirostachys africana .
A similar phenomenon can be seen in seeds of the closely related species Sebastiania pavoniana , which is therefore known as "jumping bean", which are infected by Cydia deshaisiana .
Furthermore, a species belonging to the superfamily of the wasps was discovered in 1995 in the north-west and east of the Transvaal , which produces plant gall on the trunk of Spirostachys africana . Within the family of the Tanaostigmatidae , the species was assigned to the genus Tanaostigmodes and, with a view to the common name Tamboti for Spirostachys africana , named as Tanaostigmodes tambotis . It is unknown whether this wasp species occurs in the entire range of Spirostachys africana . It is believed that this species is the only one in its family that uses a member of the milkweed family as a phytophagus .
The larvae of the species Argema mimosae , which belongs to the family of the peacock moth (Saturniidae), eat the leaves of Spirostachys africana .
In the Kruger National Park , species of the fungus genus Ceratocystis have been found on various tree species, including Spirostachys africana , which are often responsible for stem wood stain .
Systematics
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| according to Wurdack et al. (2005) |
The first description of Spirostachys africana was in 1850 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in Linnaea , Volume 23, p. 106. It is the type species of the genus Spirostachys . The genus name Spirostachys is derived from the spiral arrangement of the flowers around the spiked inflorescence. In ancient Greek, speira (= spiral) denotes the arrangement of the flowers and stachys (= ear) the spike- like inflorescence. The specific epithet africana indicates the natural distribution in Africa.
Synonyms for Spirostachys africana Sond. are: Excoecaria africana (Sond.) Müll.Arg. , Excoecaria synandra Pax , Sapium africanum (Sond.) Kuntze , Spirostachys synandra (Pax) Pax and Stillingia africana (Sond.) Baill.
Spirostachys africana and Spirostachys venenifera are the only two species in the genus Spirostachys . Both species occur together in Somalia, Kenya and Eastern Tanzania.
The genus Spirostachys forms within the Euphorbiaceae with the genera Excoecaria and Sebastiania an affinity group, such as by molecular genetic studies of plastids - DNA was detected sequences rbcL and trnL-F.
use
Wood
Wood anatomy
Spirostachys africana is a dispersive pore , which means that the vessels present are without a specific arrangement. The vessels are present individually or in groups of two to ten vessels. Occasionally there are resin deposits. The growth zones are indistinct. There are multi-row rays . Crystals can be seen radially and tangentially and stand out clearly in the microscope under polarized light. The width of the wood rays is usually one to two cells, the height about 20 cells. The wood fibers are medium to thick-walled and range from straight to wavy to alternately twisted .
Cross section of Spirostachys africana
Radial section of Spirostachys africana
Radial section of Spirostachys africana under polarized light
Tangential section of Spirostachys africana
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description
Spirostachys africana is a precious wood with a dark brown heartwood and a light cream colored sapwood . The sapwood can make up over half of the trunk at a young age. The grain ranges from spotted to banded, with some growth rings showing . Spirostachys africana has a strong shine and spreads a typical sandalwood smell long after the cut . The heartwood of Spirostachys africana contains 12-14% resin ( oleoresin ), from which various diterpenes , such as (+) - 15-Beyeren-3-one, or the triterpene lupeol from the bark could be isolated. In further investigations it was possible to analyze other diterpenes, stachenone with associated alpha-ketols, diosphenols and the "tambootic acid" in the heartwood, among other things from the milk sap.
Properties and use
Spirostachys africana is very durable and resistant to insect and fungal attack. Weaker logs can suffer from heartwood rot. Treating the heartwood with wood preservatives is not effective. Because of its rarity, the wood from Spirostachys africana is used for jewelry , high-quality furniture and wood turning . Roof beams , fences , walking sticks and rifle butts are also traditionally made from Spirostachys africana . The wood can be after drying well sawing and planing , in which it has a strong werkzeugstumpfend. Pre-drilling is advisable before nailing or screwing. Joints made with glue dry relatively slowly and the wood is difficult to sand due to the high oil content. Polishing and painting is made easier by the oil content. The special use of Spirostachys africana as plywood is considered possible. Due to the faulty heartwood, the diameter of the trading blocks should be around 40 centimeters.
Spirostachys africana is well suited for turning and decorative work. It does not tend to warp during drying , but it usually dries very slowly. Boards 2.5 centimeters thick take seven months to air-dry. Boards with a thickness of 10 centimeters need around a year for this. It is not used for charcoal production. In Namibia the powdered wood is mixed with fat and rubbed into the hair. Use as a perfume is also described.
The properties of the sawdust from Spirostachys africana for the production of wood concrete were found to be inadequate in studies.
| Parameter | value | unit |
|---|---|---|
| Bulk density | 0.91-1.09 | g / cm³ |
| Compressive strength | 57-61.5 | N / mm² |
| modulus of elasticity | 8600-9210 | N / mm² |
| Shear force | 16 | N / mm² |
| Flexural strength | 102-108 | N / mm² |
| Janka hardness test | 8940-11010 | N |
| Shrinkage (radial) | 2.1-3.5 | % |
| Shrinkage (tangential) | 4-6.7 | % |
| Shrinkage (volume) | 8.2 | % |
There are indications that the wood of Spirostachys africana is the biblically transmitted Almuggim wood from the Jerusalem temple and the palace of King Solomon .
Medical aspects
The toxic milky sap of the trees has been used by local tribes for centuries as a poison to wet spearheads and the bark as a poison for fishing .
Health benefits
Roots , bark and milky sap are used in traditional medicine . So extracts from the roots are used to treat malaria , constipation , diarrhea and coughs . The treatment of gonorrhea , headaches and the use as eye drops for flashing are also described for root extracts. Bark extracts and infusions are used in small doses as laxatives for diarrhea, stomach ulcers , kidney problems, coughs and eye problems. A “cleansing” of the blood is also achieved in this way. Dried bark is used on a child's rash . Powdered bark can be used for de-worming . The milky juice diluted with water is used as an emetic and laxative. The milk juice is also used for toothache and as a pain reliever . The use of extracts in candidiasis is described. Extreme caution is required when using Spirostachys africana medicinally , as deaths have occurred.
Further studies show that the D- friedo-14-en- oleanolic acid (or aleuritol acid-3-acetate) extracted from the bark of Spirostachys africana has an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 μg / ml aureus , Salmonella typhi , Vibrio cholerae , Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae . An MIC of 100 μg / ml was found against Shigella flexneri and Shigella boydii . An effect against Shigella sonnei could not be proven for this substance. The bacteria examined are responsible for cholera , bacterial dysentery , typhoid and, for example, boils . The extracted lupeol showed no antibacterial effect on any of these bacteria. Two other antibacterial substances extracted from the bark are known.
Furthermore, an effect of extract material obtained from dried leaves against fly maggot disease ( myiasis ) was demonstrated.
Health hazards
Spirostachys africana gives off a milky juice when cut, which leads to skin and eye irritations . Skin blisters and blindness should also be possible. The sawdust is damaging to the eyes and can lead to blindness. Food prepared on a fire from Spirostachys africana can cause severe diarrhea.
Economical meaning
Older sources indicate low and irregular trade. This is how deliveries from Portuguese East Africa and Mozambique are described, whereas there was hardly any impact in Kenya and the exported amount was below the mark of 500 cubic meters . Recent sources state that the wood from Spirostachys africana is mainly used by wood artists. The volume traded annually is therefore around 360 cubic meters. It is also reported that 40 cubic meters per month are available from sustainable sources. The prices for the wood are, compared to other imported African woods, rather higher, but not as high as the prices for Pink Ivory ( Rhamnus zeyheri ) or Grenadilla ( Dalbergia melanoxylon ).
Population size status
Some sources report that Spirostachys africana is protected in South Africa due to excessive deforestation. The red list for South Africa lists Spirostachys africana as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”. Also CITES leads Spirostachys africana in any of the Annexes. Furthermore, Spirostachys africana was not initially found in the IUCN Red List. In the meantime, Spirostachys africana is also classified here as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.
Web links
- Ronnie Mmolotsi, Ishmael Kopong, Melusi Rampart: Bark Thickness and Diameter Variation in Spirostachys africana, a Multipurpose Tree Commonly used in Households in Southern Botswana. 2012, p. 2. (PDF; 2.3 MB) Accessed December 30, 2013.
- LUNA, NCSU Libraries Collections: Wood anatomical recordings of Spirostachys africana.Retrieved December 30, 2013.
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Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Terry Porter: Recognizing and determining wood. The reference work for practice. (Over 200 types of wood and their use) (= HolzWerken ). 2nd Edition. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2011, ISBN 978-3-86630-950-0 , p. 236 .
- ^ A b c d e Ernst Schmidt, Mervyn Lotter, Warren McCleland: Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park . Jacana, Johannesburg 2002, ISBN 1-919777-30-X , pp. 294-296 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Kopong, I. & Mojeremane, W .: Spirostachys africana Sond. In: PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l'Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. Lemmens, RHMJ, Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, AA, 2012, accessed March 26, 2018 . Printed version with the same wording: Kopong, I. & Mojeremane, W .: Timbers 2 . Ed .: Lemmens, RHMJ, Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, AA PROTA Foundation, Wageningen 2012, ISBN 978-92-9081-495-5 , pp. 598-601 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Flora of Zimbabwe. Retrieved January 3, 2014 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Klaus-Günther Dahms: African export woods . 1st edition. DRW-Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 1968, p. 234 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Ndou Avhurengwi Phillemon: PlantzAfrica.com. 2004, accessed January 3, 2014 .
- ↑ a b SAPPI Tree Spotting Lowveld including Kruger National Park . 3. Edition. Jacana, Johannesburg 2006, ISBN 1-77009-237-4 , pp. 163 (English).
- ↑ a b The Tamboti Tree. Retrieved December 30, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Spirostachys africana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ^ A b Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Spirostachys africana Sond. In: Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. 1999, accessed January 7, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Spirostachys africana in the Red List of South African Plants 2017.1. Classified by: RH Archer & JE Victor, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2020
- ^ Fund, W., & Hogan, C .: Angolan mopane woodlands. 2013, accessed December 30, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Edson Gandiwa, Patience Gandiwa, Trust Mxoza: Structure and composition of Spirostachys africana woodland stands in Gonarezhou National Park, southern Zimbabwe. In: International Journal of Environmental Science. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2012, pp. 2076-2089, doi: 10.6088 / ijes.00202030091 .
- ↑ LC Foxcroft, M. Rejmanek: What helps Opuntia stricta invade Kruger National Park, South Africa: Baboons or elephants? Ed .: International Association of Vegetation Science (= Applied Vegetation Science . Volume 10 , no. 2 ). Opulus Press Uppsala, 2007, pp. 267 .
- ^ Richard Stephen Felger, Matthew Brian Johnson, Michael Francis Wilson: The trees of Sonora, Mexico . Oxford University Press, New York 2001, ISBN 0-19-512891-5 , pp. 155 .
- ↑ GL Prinsloo, J. LaSalle: A new species of tanaostigmatid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from South Africa, that forms galls on tamboti . In: African Entomology . tape 3 , no. 1 , 1995, p. 7-11 .
- ^ Reiman Gardens (Iowa State University): African Moon Moth (Argema mimosae). (PDF) Retrieved January 13, 2014 .
- ↑ Michael Mbenoun, Michael J. Wingfield, Aimé D. Begoude Boyogueno, Brenda D. Wingfield, Jolanda Roux: Molecular phylogenetic analyzes reveal three new Ceratocystis species and provide evidence for geographic differentiation of the genus in Africa . Ed .: Springer-Verlag. 2013, p. 10 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-013-0907-5 (English, saforestry.co.za , PDF; 1.0 MB [accessed on February 23, 2016]).
- ↑ a b Kenneth J. Wurdack, Petra Hoffmann, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid rbcL and trnL-F DNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 92 , no. 8 , 2005, p. 1397-1420 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.92.8.1397 .
- ^ Wilhelm Sonder : Contributions to the flora of South Africa. In: Linnaea. A journal for botany in its entirety. Vol. 23, 1850 = contributions to botany. Vol. 7, pp. 1–138, here p. 106, first publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org . Retrieved December 30, 2013.
- ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. R-Z. (= IV. ). CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton 2000, ISBN 0-8493-2678-8 , pp. 2539 .
- ↑ Spirostachys africana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
- ↑ Spirostachys africana. Catalog of Life, September 5, 2014, accessed November 9, 2015 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Tambootie. In: The Wood Database. Retrieved December 30, 2013 .
- ↑ WH Baar Schers, DHS Horn, Le Roy F. Johnson: The structure of some diterpenes from Tambooti wood, Spirostachys africana Sond. In: Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed). 1962, pp. 4046-4055, here p. 4046 doi: 10.1039 / JR9620004046 .
- ↑ Eberhard Breitmaier: Terpenes: flavors, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, pheromones . 2nd, completely revised and expanded edition. WILEY-VCH Verlag, Weinheim 2005, ISBN 978-3-527-31498-0 , 4.5.2 Beyerane .
- ↑ a b Matlakala Christina Mathabe, Ahmed A. Hussein, Roumiana V. Nikolova, Adriaan E. Basson, JJ Marion Meyer, Namrita Lall: Antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity of terpenoids isolated from Spirostachys africana . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . tape 116 , no. 1 , 2008, p. 194-197 .
- ↑ Mary H. Grace, Juan A. Faraldos, Mary Ann Lila, Robert M. Coates: ent-Beyerane diterpenoids from the heartwood of Excoecaria parvifolia (PDF; 206 kB) In: Phytochemistry , 68th volume 4th edition, 2007, p . 546–553, here p. 546 doi: 10.1016 / j.phytochem.2006.11.010. Accessed December 30, 2013.
- ↑ R. Hegnauer: Chemotaxonomy of plants. An overview of the distribution and the systematic importance of plant substances. Volume 4: Dicotyledoneae: Daphniphyllaceae – Lythraceae (= chemical series ). Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1966, p. 119 .
- ↑ S. Iddi, KFS Hamza, WN Ringo, RC Ishengoma: The suitability of some Tanzanian hardwoods for the manufacture of cement particleboards . In: Wood as a raw material . tape 50 , 1992, pp. 280 f .
- ↑ External identifiers or database links for D- Friedo-14-en-oleanolic acid : CAS number: 28937-85-1, PubChem : 161616 , ChemSpider : 141950 , Wikidata : Q27138756 .
- ↑ Mukandiwa L., McGaw LJ, Eloff JN, Naidoo V .: Extracts of four plant species used traditionally to treat myiasis influence pupation rate, pupal mass and adult blowfly emergence of Lucilia cuprina and Chrysomya marginalis (Diptera: Calliphoridae) . In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . tape 143 , no. 3 , 2012, p. 812-818 .
- ^ CITES list. In: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Retrieved November 9, 2015 .
- ↑ Spirostachys africana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2019. Posted by: Hills, R., 2019. Accessed April 24, 2020th
annotation
- ↑ Compare 1. Book of Kings 10:12: “The king had railings made of almuggim wood for the house of Yahweh and the government palace, and zithers and harps for the temple singers. Until today so much almuggim wood has never come to Judah and seen here. ”(New Evangelistic Translation)
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