Jewish houses in the city of Braunschweig

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Jewish houses in the city of Braunschweig were residential houses in Braunschweig that were declared by the Gestapo as " Jewish houses " in 1939, during the time of National Socialism , according to National Socialist language and in Nazi propaganda , and were forcibly quartered in the Jews . The buildings were clearly marked on the outside as “Jewish houses” and were monitored by the Gestapo. The last Jewish residents of these houses were deported in mid-1943 . The majority were initially transported to ghettos. Those who survived there were usually later murdered in extermination camps . Two deportation trains ended directly in Auschwitz .

prehistory

By ordinance on the use of Jewish assets ( RGBl. I, p. 1709) of December 3, 1938, the National Socialist German Reich forced Jewish homeowners to sell their properties , mostly below market value , to " Aryans ". The aim was, on the one hand, the pseudo-constitutional transfer of Jewish property to Germans and, on the other hand, the central consolidation of Jews and their better control by Nazi organs. In addition, living space became available for Germans, as the Jews had to live in extremely limited living space in the Jewish houses.

In a second step, the law on tenancy agreements with Jews (RGBl. I, p. 864) was enacted on April 30, 1939, which de facto repealed the tenant protection that had previously also applied to Jews . If “Jewish” house owners had “ Aryan ” tenants, they could continue to live in the houses. Officials have been pressured to move out of such houses.

In Braunschweig this meant that Jews were forcibly resettled in houses that were owned by Jews or had already been sold by them. Such “sales” came about when Jews were forced to sell their properties to the German Reich. They could not freely dispose of the fixed sales proceeds. The sale and registration in the land register were particularly delayed when a community of heirs was recorded as the owner, so that in 1942 there were several Jewish homeowners in Braunschweig. Contrary to the "usual" practice in other cases of expropriation, the files in Braunschweig do not show that Nazi figures such as Dietrich Klagges , who were appointed Nazi Prime Minister of the Free State of Braunschweig from 1933 to 1945 , Friedrich Alpers , Brunswick Minister of Finance and Justice and Friedrich Jeckeln , leader of the Gestapo, the state police and commander of the protection police in Braunschweig, enriched Jewish property.

When the National Socialists "came to power " in 1933, around 1,100 Jews were registered in the city. In 1941 - based on the census carried out by the Gestapo on May 17, 1939 - there were only 226, according to the language of the Nuremberg Laws , "full Jews" and 114 Jewish " 1st degree mixed race " in the city. At the time of the handover of the city of Braunschweig on April 12, 1945, there should have been only eleven.

The "Jewish houses" in Braunschweig and the fate of their last residents

In Braunschweig there were - depending on the sources - seven, eight or nine "Jewish houses", of which only the two houses Ferdinandstrasse 9 and Hennebergstrasse 7 survived the Second World War . The others were destroyed by bombing.

In alphabetical order these were the houses:

At Gaußberg 1

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The owners of the multi-storey house were Anna Landauer, b. Scheuer (born March 31, 1859 in Düsseldorf , died March 14, 1943 in Braunschweig) and her husband John Landauer (born April 17, 1848 in Braunschweig; died September 15, 1924, ibid.). John Landauer was a chemist (he was elected member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina in 1889 ) and owner of the J. Landauer Cotton and Linen Factory , Breite Strasse 20. Her daughter Gerda, married Leyser (born June 10, 1891; died 1943 in the Trawniki forced labor camp ) had two daughters: Ellen-Maria (born 1919 in Berlin ) and Marie-Luise (born 1921 in Berlin), who in turn was married to the Jew Dirk Hoffmann (born 1909 in Braunschweig). Ellen-Maria emigrated to Great Britain on November 26, 1938 and Marie-Luise to South America in 1939 , where both survived the war. Her mother, Gerda Leyser, was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp on March 16, 1943 and then to the Trawniki forced labor camp, where she is lost. She was pronounced dead on May 8, 1945 . Anna Landauer, whose house on Gaussberg 1 in 1942 expropriated was, then had to move 6/7 the age of 83 years into the "Jewish house" Hagenbrücke. A little later, on March 14, 1943, two days before her deportation to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, she committed suicide .

Karl Aronsohn also lived in the house, temporarily on the board of directors of the Jewish community in Braunschweig , who emigrated to the USA in 1941, the widowed Ida Berger, b. Katzenberger (born 1862 in Kassel ; died 1942 in Theresienstadt concentration camp). In 1940 she moved to a Jewish retirement home in Hanover . From there she was deported on July 24, 1942 to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, where she died. Berta Cohn, b. Friedland (born May 31, 1888 in Offenbach am Main , died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945), widow of Hugo Cohn, who died in 1931. Berta Cohn was deported to the Warsaw ghetto on March 31, 1942. Other residents were: Josef Eichner-Straßler (born August 13, 1887 in Oleszyce , Galicia , died December 12, 1941 in Braunschweig), Rosa Friedland (born unknown, died either in the Warsaw ghetto or in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp , Declared dead on May 8, 1945), sister of Berta Cohn, deported to Warsaw on March 31, 1942, where she is lost. Henriette Scheyer, b. Katzenstein (born June 26, 1861 in Kassel, died by suicide in 1942 in the Jewish nursing home in Hanover), Abraham-Meloch Wolffs (born 1872 in Aurich , died in a concentration camp, declared dead on December 31, 1945). Wolffs was deported “to the east” in 1942, where his trace is lost. His wife Theodora, b. Goldbach (born in Altenberge in 1882 , died in a concentration camp, declared dead on December 31, 1945) shared his fate.

In 1941 the Brunswick Finance Minister Friedrich Alpers demanded the quick sale of the house to the State of Brunswick in order to be able to set up a children's home there. After the forced sale to the land, however, there was a dispute between the state of Braunschweig and the German Reich, as the latter regarded itself as the "legal" owner, as it had previously been "Jewish property". After a long dispute, the Land and Reich reached an agreement on September 30, 1942 that the Reich would be the owner.

In the place of the building destroyed during the bombing of October 15, 1944 , there is now a modern residential building.

Ferdinandstrasse 9

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Former "Judenhaus" at Ferdinandstrasse 9 seen from the northeast (2012)
Ferdinandstrasse 9 from the southwest (2012)

The three-story house with various additions was built in 1876 and is still standing today. The Jewish doctor Alfred Katzenstein (born 1880 in Steinheim , died March 11, 1960 in New York ) bought it in 1927 to use it as a practice and apartment. Katzenstein had participated in the First World War and was part of the Reichsbund of Jewish Front Soldiers , because as a "Jew " he was denied membership in the " Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten ". Katzenstein was arrested on November 10, 1938, in the wake of the November 1938 pogroms , and briefly interned as a so-called action Jew in the Buchenwald concentration camp . After he had probably signed a corresponding declaration of commitment from the Nazis, he was released and emigrated with his family to the USA on August 11, 1939 . His wife Grete, b. Weil (born June 7, 1889 in Braunschweig) shared his fate. However, he does not seem to have sold the house, because as late as 1942 he was listed as the owner in the Braunschweig address book . In the address book of 1955, the owner “Dr. Alfred Katzenstein and wife in New York ”. The two sons, Kurt-Hermann (born May 24, 1913 in Braunschweig) and Herbert (born 1917 in Karlsruhe ) emigrated to the USA in 1935 and 1934 respectively.

Until 1942 some “Aryan” tenants lived in the house, including Karl Steinacker , director of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum from 1910 to 1935 . He had lived on the second floor for over 40 years, but since he was a civil servant he had to move out of the "Judenhaus" at the age of 66.

From 1942 only Jews lived at Ferdinandstrasse 9, most of whom were around 70 years old. They were: Charlotte Hirsch, b. Heiber (born 1910 in Braunschweig), wife of Fritz (born 1900 in Kitzingen ) and their daughter Marion (born 1935 in Braunschweig). According to Bilzer, Moderhack from 1966, all three emigrated to Brazil in November 1940 , after Bein in 2009, only mother and daughter. Isidor Baron (born January 20, 1859 in Wieruszów , Poland , died January 23, 1941 in Braunschweig) and Käthe Ziegelstein, b. Katzenstein (born May 7, 1888 in Treysa , died February 2, 1942 in Braunschweig) died in the house at the age of 82 and 54, respectively. In 1942/43 the following were deported to the Warsaw ghetto or to the Theresienstadt concentration camp: Amalie (born July 19, 1882 in Wieluń , died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945, daughter of Isidor and Friederike Baron) and her sister Luise Baron (born May 15, 1885 in Wieluń, died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945), both of whom are the only Kosher restaurant in Braunschweig, on Steinstrasse 2, operated. and Franziska Deppe, b. Hirschler (born 1882 in Vienna , died after March 16, 1943 in the Theresienstadt concentration camp), Rosa Falk, b. Callmann (born 1871, died in Theresienstadt or another concentration camp), Lina Nachod (born 1872 in Leipzig , died 1943 in Theresienstadt), Fritz, son of Moses and Rosa Seckels, (born 1907 in Aurich, died in Theresienstadt or another concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945), Moses (born 1857 in Aurich, died in Theresienstadt or another concentration camp) and Rosa Seckels, née. Kleinberger, wife of Moses (born in Klęczany , Galicia , died in Theresienstadt or another concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945), Anna, b. Weil (born July 26, 1880 in Steinheim, Westphalia, died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp) and her brother Robert Weil (born March 23, 1884 in Braunschweig, died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp), both siblings by Grete Katzenstein, b. Because.

Memorial plaque from 2010 for the Jewish residents of the former "Judenhaus" at Ferdinandstrasse 9

In 2010 a memorial plaque with the following inscription was placed on the north side of the house:

“In 1939 this house became a so-called 'Jewish house'. / Robbed of their dignity, Jewish people had to live here. / Charlotte, Fritz and Miriam [sic!] Hirsch emigrated to Brazil in November 1940. / Isidor Baron and Käthe Ziegelstein died here. / In 1942/43 the following were deported to the Warsaw Ghetto or to the concentration camp / Theresienstadt: / Amalie and Luise Baron, Franziska Deppe, Rosa Falk, Lina Nachod, / Fritz, Moses and Rosa, Anna and Robert Weil. "

Hagenbrücke 6/7

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The owner of the multi-storey half - timbered house was Betty Moise, b. Wirth (born in 1893 in Perehińsko , Galicia ), widow of Janku Moise, who died in 1931, owner of a textile shop. After she was forbidden to continue the company on the basis of the regulation on the elimination of Jews from German economic life of November 12, 1938, she worked briefly as a domestic worker, but then emigrated in 1939 together with her daughter Paula (born July 30, 1928 in Braunschweig ) and their sons Manfred (born September 29, 1925 ibid.) and Jacob (born April 18, 1931 ibid.) to England.

Anna Landauer, originally residing at Am Gaußberg 1, lived in Hagenbrücke 6/7 in 1943. Since she could no longer take care of herself properly, her son Kurt followed her to look after her. Kurt Landauer (born April 2, 1885 in Braunschweig; died March 16, 1943 ibid.), Was baptized and since January 5, 1921 with the Christian Gertrud, geb. Fricke (born June 23, 1895 in Braunschweig, † June 19, 1975 in Bad Neuenahr ), daughter of Robert Fricke , the rector of the Technical University of Braunschweig . They had three children: Rolfpeter, Ellinor and Gerd. Since Kurt Landauer, baptized and married to a Christian, it was a so-called " privileged mixed marriage " according to Nazi ideology . Kurt Landauer would have been protected from reprisals and deportation , at least until 1944, and could have continued to live with his wife and children. However, since he found himself in a hopeless situation after the forced closure of his business and subsequent unemployment, he also committed suicide two days after his mother's suicide.

Wilhelm Altmann (born in 1882 in Pleschen , owner of a women's clothing store and chairman of the Reich Association of Jewish Front Soldiers in Braunschweig, emigrated to Cuba on July 26, 1941 ), Martha Altmann , also lived in this house for more or less long until they emigrated or deported , born Meyer (born June 21, 1890 in Salzgitter , died August 3, 1940 in Braunschweig), Sidonie Cohn (deported to Theresienstadt in 1943), Julius Falkenstein (born 1864, formerly co-owner of his father's company, Falk Falkenstein , Brabandtstrasse 2, in 1943 Theresienstadt deported, where his trail is lost), Sally Friedmann (born 1904 in Grajewo , co-owner of the Friedmann und Rauchmann horse shop, Kuhstrasse , deported to Warsaw in 1942, where his track is lost), Georg and Paula Heller-Pollack (1942 to Warsaw deported), Willy, Ruth and Thea Krause (deported to Warsaw in 1942), Leopold Stern (deported to Theresienstadt in 1942), Jacob and Minna Wirth (emigrated to the Netherlands in 1939 , deported to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942), Leib Wirth (fate unknown) , Wilhelm, Rosa, Rolf, Silvia, Rita, Manfred, Lea, Esther Laiter (were all previously tenants in the building, were all deported to Warsaw in 1942), Michael Wolfson (deported to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942), Jacob, Max un d Malka Mahr, b. Bergwerk and Jacob, Leib and Deborah Wirth (emigrated to Poland in 1933), all three siblings of Betty Moise.

On the site of the building that was destroyed during a bombing raid, there is now a modern residential building.

Hamburger Strasse 298

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That the building at Hamburger Straße 298 was supposed to have been a “Jewish house” is only proven by Reinhard Bein's resistance to National Socialism and Ulrike Puvogel and Martin Stankowski's memorials for the victims of National Socialism . Further information on whether this was actually the case and who the residents were, if any, is not available.

On the site of the building that was destroyed during a bombing raid, there is now a modern residential building.

Hennebergstrasse 7

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Former "Judenhaus" at Hennebergstrasse 7 (front half of the building) in 2012
Stumbling blocks for four members of the Guhrauer family, Hennebergstrasse 7 (2012)
Stumbling blocks for three members of the Jondorf family, Hennebergstrasse 7 (2012)

The four-story house was built in 1894 and is still standing today. In 1921 it was declared dead by the merchant and World War II veteran Hugo Jondorf (born June 17, 1885 or 1889 or 1895 in Nuremberg , died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp, on May 8, 1945) and his father-in-law Eugen Schönlank (b. March 25, 1873 in Eberswalde ; died June 4, 1933 in Braunschweig). Jondorf was the last deputy head of the Braunschweig Jewish community before 1945. He had received the Iron Cross 2nd class during the First World War and therefore believed he was safe from persecution. Although he was imprisoned in Buchenwald concentration camp from November 11 to December 15, 1938 and after his release was only allowed to work as a worker due to the “Ordinance on the Elimination of Jews from German Economic Life”, he stayed in Braunschweig and lived in the house together his wife Edith, b. Schönlank (born June 27, 1901 in Braunschweig) until she was deported to the Warsaw Ghetto on March 31, 1942, where she is lost.

In mid-1939, the Jondorf couple set out to emigrate to South Africa , where relatives were already living. They had received the necessary exit documents, all household items had been sold, the couple were on the departure ship in Bremerhaven . It was September 1st, 1939, the 1st day of the attack on Poland and thus the beginning of the Second World War. The ship was therefore not allowed to leave the port, all passengers had to return home. When the Jondorfs arrived again at Hennebergstrasse 7, their apartment had already been forcibly occupied by the Guhrauer couple, who were also Jewish, so that the Jondorfs were one floor higher, in a room in the apartment of Hugo Jondorf's mother-in-law, Elsbeth Schönlank, née. Wenning (born May 4, 1878 in Magdeburg , died April 9, 1967 in Johannesburg , South Africa), a Christian, had to move in. The Jondorfs were deported to the Warsaw Ghetto on March 31, 1942, where they are no longer trace.

Ingeborg Jondorf (born April 14, 1925 in Braunschweig, died October 15, 1964 in Johannesburg, South Africa), the only child of the Jondorfs, emigrated to her uncle Arthur Schönlank on December 8, 1938 (born October 27, 1899 in Braunschweig) to New York. The house then became the property of the State of Braunschweig through expropriation without compensation. After the end of the war , the state of Lower Saxony, newly created in 1946, restituted the house to "Miss Ingeborg Jondorf in Staten Island, New York" as the legal successor to the former state of Braunschweig . In 1952 she emigrated to Johannesburg, where Gerhard Schönlank (born September 5, 1905 in Braunschweig), another uncle, lived. There she married Adolf Sessler (born September 3, 1908, died October 23, 1964).

Other residents were: Iwan Ries (born December 17, 1867, died March 2, 1937 in Braunschweig) ran a bicycle shop at Friedrich-Wilhelm-Strasse 18 and was also the general agent for Phoenix sewing machines . He was married to Anna, geb. Saalfeld (born August 24, 1876, in Dargun , died March 2, 1957 in South Bend , Indiana , USA). Her sons Hans (born in 1907 in Braunschweig) and Rolf (born in 1914 in Braunschweig) had emigrated to the USA via England in 1939/40.

Max Guhrauer (born April 13, 1869 in Schreiberhau , Lower Silesia ; died June 4, 1943 in the Theresienstadt concentration camp) was the last head of the Braunschweig Jewish community before 1945 and “Braunschweig representative” of the “Hanover Ahlem Administrative Office” of the “Northwestern Germany Hamburg District Office " Of the" Reich Association of Jews in Germany ". Before 1933 he and Hermann Saloschin (born July 5, 1870 in Kosten ; died February 19, 1945 [suicide] in Braunschweig) owned a soap and rubber goods wholesaler at Schützenstrasse 37. In 1939 he and his wife became the owner Paula, b. Saloschin (born January 6, 1875 in Kosten; died May 29, 1968 in Hanover ) and his business partner's sister were forced to live in the house at Hennebergstrasse 7. In 1942 the couple had to move to the "Judenhaus" at Neuer Weg 9. On March 16, 1943, the couple were deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, where Max Guhrauer died of exhaustion a few weeks later. Paula Guhrauer survived and returned to Germany on June 14, 1945. From 1947 to 1952 she lived with her son in England, but then returned to Germany. She last lived in a Jewish retirement home in Hanover, where she died in 1968. Her son Alexander (born August 11, 1901 in Braunschweig) was a businessman and emigrated to England in 1939. During the war he served in the British Army and was an occupation officer in Germany after the war. Alexander was married to the Jewess Hella, b. Freudenthal (born May 1, 1913 in Braunschweig), only child of Iwan Freudenthal, until 1931 director of the Braunschweiger Panther Fahrradwerke . In 1939 Hella Guhrauer emigrated to England with her husband.

In 2006 “stumbling blocks” for seven people from the Guhrauer and Jondorf families were laid in front of the house.

Height 3

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Stumbling blocks for three members of the Cohn family, level 3 (2012)

Karl Cohn (born 1894 in Leipzig, died 1942 in Camp 21 ) worked in his sister Else's white and wool store (born 1897 in Braunschweig; died in England, declared dead on May 8, 1945), married to Josef Samuel, divorced in 1930. Else Cohn owned a white and woolen goods shop in her house. In 1939 she was arrested twice and was imprisoned in Rennelberg prison . In the autumn of that year she emigrated to England, where she lost track in 1940. She was believed to have died in a bombing raid on London .

Rosa Cohn (born 1907 in Braunschweig), married Pincoffs, was co-owner of her sister Else's business. She emigrated to Palestine in 1935 .

On the site of the building that was destroyed during a bombing raid, there is now a modern residential building.

Meinhardshof 3

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The four-story half - timbered house was built in the 15th century. The building, like the entire development of the Meinhardshof , was destroyed during the Second World War, in particular by the heaviest bombing raid on Braunschweig on October 15, 1944.

The owners were the Kohn family, consisting of the merchant Isidor Kohn (born 1882 in Botoschan , Romania ) and his wife Esther, b. Nadler (born in Botoschan in 1882). Isidor Kohn was the owner of a haberdashery and textile goods wholesaler in Meinhardshof 3. In 1933 he traveled to safety in Palestine with his twin sons Solman and Laser (born 1922) and stayed there. Meanwhile, his wife continued the business together with their son Albert (born in Braunschweig in 1913). In the night of the pogrom from November 9th to 10th, 1938, the business was completely devastated and Albert was briefly interned in the Buchenwald concentration camp.

After a trustee was appointed managing director in 1939 , Esther and Albert Kohn traveled to Palestine to join the rest of their family.

Nuchim Festberg (born August 18, 1888 in Schönwalde , Russian Poland , died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945) came from Holzminden to Braunschweig in 1917 . Together with his business partner Salomon Nadler, he was co-owner of Manufakturwarenhandlung N. Festberg , a men's clothing store in Altstadtmarkt 5, and lived in Kohlmarkt 7. In 1940 he had to move to the "Judenhaus" Meinhardshof 3 and was only allowed to work as a worker. He was declared dead on March 31, 1942 together with his wife Erna-Ella (born September 15, 1890 in Braunschweig, died in the Warsaw ghetto or in a concentration camp, on May 8, 1945), née. Bluth, divorced Mosberg, deported to the Warsaw ghetto. Paula Festberg (born January 20, 1910 in Rubiescow , Russian Poland), daughter of Nuchim Festberg from his first marriage to Ella Hüdis (died around 1918), came to Braunschweig in 1922, but then changed her place of residence very often, finally leaving in 1933 first to Holland , married Mathes Reiter in Amsterdam in 1934 and then emigrated to Palestine. Alfred Festberg (born July 10, 1921 in Braunschweig), son from his second marriage, emigrated to Australia in 1937 .

Jenny Davidson (born November 6, 1863 in Hildesheim ; died March 16, 1943 in Braunschweig) also lived in Meinhardshof 3. On March 16, 1943, the day on which older Jews from Braunschweig were to be deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp she took her own life. Her body was cremated on March 22nd. No grave is known; like other Jewish suicides, she was probably buried anonymously.

At the site of the building that was destroyed during a bombing raid, there is now a multi-lane road.

New way 9

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Abraham Schipper (born in 1893 in Żołynia , Galicia, died in Auschwitz concentration camp , declared dead on May 8, 1945) was a businessman. On July 4, 1939, he emigrated to Brussels , Belgium, but in 1942 was deported by German troops to the SS assembly camp in Mechelen and finally to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered. His wife Rosa, b. Munz (born in Rożniatów , Galicia, 1895 , died in Auschwitz concentration camp, declared dead on May 8, 1945) shared his fate. The children Bernhard (born in 1919 in Braunschweig), Heinrich (born in 1921 in Braunschweig) and his twin sister Paula, married Schönewald, emigrated to various European countries in 1939, then to the USA (both brothers) and Palestine.

Wendenstrasse 2

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That the building at Wendenstrasse 2 was supposed to have been a “Jewish house” is only proven by Reinhard Beins resistance to National Socialism and Herbert Obenaus ' historical handbook of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen . Further information on whether this was actually the case and who the residents were, if any, is not available.

On the site of the building that was destroyed during a bombing raid, there is now a modern residential building.

Deportation of the residents

The residents of Braunschweig's “Jewish houses” were deported to forced labor camps , ghettos or concentration camps from 1942 onwards , where most of them died. The first deportation of "Judenhaus" residents took place on January 21, 1942, the last probably in May 1943. However, only four were "numerically relevant", including the two with the highest numbers of people from Braunschweig: 47 people, mostly entire families, were deported to the Warsaw Ghetto on March 31, 1942. None of them survived. On March 16, 1943, 33 old or single people were to be deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Three of them committed suicide before they were evacuated; of the remaining 30, only two survived.

List of all deportations of Braunschweig Jews

  1. January 21, 1942, destination: Riga Ghetto
  2. March 31, 1942, destination: Warsaw Ghetto
  3. April 11, 1942, destination: "to the East" , presumably Warsaw Ghetto
  4. July 6, 1942, destination: Theresienstadt concentration camp
  5. July 11, 1942, destination: Auschwitz concentration camp - destination not secured
  6. July 24, 1942, destination: Theresienstadt concentration camp
  7. October 3, 1942, destination: "to the east"
  8. March 2, 1943, destination: Auschwitz
  9. March 16, 1943, destination: Theresienstadt concentration camp (for "old" Jews)
  10. May 1943, destination: "to the east"
  11. November 1943, destination: "to the east"
  12. November 15, 1944, destination: Blankenburg labor camp (for " privileged Jews ")
  13. February 25, 1945, destination: Theresienstadt concentration camp

literature

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 31
  2. Reinhard Bein: Jews in Braunschweig 1900–1945. , P. 166
  3. Reinhard Bein: Zeitzeichen. City and State of Braunschweig 1930–1945. 2nd edition, Braunschweig 2006, p. 207, FN 1 and 2
  4. ^ Gerhard Wysocki: The Secret State Police in the state of Braunschweig. Police law and police practice under National Socialism , Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York, 1997, ISBN 3-593-35835-2 , p. 207
  5. ^ Frank Bajohr : Northern Germany under National Socialism , results publishing house. Hamburg 1993, ISBN 978-3-87916-008-2 , p. 296
  6. a b c Reinhard Bein: Resistance in National Socialism. Braunschweig 1930 to 1945. Braunschweig 1985, p. 128
  7. a b c Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 222
  8. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 223
  9. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 188 (erroneously given as "KZ Twarniki" [sic!])
  10. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 178
  11. a b Reinhard Bein: Zeitzeichen. City and State of Braunschweig 1930–1945. , P. 209
  12. a b c Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 246
  13. a b Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 157
  14. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 168
  15. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 497
  16. ^ A b Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 562
  17. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 512
  18. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). P. 388.
  19. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). P. 390.
  20. a b Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 226
  21. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 251
  22. a b c d Reinhard Bein: Contemporary witnesses made of stone. Volume 2. Braunschweig and its Jews. Braunschweig 1996, p. 61
  23. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 182
  24. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 252
  25. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 178
  26. ^ A b Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 548
  27. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 560
  28. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 535
  29. a b c d e Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 161
  30. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 163
  31. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 198
  32. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 213
  33. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 223
  34. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 521
  35. Historical photos of the half-timbered house Hagenbrücke 6/7 from 1944  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at OPAL@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / opal-niedersachsen.de  
  36. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 197
  37. ^ A b Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 568
  38. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 225
  39. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 567
  40. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , Pp. 558f
  41. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 447
  42. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 428f
  43. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 499f
  44. Ulrike Puvogel, Martin Stankowski : Memorials for the victims of National Socialism. Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein (= memorials to the victims of National Socialism. Volume 1). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Federal Agency for Political Education , Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 , p. 391
  45. a b c Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 245
  46. a b Information about the Jondorf family
  47. Reinhard Bein: Zeitzeichen. City and State of Braunschweig 1930–1945. 2nd edition, p. 206
  48. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 181
  49. ^ A b Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 512
  50. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 543
  51. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 544
  52. a b Information about the Guhrauer family
  53. a b c Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 172
  54. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 52
  55. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 241
  56. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 207
  57. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 216
  58. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 215
  59. Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 160
  60. a b c Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 183
  61. a b c d Information about the Festberg family
  62. a b Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 164
  63. Reinhard Bein: Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. , P. 23
  64. City of Braunschweig, surveying office (ed.): 1938/1993. Historical-synoptic map of Braunschweig city center , Richard-Borek-Stiftung , Braunschweig 1994
  65. Historical photo of the New Way  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at OPAL@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / opal-niedersachsen.de  
  66. a b c Bilzer, Moderhack (ed.): BRUNSVICENSIA JUDAICA. Memorial book for the Jewish fellow citizens of the city of Braunschweig 1933–1945 , p. 211
  67. Historical photos of the half-timbered house Wendenstraße 2  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at OPAL@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / opal-niedersachsen.de  
  68. ^ Herbert Obenaus (ed. In collaboration with David Bankier and Daniel Fraenkel): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen . Volume 1 (page 1-820) and Volume 2 (page 821-1668), Göttingen 2005, 1668 p. M. 83 Fig. U. 1 folding map (“The Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen”); ISBN 3-89244-753-5
  69. Reinhard Bein: You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). , P. 19
  70. Reinhard Bein: Jews in Braunschweig 1900–1945. , P. 213
  71. ^ Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The "deportations of Jews" from the German Reich 1941–1945: a commented chronology. Marix, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-059-5 , p. 194.
  72. ^ Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The "deportations of Jews" from the German Reich ... Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-059-5 , p. 222/223 consider the destination Warsaw to be possible.
  73. ^ Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The "Deportations of Jews" from the German Reich ... Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-86539-059-5 , p. 411.

Remarks

  1. ^ Henriette Scheyer was the wife of the Braunschweig entrepreneur Leopold Scheyer (born May 16, 1852 in Bleicherode ; died April 20, 1909 in Berlin) and u. a. the mother of the artist Galka Scheyer .