Rule wages

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Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806) .svg
Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Rule wages
coat of arms
Salary familycrest.svg
map
Map of the old rule Lohn.png
Approximate location of the lordship of Lohn around 1250


Consist approx. 1100-1316
Arose from Borken Free County
Form of rule monarchy
Ruler / government Count
Today's region / s DE-NW, NL-GE


Reichskreis Lower Rhine-Westphalian
Capitals / residences Wages , Bredevoort
Dynasties wage
Denomination / Religions Roman Catholic
Language / n German , Low German


Incorporated into Ahaus (1316),
Principality of Münster (1316)
Bredevoort (1326)


The rule of wages , also called glory wages or (free) county wages , was a high and late medieval rule in the area of Westmünsterland and what is now the Dutch Achterhoeks . The centers were Stadtlohn in today's Borken and Bredevoort district in Gelderland . The fall of the rule in 1316 gave rise to the great Bredevoort feud .

Naming

Lohn , in old terms also Lon , Loon , Loen or Laon is derived from Loh or Loe and means something like light forest or deciduous grove . The root word has been preserved in many place names in Westmünsterland and Achterhoek (e.g. Barlo , Burlo , Ammeloe , Hengelo , Borculo and Dinxperlo ).

coat of arms

Seal of the Lords of Wages
Coat of arms of the old district of Ahaus

The coat of arms of the Lords of Lohn showed three birds walking over three blue bars. The seal of the noblemen also bore this motif. The Lohner coat of arms has also found its way into the coat of arms of the old district of Ahaus .

history

The episcopal official court wages

The Lohner parish was an original parish of the Münster diocese that Liudger had built . The diocese, founded at the beginning of the ninth century, extended to the west as far as the Achterhoek , now part of the Netherlands , where it bordered the diocese of Utrecht . Although the bishops talked Muenster near the Berkel on the north edge of the Lohner Esch a significant, first mentioned in 1137 Amtshof as the center of a major farms Association , which extends to Bocholt , Raesfeld and Reken extended. At this early stage, however, the secular influence of the Münster bishops was still limited in the extreme western corner of the Münsterland , because the prince-bishopric of Münster only gradually emerged in the twelfth century. The Amtshof zu Lohn was given its own court jurisdiction, which regulated the relationship between the servants and the landlord as well as the subjects among themselves. The Gogericht Lohn, on the other hand, was subordinate to the Großer Gogericht zum Homborn , which met at the Dingstätte near Lünsberg in the mountain range The Mountains between Gemen and Ramsdorf . This made it part of a larger and older judicial district that went beyond the territory of the lordship of Lohn.

Sometime between 968 and 1023 Gescher , 1231 Südlohn was parish off. Since then, was for Stadtlohn to the survey on Wigbold the term 1388/89 to distinguish North Wage common. The peasants Nonern and Eschlohn belonged to the newly founded Südlohner parish. The Lohner parishes formed their own archdeaconate .

The worldly lords of wages

Along the diocese border between Utrecht and Muenster had developed around the turn of the century several small manors, either their own territories represented, or by powerful landlords invested were. One of these seats was owned by the noble lords of Lohn, who were first mentioned in a document in 1085. Your rule split from an older county around Vreden and Elten , which was based on the Billunger Wichmann III. should go back. The immediate predecessor of the Lohn rule was the Free County of Borken , from which the Free County of Heiden emerged . The territory of the noble lords of Lohner extended from the immediate area around Lohn to what is now Gelderland's Achterhoek.

According to Dücker, the Counts of Lohn owned the four parishes Eibergen , Neede , Groenlo and Geesteren as allod there . They could freely dispose of the parishes mentioned and, as dynasts, exercise full county rights. Probably also the Borculo castle with parts of the parish Geesteren, later the center of the Borculo rule , and the glory Lichtenvoorde were part of the Lohn rule. Dücker and Tibus assume that the von Lohn and Borculo families are closely related . Also Doetinchem that is no longer located in Munster original diocese and not Westphalian was found in their possession.

In the six parishes of Winterswijk (with the branches Bredevoort , Aalten and Dinxperlo ), Stadtlohn, Südlohn, Varsseveld (with Silvolde ), Zelhem and Hengelo (the latter both form the so-called Land auf dem Goy ), on the other hand the lords of wages were with the County rights only enfeoffed by the Bishop of Munster. The same will have applied to the Gescher parish priest from Nordlohn .

The castles of Lohn and Bredevoort

The Lords of Lohn resided at Lohn Castle and later also at Bredevoort Castle . Lohn Castle was in today's Stadtlohn between St. Otger and Berkel. It was built during the episcopate of Werner von Steusslingen , who was Bishop of Münster from 1132 to 1151 , to secure the diocese's borders. Werner gave the castle to the noble lords of Lohn as a fief . Together with the pastorate and church, the residence probably formed a three-island complex. In 1193, Lohn Castle was destroyed for unknown reasons by Hermann II von Katzenelnbogen (1174–1203), who is considered the first prince-bishop of the Münster bishopric . However, it must have continued to exist to a certain extent after 1193, because it was a residence of the Counts of Lohn until the 14th century.

The second residence, Burg Bredevoort in the town of the same name , was inherited in equal parts by Hermann I von Lohn (approx. 1196–1252) and Ludolf von Steinfurt (Stenvorde) in 1238 . These made the fortress significantly strengthened. The bed of the Boven noose was moved to flood the castle's moat. Some of the stones from the Lohn Castle, which was destroyed in 1193, were used in the following years to expand the Bredevoort Castle. In 1246, in their pursuit of independence from the Münster prince-bishops, the winners gave their share of Bredevoort Castle to the Geldrian Count Otto II, together with the four parishes of Eibergen, Neede, Groenlo and Geesteren. In 1255 they also sold their rights to Zelhem and Hengelo to Geldern. Thus the county of Geldern had rights in the western part, the monastery of Münster rights in the eastern part of the lordship. This division has had an impact up to the present day. The splendor of Bredevoort with the courts of Winterswijk, Aalten and Dinxperlo, split off in 1326 after the settlement of the Bredevoort feud , went against a pledge of 3500 marks in money. Since the pledge was never redeemed, the glory of Bredevoort remained within the sphere of influence of Geldern. The Burlo Convention of 1765, on which the German-Dutch border between the Duchy of Geldern and the Monastery of Münster was finally established, has not changed anything.

Striving for independence by Gottschalk von Lohn

Even before the first destruction of Lohn Castle by Prince-Bishop Hermann II von Katzenelnbogen, Gottschalk von Lohn and Bishop Friedrich II von Are had clashed in 1152 . In his quest for independence Gottschalk had taken it upon him from our own county right out in its territory the office of Gografen clothe, and right to castle wage raised, without renewing his fief promise to the just-introduced into office bishop. Friedrich II von Are then forced Gottschalk to make a comparison. Gottschalk was appointed to Castellanus for life and was allowed to continue to reside at Lohn Castle. However, the castle itself has since been an open house of the Münster bishops. Gottschalk was only allowed to exercise go-to-court jurisdiction as the revocable deputy of the bishop. This marked the beginning of the expansion of the principality on the basis of geographic areas.

The last Count Hermann II and the fall of the county

The last Count of Lohn, Hermann II , found its way into the history books several times. His life was marked by the feud with the Counts of the Mark . In 1277 Engelbert I von der Mark , who was imprisoned by him in Bredevoort Castle, died in custody, whereupon his son Everhard fought against Hermann and destroyed the castle. This defeat and the reparation measures to be taken by Hermann de facto meant the end of the county's independence.

When Hermann in 1303 after the assumption of office of Bishop Otto III. von Rietberg (1301–1306) tried to enforce his claim to ownership of Bredevoort again, Everhardt von der Mark destroyed the castle a second time, and Hermann's residence in Lohn was also devastated. The two castles were jointly owned by the Bishop of Münster and the Count of the Mark.

Under Hermann, the von Lohn family was temporarily owned by the Holte rulership , which had its ancestral seat at Holter Castle in the Osnabrück region . In 1315 Hermann sold the estate to Count Otto IV von Ravensberg for 350 marks .

Hermann survived his two sons Hermann († 1315) and Wikbold († 1312). When he himself died in 1316, the county fell to his relatives, the noblemen Johann and Otto von Ahaus . They sold the wages rulership together with the castle and rulership of Bredevoort to the Prince-Bishop of Münster, Ludwig II , Landgrave of Hesse. As the county of Geldern subsequently also asserted claims to Bredevoort, after the extinction of the von Lohn family, the great Bredevoort feud , also known as the Geldrian feud , took place and caused great suffering in the western Münsterland. The feud was only resolved in 1326 with the peace treaty of Wesel. Rainald II von Geldern received the glory of Bredevoort as a pledge, including the free chairs of Winterswijk, Dinxperlo and Aalten. Since the pledge of the equivalent of 3500 marks was never redeemed, Bredevoort remained within the Geldrischen sphere of influence. The last time Sweder von Vorst tried unsuccessfully from the rule of Ahaus at the end of the 14th century to raise claims on the old rule wages. In his dispute with the bishop he was taken prisoner, had to forego wages and pay 30,000 Rhenish guilders as reparation. Unable to raise this amount, he first had to pledge Ahaus to the bishopric of Münster for 12,000 guilders. After his death, his widow Johanna von Ahaus also sold the remaining rights to the Prince-Bishop in 1406.

House wages

House wages

The Lohn house in Südlohn, not to be confused with the former Lohn Castle in today's Stadtlohn, was rebuilt around 1785 on the site of an older, burned-down facility on the Schlinge . The five-axis building, which is surrounded by a moat, is the only early classical aristocratic residence in the Borken district . It is a brick building with a pan-roofed hip roof. After a fire in 1837, the building was supplemented with a full upper floor, so that it is now a two-story. The outer walls are white muddy and the windows are fitted with shutters. The front door is highlighted by sandstone surrounds, a small staircase and the narrow central projections rising above it. Above the entrance is the coat of arms of the Belgian noble family Looz-Corswarem , who called the Lohn house their own from 1841 to 1856. Access to the house is flanked on the right by farm buildings. The manor that originally existed at the site of Haus Lohn was first mentioned in 1357; it was inhabited by a branch line of noble lords from Lohn. The Lohn house is privately owned.

Name bearer

List of the Counts of Lohn

More name bearers

literature

  • Friedrich Dücker: The old glory Lon, Loen, Lohn, their dynasts, counts and descendants , messages from the West German Society for Family Studies eV ,
    • Volume XVII, Volume 43, Issue 4, 1955, pp. 165–172 (beginning)
    • Volume XVII, Volume 44, Issue 5, 1956, pp. 203–220 (cont.)
    • Volume XVIII, Volume 45, Issue 1, 1957, pp. 19–24 (end)
  • JAE Kuys: Drostambt en schoutambt: de Gelderse ambtsorganisatie in het kwartier van Zutphen (approx. 1200-1543) . Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 1994, ISBN 90-6550-262-9 , p. 36 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search). (Dutch)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Ulrich Söbbing: Foray through the city history of Stadtlohn on the website of the Heimatverein Stadtlohn.
  2. ↑ Coats of arms of the cities and communities in the Borken district and their history. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Borken district , archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved on November 10, 2015 (see Stadtlohn coat of arms). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tourismus-kreis-borken.de
  3. ↑ The diocese of Münster corresponded to Liudger's mission area , which extended in the west to the moor belt beyond Hengelo , Lichtenvoorde , Borculo and Eibergen . The original parishes of the diocese in today's Achterhoek were Winterswijk , Zelhem and Groenlo . The diocese border was only brought into line with the state border in 1821 with the papal bull De salute animarum .
  4. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 630.
  5. ↑ Detlef Fischer: Chronicle of the Münsterland . 1st edition. Aschendorff , Münster 2003, ISBN 3-402-05343-8 , pp. 49 .
  6. ↑ Söbbing mentions 985 as the approximate founding date of the Gescheran parish, cf. Stroll through the city history of Stadtlohn , page 4, on the website of the Heimatverein Stadtlohn
  7. ↑ a b Adolph Tibus: History of the founding of the old founders, parish churches, monasteries and chapels in the area of ​​the old diocese of Münster with the exclusion of the former Frisian part . First part. The parish system of the diocese in its original structure and later formation. tape 2 . Friedrrch Regensberg, Münster 1867, p. 997 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Hermann Terhalle: From the Territorial Border to the State Border - The Origin of the Westphalian-Dutch Border ( Memento of the original from January 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lwl.org
  9. ^ A b Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 582.
  10. ↑ a b Adolph Tibus: History of the founding of the old founders, parish churches, monasteries and chapels in the area of ​​the old diocese of Münster with the exclusion of the former Frisian part . First part. The parish system of the diocese in its original structure and later formation. tape 1 . Friedrich Regensberg, Münster 1867, p. 309 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ↑ The parish church in Groenlo stood on the ground of a main courtyard that was owned by the noble lords of Lohn, cf. Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.2, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.2. The diocese. , P. 303.
  12. ↑ a b Friedrich Dücker: The old glory Lon, Loen, Lohn, their dynasts, counts and descendants , communications from the West German Society for Family Studies eV , Volume XVII, Volume 43, Issue 4, 1955, pp. 166ff.
  13. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 588.
  14. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 590.
  15. ^ Friedrich Dücker: The old glory Lon, Loen, Lohn, their dynasts, counts and descendants , communications of the West German Society for Family Studies eV , Volume XVII, Volume 44, Issue 5, 1956, p. 210.
  16. ^ Theodor Lindner: The Veme . Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 1896, p. 8 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  17. ↑ The church at Varsseveld was a separate church of the Lords of Lohn. It was dedicated to Saints Pancratius and Odulphus , later to Saint Ludgerus . See Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 36.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 434.
  18. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 575.
  19. ↑ a b c Ulrich Söbbing: Foray through the city history of Stadtlohn on the website of the Heimatverein Stadtlohn.
  20. ↑ Rene AM Martens: draft dossier - Hertog Reinald-II van Gelre en graaf van Zutphen (1295-1344). (PDF) 2012, accessed January 26, 2016 (Dutch).
  21. ^ Hermann I. AV LOEN on the pages of the Verein für Computergenealogie
  22. ↑ kasteleninnederland.nl: Kasteel Bredevoort (Dutch)
  23. ^ Leopold von Ledebur : General Archive for the History of the Prussian State, Volume 10 . ES Mittler, Berlin, Posen and Bromberg 1833, p.  62 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  24. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.3, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.2. The diocese. , P. 219.
  25. ^ Theodor Lindner: The Veme . Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 1896, p. 320 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  26. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.3, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.2. The diocese. , P. 357.
  27. ^ Eduard Heinel : History of the Prussian State and People, edited for all classes . History of the Duchies of Klewe, Jülich and Berg up to the unification with the Electorate of Brandenburg. tape  3 . von Dunckler and Humblot, Berlin 1841, p. 129, 139 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  28. ^ Eduard Heinel : History of the Prussian State and People, edited for all classes . History of the Duchies of Klewe, Jülich and Berg up to the unification with the Electorate of Brandenburg. tape  3 . von Dunckler and Humblot, Berlin 1841, p. 176 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  29. ↑ Karl Adolf Freiherr von der Horst: The knight seats of the Grafschaft Ravensberg and the Principality of Minden . Hofenberg, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-8430-7134-5 , pp. 94 ( limited preview in Google Book search). . However, Count Otto III named in the source died . as early as 1306, the sale was carried out under his son Otto IV .
  30. ^ Friedrich Müller: History of the castle castle Ravensberg in Westphalia . Osnabrück 1839, p. 75 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  31. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 150ff.
  32. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 636.
  33. ^ Wilhelm Kohl in Germania Sacra NF 37.1, The Dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. The diocese of Münster 7.1. The diocese. , P. 166ff.
  34. ↑ See entry on House Lohn in the monument list of Südlohn ( online )
  35. ↑ See Haus Lohn ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the Heimatverein Südlohn. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.heimatverein-suedlohn.de
  36. ^ Südlohn: Manor House Lohn on muensterland.de