Islam in Austria

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Islamic Center Vienna

The situation of Islam in Austria is unique in Central Europe in that it enjoys the status of a corporation under public law and was recognized as a religious society as early as 1912 .

History of the Muslims in Austria

Bosnian infantryman in the Austro-Hungarian army in 1897

prehistory

According to Arab sources, Volga Bulgarian and Bashkir Muslims are said to have come to Burgenland as early as the 10th century during the Hungarian conquest . In the 11th and 12th centuries, Hungary settled in Burgenland as border guards of the Gyepű system, including Petschenegen , among whom there was a Muslim minority. Today Burgenland is the federal state with the lowest Muslim population.

The first Muslims reached the rest of Austria from 1476 onwards. Turkish and Bosnian Akıncı attacked and plundered Upper and Lower Austria, Styria , Carinthia and Carniola almost annually, even after an Ottoman defeat at Villach in 1492 ( Maximilian against Mihaloğlu ) as the vanguard of the Ottoman troops . Against the Turkish Ottomans, the Habsburgs allied themselves with the Persian Safavids . With the Ottoman defeats before Vienna in 1529 and finally in 1683 , the conquest of Austria failed, and the hastily planned distribution of the best Austrian lands and fiefs became obsolete.

In the kuk monarchy

After the unfavorable peace between Belgrade and the Ottoman Empire (1739), Austria had in the meantime concluded an alliance with the Ottomans and the Polish-Lithuanian Confederation of Bar against Russia (1770), but then took part in another war against the Ottomans with Russia. After the Peace of Sistowa (1791) Austria finally withdrew from the Turkish Wars . The fact that the cultural and economic connection to the Ottoman Empire continued after Austria's exit from the Turkish wars is not least thanks to the Sephardic Jewish community in Vienna , which was founded in 1736 and built the Turkish Temple at the end of the 19th century . In addition, Austria and the Ottoman Empire continued to share a common border, which was secured on the Austrian side by an extensive restricted military area , but through which there was also brisk border trade.

From 1878 Bosnia-Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian occupation for three decades before it was annexed in 1908 and thus formally became part of the Habsburg monarchy for the next ten years. Around 600,000 Muslims lived in Bosnia and 1281 Muslims in the heartland of the monarchy (889 of them in Vienna). Even before 1878, individual Austrians had converted to Islam (e.g. Franz von Werner ).

In 1912 the Islam Law was passed, which recognized Islam as a religious society according to the Hanafi school of law (in the law: "according to Hanafi rite") and assured Muslims self-determination. Imams were active in the Austro-Hungarian Army to look after Muslim (Bosnian) soldiers.

republic

During the time of the first republic, only a few hundred, barely organized Muslims are likely to have lived in Austria. The so-called “Islamic Cultural Association” existed in Vienna until 1939, and during the Second World War an “Islamic Community of Vienna” was registered in the register of associations. In 1951 the “Association of Muslims Austria” was founded, which was exclusively devoted to religious, cultural, social and charitable tasks. In the period from the end of World War II to 1960, numerous Muslims came to Austria as guest workers and refugees. In 1964 an estimated 8,000 people of Islamic faith were in Austria.

From 1971, the Muslim Social Service Association, founded in 1963, tried to reactivate the law. In 1979 the Islamic Faith Community in Austria (IGGiÖ) was established as a registered religious community . In the same year Austria's first representative mosque, completed in 1977, was opened in Floridsdorf (Vienna), which was largely financed by the Saudi Arabian King Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz .

Since 1983 the IGGiÖ has been providing Islamic lessons for all Muslim students in Austria; Islamic kindergartens and schools have also emerged in the last ten years, which teach according to the Austrian curriculum and offer additional religious instruction on a voluntary basis.

From 2009 the IGGiÖ's claim to sole representation was openly questioned. Several Shiite and Alevi associations also tried to be recognized as a registered religious community, which the republic initially rejected. In December 2010 the Constitutional Court ruled that there should be several Islamic religious communities. As a result, the Islamic Alevi Faith Community in Austria was initially recognized as a denominational community and in 2013 as a religious community. The Islamic-Shiite religious community in Austria was recognized as a denominational community in March 2013 and sued the IGGiÖ in June 2014 for failing to make statements that it represented all Muslims.

In 2008, Muslims made up 40 percent of the Austrian Guard Battalion

At the beginning of June 2009, more than 800 soldiers of the guard of the Austrian Armed Forces were Muslims, in Vienna's Maria-Theresien-Kaserne there has been a prayer room for them since 2004. (As early as February 2008, over 40 percent of the Guard Battalion were Muslim).

In 2012 the IGGiÖ celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Islamic Law in Austria. In 2012, many (especially Muslim) associations dedicated a special program to this law for the legal recognition of Islam in Austria, which was drafted in 1912 and is unique in Europe. A highlight was a ceremony in the Vienna City Hall ; another a big official celebration in the Islamic Center Vienna .

On March 30, 2015, the Islam Act 2015 was enacted ( Federal Law Gazette I No. 39/2015 ). With its entry into force, the Islamic Law of 1912 will expire. Among other things, the law stipulates that Islamic religious communities may no longer be financed permanently from abroad (Section 6, Paragraph 2). While the president of the IGGiÖ, Fuat Sanaç , welcomed the law, it was criticized within the religious community. Only people who are professionally and personally suitable due to their education and the focus of their life in Austria are eligible for religious care (Section 11 (2)). As of 2016, the federal government will provide up to six teaching staff for theological research and teaching and for the academic training of the spiritual offspring of Islamic religious communities at the University of Vienna (Section 24, Paragraph 1).

In 2017 a review of the mosque associations revealed suspected cases and indications of prohibited foreign funding in up to 60 Islamic imams, according to a statement by the cultural office based in the Chancellery.

At the beginning of June 2018, Federal Chancellor Sebastian Kurz announced that seven mosques would be closed and the expulsion of numerous imams due to prohibited foreign funding checked. The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sharply criticized the measures and stated that they would lead the world towards a "war between the cross and the crescent ". "Do you think we won't react if you do something like this?" He added. As of October 2018, the authorities were only able to enforce one expulsion; two other imams financed from abroad left voluntarily. Legal proceedings are pending for the dissolution of the Arab religious community ; the seventh mosque affected has founded a new operating association.

Demographic development

Muslims in Austria
year Ges.-Bev. Muslims proportion of
1971 7,491,526 22,267 0.3%
1981 7,555,338 76,939 1.0%
1991 7,795,786 158,776 2.0%
2001 8,032,926 338,988 4.2%
2009 8,355,260 515.914 6.2%
2016 8,700,000 700,000 8.0%

The number of Muslims increased sharply between 1971 (approx. 23,000 people, 0.3% of the population, 16,423 Turkish citizens) and 1981 (76,939 Muslims, approx. 1% of the population, first Muslim population census separately).

In 1991 the census showed 158,776 Muslims (2% of the total population), while the 2001 census recorded 338,998 Muslims in Austria.

In 2001, the largest group of Muslims living in Austria was those with Turkish citizenship (123,000), followed by Austrians (96,000, 28 percent), Bosnians (64,628), Yugoslavs (ex-Yugoslav Serbs , Croats and Slovenes 21,594), Macedonians (10,969) and Iranians (3,774). Most of the Arab Muslims come from Egypt (3,541) and Tunisia (1,065).

According to estimates by the Islamic Faith Community - after 2001, religious affiliation in Austria was no longer officially recorded, and the Islamic denominations do not have precise data on all groups - between 390,000 and 400,000 Muslims (population share of 4.9%) lived in Austria in 2006. In 2009, the Fischer World Almanac assumed that at least 4.2% were Muslims.

According to estimates by the Ministry of the Interior and the Austrian Integration Fund, around 700,000 Muslims lived in Austria at the beginning of 2017. The number rose sharply, mainly due to migrants, births and refugees from the Arab region.

The Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences designed 2,017 different scenarios for the future share of religions in Austria . For the year 2046, depending on the scenario, a population share of 12 to 21% Muslims was calculated, that of members of the Roman Catholic Church would decrease from 75% in 2001 to below 50% and that of people without religious beliefs would rise to up to 28% .

Attitudes of Muslims

In May 2006 the so-called "Prokop Study", named after the then Interior Minister Liese Prokop , was published. At the presentation, Prokop said that 45 percent of Muslims in Austria were “unwilling to integrate”, which, in the opinion of the Society for Sociology (ÖGS), was not covered by the study.

In 2007 the Viennese imam Adnan Ibrahim called for jihad against Israel and the USA. According to the Wiener Zeitung, around 90 percent of his Friday prayers dealt with political issues. The imam, who trained prospective Islamic teachers at the Islamic Religious Education Academy (IRPA), should also attend Pope Benedict XVI's Friday prayers . wishing death. The German Islam expert Hildegard Becker said that the Viennese imam, who was publicly regarded as liberal, had called for dialogue in German, but preached jihad in Arabic.

The upper-level curriculum “Islamic Religious Education” for 2007/2008, published on the website of the Austrian Professors Union (ÖPU), provides, among other things, “the principles of Islamic legal and social order” and “characteristics of Islamic legislation”. In some of the country's media, this has led to suspicion of “Sharia” teaching content and, in some cases, severe criticism.

According to a 2017 scientific study, 34.6% of Austrian Muslims have “highly fundamentalist” attitudes. A Six Country Immigrant Integration Comparative Survey carried out at the Berlin Science Center for Social Research (WZB) in 2013 showed that 73.1% of Muslims in Austria consider the rules of the Koran to be more important than Austrian laws. 70.8% stated that they would not tolerate homosexuals in their circle of friends. 64.1% of Muslims in Austria were of the opinion that the Jews should not be trusted.

The ideology of the mosques close to Millî Görüş , the coordination of which is carried out by the Islamic Federation (IFW), is "Islamist in the sense of the Islamization of all areas of life."

The Islamic Faith Community in Austria (IGGiÖ) rejects the theory of evolution . According to its president Ibrahim Olgun, the IGGiÖ would never speak out in favor of “wrong developments like the theory of evolution”. Darwin's theory of evolution is "just a theory".

In 2017, a study by George Washington University warned against activities of the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood in Austria. People and organizations close to the Muslim Brotherhood have taken on key positions in the life of Muslim immigrants in Austria. The Muslim Brotherhood also plays a key role in accepting asylum seekers arriving in Austria from predominantly Muslim countries. The IRPA, which belongs to the Islamic Faith Community in Austria (IGGiÖ) and is responsible for the training of Islamic religion teachers, is "undoubtedly under their influence" due to various connections to the Muslim Brotherhood. According to extremism researcher Lorenzo G. Vidino , the values ​​of the Muslim Brotherhood are in contradiction to the constitutional values ​​of Austria. It aims to "divide society and strengthen the influence of political Islam."

The research report The role of the mosque in the integration process , which was carried out on behalf of the Austrian Integration Fund (ÖIF), came to the conclusion that integration is being counteracted in more than a third of the 16 mosques examined and that Western society is being devalued. Only two of the mosques examined actively support integration into Austrian society. Esad Memic, Vice President of the Islamic Faith Community in Austria, demands that Muslims clearly commit to Austria and the liberal rule of law. Sermons in mosques should be given in German.

Islamic Organizations in Austria

Beyond the IGGiÖ as a corporation under public law, the actual religious life takes place mainly in the mosque associations , which are mostly organized along ethnic lines. The majority of the Turkish associations are offshoots of the pan-European organizations that have their headquarters in Germany .

Turkish cultural center "Rappgasse" in Vienna-Floridsdorf of the ATIB Union
  • The Islamic Faith Community in Austria was the official representation of all Muslims until 2010 and is a corporation under public law. Leading officials of the IGGiÖ have come together in the Muslim Austrian Initiative (IMÖ). Some of the Islamic teachers employed by the IGGiÖ are members of the Muslim Teachers' Association (MLV).
  • The Youth Council of the Islamic Faith Community in Austria (JIGGiÖ) is the official, only and national youth organization of the Islamic Faith Community in Austria and represents them in their youth affairs. It is headed by the elected youth officer in the IGGiÖ's supreme council, who is also the chairman of the IGGiÖ's youth council.
  • The Culture League organizes Arabic-speaking Muslims who are close to the Muslim Brotherhood. According to the Handbook of Political Islam, it is a founding member of the "Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe" FIOE, an umbrella organization supported by organizations of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Kultur Liga has several functionaries who influence the IGGiÖ.
  • The Turkish-Islamic Union for Cultural and Social Cooperation in Austria (ATİB) is by far the largest association of Muslims in Austria with 75,000 members and administers around 60 places of prayer. The ATIB is close to the Turkish Authority for Religious Affairs ( Diyanet ), the chairman of the ATIB is counselor at the Turkish embassy and the imams at the ATIB mosques are trained and paid by the Turkish government. According to its chairman Harun Özdemirci in 2007, the ATIB is not a member of the IGGiÖ. The ATIB is critical of the IGGiÖ, as it only represents a small minority of Muslims in Austria. ATIB is a member of the IGGiÖ advisory board.
  • Islamic Federation Vienna (IFW) is one of the largest Islamic associations in Austria with 32 to over 60 mosques. It was founded in 1988 as an umbrella organization and belongs to the Millî Görüş movement , which is close to the fundamentalist Saadet Partisi Necmattin Erbakans. She works with the IGGiÖ. Lower Austrian members of the Islamic Federation also shape the state parliament list “List for our Lower Austria” (LNÖ) and the Chamber of Labor List Perspective. An important member association is the Islamic Federation Vienna (IFW), which also publishes the Dewa publication . There is also a women's department of the IFW, a youth federation and the related Intercultural Student Association (ISV).
  • The Turkish-influenced Union of Islamic Cultural Centers (UIKZ) was founded in 1980 and in 2003 had 34 communities. It is characterized by a rather mystical interpretation of Islam and is closely linked to the VIKZ in Germany. The organization appears in western Austria under the name VIKZ, which is common in Germany. It is considered a religious learning movement in the tradition of Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan . The focus of the association's work in Austria is religious education, with classical training, i.e. command of the Arabic language and a well-founded Islamic theology, playing a central role.
  • The Ülkücüler or the umbrella organization of the Turkish Culture and Sports Community in Austria (ADÜTF) is essentially close to the right-wing extremist Turkish party MHP , whose youth organization “Graue Wölfe” was responsible for attacks on Kurds, leftists and democrats in the 1970s and 1980s was. In Austria, however, the umbrella organization organizes a number of places of prayer and is one of the major Islamic umbrella organizations.
  • The Avusturya Nizam-e Âlem are a small umbrella organization with groups in Vienna and Vorarlberg. Nizam-e Âlem are close to an Islamist split from the MHP, the Büyük Birlik Partisi (BBP).
  • The Kaplancılar no longer have an official organization, but have a group of supporters in Vorarlberg.
  • The umbrella organization of Bosniaks in Austria managed 23 places of prayer across Austria in 2016. In addition, there are several independent Bosnian mosques, especially in the greater Vienna area.
  • The Alevis , who say 60,000 people live in Austria, do not take part in the activities of the Islamic religious community because they have great differences with the Sunni religious community. They are denied the status of an independent religious community in Turkey.
    • At the end of 2010, the Islamic Alevi Faith Community in Austria (IAGÖ) was recognized as a denominational community. It sees itself as a branch of Islam and represents around 7,000 people.
    • The remaining Federation of Alevi Communities in Austria (AABF) sees itself as independent from Islam. Your request, which was almost identical in words in the teachings, was rejected because it was introduced slightly later. It now represents around 5,000 people.
    • The Old Alevi Faith Community in Austria (AAGÖ) has been recognized as an independent religious denomination since August 2013. These are Alevis close to the PKK from Dersim who see themselves as an independent, pre-Islamic religious community.
  • Ahl-ul Bayt Shiite Association - The Shiites , who make up 3 to 10% of Muslims, feel they are not adequately represented by the religious community. After very sharp public criticism, it was made clear that Shiite religious teachers teach in the service of the IGGiÖ and that Shiite pupils also regularly attend the religious classes offered in public schools. there have also been a number of cancellations by Shiite children from religious education classes and complaints about anti-Shiite incitement by Sunni religion teachers.
  • Since March 2013 the Islamic-Shiite Faith Community in Austria (Schia) has been recognized as an independent religious denomination. This is a Shiite religious community based on the traditional Hawza 'Ilmiyya in Najaf, which, in contrast to the Shiite association Ahl-ul Bayt, distances itself from Iran.
  • The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has fewer than 100 members in Austria, but has a prayer room in Vienna. They are not represented in the official IGGiÖ and are looked after by Imam Munir Ahmed Munwar.

Mosques and Islamic prayer rooms

Islamic Center Vienna

→ Main article: Mosques and Islamic prayer rooms in Austria

In 2017 there were more than 400 prayer rooms and mosques in Austria. As a rule, these are simple prayer rooms that are housed in apartments or former storage or factory halls. There are also three mosques in Austria with minarets.

The federal states of Carinthia and Vorarlberg are attempting to restrict or prevent the construction of mosques by changing the law in 2008.

literature

  • Elisabeth Dörler: Living and learning understanding using the example of Turkish Muslims and Vorarlberg Christians . Verlag Die Quelle, Feldkirch 2003, ISBN 3-85241-006-1 .
  • Dunja Larise / Thomas Schmidinger (eds.): Between God's State and Democracy. Handbook of Political Islam . Deuticke, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-552-06083-8 .
  • Eva Pentz / Georg Prack / Thomas Schmidinger / Thomas Wittek: “This is not a state of God!” Terrorism and the rule of law using the example of the trial against Mohamed M. and Mona S. Passagen, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-85165-872-9 .
  • Thomas Schmidinger: Islam in Austria - between representation and integration (PDF; 591 kB). In: Khol / Ofner / Karner / Halper (ed. :) Austrian Yearbook for Politics 2007. Böhlau, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-205-78082-3 , pp. 235-254
  • Maja sticker: special model Austria? The Islamic Faith Community in Austria (IGGiÖ) . Drava, Klagenfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-85435-548-9 .
  • Anna Strobl: Islam in Austria: a sociological study of religion . Lang, Frankfurt 1997, ISBN 3-631-31613-5 .
  • Anna Strobl: Unique Legal Status - The Muslims in Austria . In: Herder Korrespondenz 2006/4, pp. 200–204.
  • Nikola Ornig: The Second Generation and Islam in Austria. An analysis of the opportunities and limits of the pluralism of religions and ethnic groups . Graz University Press , Graz 2006, ISBN 3-7011-0070-5 .
  • Lise J. Abid: Muslims in Austria: Integration through Participation in Austrian Society , Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 26, No. 2, 2006, pp. 263-278, doi : 10.1080 / 13602000600937770 .
  • Sabine Kroissenbrunner: Islam and Muslim Immigrants in Austria: Socio-Political Networks and Muslim Leadership of Turkish Immigrants , Immigrants and Minorities, 22, No. 2, 2003, pp. 188–207, doi : 10.1080 / 0261928042000244826 .
  • Susanne Heine , Rüdiger Lohlker , Richard Potz : Muslims in Austria. History - Lifeworld - Religion , Tyrolia Verlag, Innsbruck 2012, ISBN 3-7022-3025-4 .
  • Amena Shakir, Gernot Galib Stanfel, Martin M. Weinberger (eds.): Ostarrichislam. Fragments of eight hundred years of common history. Al-Hamra-Verlag, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-7003-1851-4 .
  • Josef Peter Schuller: The hidden mosque. On the Visibility of Muslim Prayer Rooms in Vienna , ed. Ulrike Bechmann / Wolfram Reiss: Application-oriented religious studies, contributions to social and political issues , Volume 4, Tectum, Marburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8288-3177-3
  • Thomas Schönberger: Islam in the Public Consciousness. An empirical picture of the situation from a small town in Austria , ed. Ulrike Bechmann / Wolfram Reiss: Application-oriented religious studies, contributions to social and political issues , Tectum, Marburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8288-2855-1
  • Wolfram Reiss : Expert opinion on the books used in Islamic religious instruction in Austria. Published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Austria, Vienna 2012.
  • Heiko Heinisch , Imet Mehmedi et al .: The role of the mosque in the integration process . Study on behalf of the ÖIF , Vienna 2017.

Web links

Commons : Islam in Austria  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 159th Law of July 15, 1912, regarding the recognition of followers of Islam according to the Hanefite rite as a religious society . In: Reichsgesetzblatt . Born in 1912, No. 66 . Vienna August 9, 1912, p. 875 ( alex.onb.ac.at [accessed on January 28, 2020]).
  2. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam : Vol. V 1010b (Magyars) and Vol. VIII 289a (Petschenegen)
  3. ↑ David Nicolle : The Ottomans - 600 Years of Islamic World Empire, p. 112f. Vienna 2008
  4. ↑ Encyclopaedia Iranica : Article about Austria
  5. ↑ Burchard Brentjes : Chane, Sultane, Emire , page 98f. Leipzig 1974
  6. ↑ Islam in Austrian Society - Presentation at the Historikertagung 2003. In: derislam.at. November 24, 2003, archived from the original on August 9, 2007 ; accessed on March 27, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Law of July 15, 1912, regarding the recognition of followers of Islam as a religious society, RGBl. No. 159/1912
  8. ^ Martina Schmied: Islam in Austria. (PDF; 114 KB) In: bundesheer.at. Retrieved October 22, 2019 .
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  13. ↑ : For Allah, people and fatherland
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  26. ↑ Up to 400,000 Muslims in Austria , ORF News from May 15, 2006
  27. ^ Fischer Weltalmanach, page 359. Frankfurt / Main 2008
  28. ↑ The number of Muslims in Austria is growing rapidly
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  32. ↑ Der Islam in Österreich, oe1.ORF, 2007 ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oe1.orf.at
  33. ^ Wiener Zeitung : Further Calls for Jihad , January 23, 2007 (accessed November 7, 2013)
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  35. ↑ Cf. Andreas Unterberger: Sharia in Austria: Some current quotations from Islam lessons in our schools. In: wienerzeitung.at. October 26, 2007, accessed October 1, 2017 .
  36. ↑ Ednan Aslan, Jonas Kolb, Erol Yildiz: Muslim Diversity. A compass for everyday religious practice in Austria, Springer VS, 2017
  37. ↑ Religious fundamentalism and out-group hostility among Muslims and Christians in Western Europe ( Memento of the original from August 30, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Ruud Koopmans, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB), accessed on June 14, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wzb.eu
  38. ↑ a b Hayrettin Aydin, Dirk Halm, Faruk Şen: “Euro-Islam” - The new understanding of Islam by Muslims in migration. (PDF; 356 KB) In: renner-institut.at. May 2003, archived from the original on August 25, 2003 ; accessed on March 4, 2019 .
  39. ↑ Unique legal status. The Muslims in Austria. , from: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, pp. 200–2004, accessed on September 30, 2017
  40. ↑ Resul Ekrem Gönältas and the Milli Görüs derstandard.at, accessed on September 30, 2017
  41. ↑ Resul Ekrem Gönältas: The victory belongs to me profil.at, accessed on September 30, 2017
  42. ↑ Muslim boss Olgun rejects the theory of evolution after a protest kurier.at, accessed on October 1, 2017
  43. ^ "The Muslim Brotherhood in Austria". Study warns of the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Austria diepresse.com, accessed on September 20, 2017
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  47. ↑ Markus Müller, oe1.ORF, 2007 ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oe1.orf.at
  48. ^ Initiative Muslim Austrians
  49. ↑ Werner T. Bauer: Islam in Austria. (PDF; 289 KB) updated edition. In: politikberatung.or.at. OGPP, March 2016, p. 18 , accessed on April 21, 2019 .
  50. ↑ Facebook, JIGGiÖ ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Retrieved June 19, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.facebook.com
  51. ↑ "Austria is a good basis for the Muslim Brotherhood". In: kurier.at. November 11, 2014, accessed October 11, 2017 .
  52. ↑ a b c d Dunja Larise, Thomas Schmidinger: Between God's State and Democracy - Handbook of political Islam . Zsolnay / Deuticke. Vienna 2008. ISBN 3-552-06083-9
  53. ↑ Turkish-Islamic Union for Cultural and Social Cooperation in Austria (ATİB)
  54. ↑ “Who's in charge?” Oe1.ORF, Markus Müller, 2007 ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oe1.orf.at
  55. ↑ IGGiÖ Advisory Board , accessed on June 19, 2012
  56. ^ SPÖ polemics at Koran-Wettsingen in the Austria Center By Stefan Beig, Wiener Zeitung of November 2, 2007 (accessed on November 11, 2013)
  57. ^ Al-Rawi in the Vienna State Parliament, 8th session on January 26, 2007 , verbatim minutes
  58. ^ Elisabeth Dörler: A burial place for Muslims in Vorarlberg . In: okay studies . No. 2 . Project "okay.ziegen together", Dornbirn October 2004 ( full text ( memento from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 751 kB ; accessed on March 31, 2019]). A burial place for Muslims in Vorarlberg ( Memento of the original dated September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.okay-line.at
  59. ↑ perspective
  60. ^ Islamic Federation Vienna
  61. ^ Monthly newspaper Dewa from the Islamic Federation Vienna
  62. ↑ Youth Federation (JUWA)
  63. ↑ Intercultural Student Association (ISV)
  64. ↑ Union of Islamic Cultural Centers in Austria, Avusturya İslam Kültür Merkezleri Birliği ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uikz.at
  65. ↑ Werner T. Bauer : Islam in Austria - An overview. (PDF; 0.4 MB) 2.6.6. Umbrella organization of the Bosniaks in Austria. In: politikberatung.or.at. OGPP , March 2016, p. 26 , accessed April 20, 2018 .
  66. ↑ a b c Orientation (TV broadcast) , ORF2, January 23, 2011, 12:30 pm
  67. ↑ Almost one for everyone ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Date 10/06 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.date.at
  68. ↑ SCIRI, Salem Hassan ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by a representative of the SCIRI , which does not speak for the Shiite Muslims, date 2007 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.date.at
  69. ↑ Islamic religious community counts mosques in Austria. In: derstandard.at. July 21, 2017, accessed January 31, 2018 .
  70. ↑ Carinthian local image maintenance law : A " local image maintenance special commission" (§ 12a) must provide expert opinions for projects "which deviate significantly from the local building tradition due to their unusual architecture or size (height)" (§ 13 Paragraph 3 Carinthian Building Regulations 1996 ) whether these run counter to the “creation and maintenance of a site that is worth preserving, taking into account the local building tradition” (Section 1 of the Carinthian Site Care Act)
  71. ↑ Vorarlberg prevents minarets by law Der Standard Online, April 9, 2008
  72. ↑ Changes to the Vorarlberg Building Act and Spatial Planning Act (LGBL No. 34/2008) on June 19, 2008