Oranienbaum

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Oranienbaum
Coat of arms of Oranienbaum
Coordinates: 51 ° 47 ′ 57 "  N , 12 ° 24 ′ 25"  E
Height : 64 m
Area : 32.3 km²
Residents : 2931  (Dec. 31, 2014)
Population density : 91 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : January 1, 2011
Postal code : 06785
Area code : 034904
Aerial view of Oranienbaum
Park and Palace 1991
Park and Palace 2016
Oranienbaum Castle
Pagoda in the castle park
War memorial in Goltewitz

Oranienbaum is a district of the city of Oranienbaum-Wörlitz in the district of Wittenberg in Saxony-Anhalt .

geography

Oranienbaum is located about six kilometers south of the Elbe in the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve and about twelve kilometers east of Dessau-Roßlau on the German-Dutch holiday route Oranier Route .

history

Oranienbaum

The place was originally called Nischwitz. It was first mentioned in 1179 in the possession of the Nienburg monastery . Around 1500 Nischwitz was given up due to population decline ( desertification ). In 1645 Princess Agnes von Anhalt-Dessau built a permanent house in the village . In 1660 Nischwitz became the property of Princess Henriette Catharina of Oranien-Nassau , wife of Prince Johann Georg II of Anhalt-Dessau . She had a glassworks built in 1669 . In 1673 the place was named Oranienbaum in memory of the princess' origins.

The architect Cornelis Ryckwaert began designing Oranienbaum in 1683 to create a baroque ensemble of town, palace and park. Oranienbaum Palace and Park are part of the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm .

The princess had a brewery built in 1693 . Prince Leopold I moved the Broyhans brewery from Dessau to Oranienbaum in 1734 . Tobacco has also been grown in Oranienbaum since 1693 and processing began. In 1695 Oranienbaum got market rights . In 1709 there were twelve authorized breweries. In 1712 the Protestant town church was built.

Numerous craft guilds were founded between 1712 and 1739. The Chinese island garden and the pagoda were laid out from 1793 to 1797 . So that poor girls could learn too, the princess had a work school set up for them in 1810. The classic orangery (one of the longest in Europe) was built on the edge of the park between 1812 and 1818. A pharmacy was also built in 1818. The city court with the offices of Wörlitz and Rehsen became the judicial office for all localities between the Elbe and Mulde in 1819. The first tobacco processing company was founded in 1824. A new school was built in 1825 and an advanced training school in 1880. In 1864 the Friedrich liqueur factory was founded, which produced liqueur from orange blossoms. The factory existed until 1950.

In 1894 the Dessau – Wörlitz railway line (later to Gohrau-Rehsen) was built, at which Oranienbaum was given a stop . In 1900 Oranienbaum was declared a climatic health resort . At the same time, a sanatorium for children was built in the forest. In 1927, Oranienbaum owned 70 tobacco productions registered with the customs office. With the closure of the last tobacco factory Ephraim Schulze, tobacco production in Oranienbaum came to an end in 1968.

In 2004 and 2012 the Dutch Queen Beatrix visited Oranienbaum.

Oranienbaum had belonged to the Dessau district in the Duchy of Anhalt since 1863 (1919–1932 in the Free State of Anhalt ). From 1932 to 1950 the city was part of the Dessau-Köthen district in the Free State of Anhalt and in the state of Saxony-Anhalt . From 1952-1994 Oranienbaum belonged to the circle Graefenhainichen the East German district hall or in the state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1994 it was incorporated into the Anhalt-Zerbst district .

In 2006 a referendum took place within the framework of the regional reform of the state of Saxony-Anhalt on the incorporation of the city into Dessau . However, the vote did not bring any result due to disagreements between the conflicting parties.

In 2007 the city of Oranienbaum was incorporated into the Wittenberg district due to a district reform from the former Anhalt-Zerbst district. Since January 1, 2011, Oranienbaum has been part of the newly formed city of Oranienbaum-Wörlitz . The districts of Goltewitz and Kapen belonged to the previously independent city of Oranienbaum .

Goltewitz

Goltewitz is about 1 km east of Oranienbaum. The place had been Electoral Saxon ( Amt Graefenhainichen ) since the 16th century and became Prussian in 1815 ( District Bitterfeld ). In 1942 Goltewitz came to Anhalt ( Dessau-Köthen district ) and was incorporated on July 1, 1950.

Goltewitz has 212 inhabitants.

Capes

Kapen was originally a forest area with a forestry office west of Oranienbaum. In 1902, a princely hunting lodge ("Kapenschlösschen", "Kapenmühle") was built on the way from Vockerode to the forester's lodge Kapen. After the dissolution of the Duchy of Anhalt in 1918, the now state-owned buildings and the associated grounds served various purposes, including as a rest home for the German Reichskriegerbund , as a bar for hikers and as a hunting lodge for the former Gauleitung Magdeburg-Anhalt of the NSDAP .

From 1935 part of the area was used as a military training area. In addition, an ammunition plant was built, the Kapen Army Ammunition Plant . In 1936 a chemical plant was built in the immediate vicinity, in which explosives and accessories as well as other armaments were assembled . Even after the fall of the Wall, the area was still heavily contaminated . The Dessau-Wörlitz Railway set up its own stop and sidings.

In 1945 the barracks and the military training area as well as the forester's house were taken over by the Soviet army . In 1948 the packaging of explosives and accessories was resumed in the chemical plant. Delivered explosives were further processed, u. a. the production of the self-firing systems , which were used on the inner-German border, took place here . The cape mill was used as a base for Headquarters VIII of the Ministry of State Security .

In 1985 the Dessau-Wörlitz railway line at the Kapen stop was expanded to include a container terminal . In 1991 the “DESSORA” industrial park was built on the site of the chemical plant. New companies settled there. The motorway connection ( A 9 ) Dessau-Ost is only about 3 km away.

In 1991 the Soviet Army cleared the barracks and forester's house, and the Ministry for State Security cleared the Kapenmühle. The Kapenmühle was initially the seat of the construction management for the later location of the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve Administration , which moved in 1997 into the forester's house and the little Kapenschlößchen renovated in 1993. Some old buildings were demolished. In 2008, the first cemetery in Saxony-Anhalt with a size of 118 hectares was set up in the extensive forest area.

Kapen has 13 residents.

politics

coat of arms

The coat of arms was approved on April 13, 1994 by the Dessau Regional Council and registered in the Magdeburg State Archives under the coat of arms roll number 11/1994.

Blazon : "In silver, a green orange tree with nine golden fruits, growing from a two-handled blue bucket."

The colors show green - silver (white).

The coat of arms is related to the place name and thus a talking coat of arms .

Town twinning

The city of Oranienbaum maintained a city partnership with the Rhineland-Palatinate city of Daun . Friendly relations exist with the Brandenburg sister city of Oranienburg and since 2000 with the Dutch royal family .

Culture and sights

City Church
Marketplace with orange tree
  • Oranienbaum Palace , orangery, park and Chinese garden; Part of the Network Garden Dreams Saxony-Anhalt
  • Baroque town church (consecrated in 1712)
  • Historic market square with four quarters and a wrought-iron orange tree, the city's landmark
  • Inner city in the Dutch architectural style of the 19th century
  • Monument path with 29 stations in the city center

Memorials

  • Memorial and graves in the local cemetery for 28 men and women from several countries during the Second World War deported to Germany and victims of forced labor in the Army munitions plant Dessau were
  • Commemorative plaque on the residential building Rosenweg 13 for the communist city ​​councilor Oskar Böhm, who died while being transported from the Werl prison . The plaque disappeared after 1990 and the street named after it was de-dedicated

Monuments

  • In 1771 the wall broke in two places north of Wörlitz. The flood of the Elbe flooded until shortly before Oranienbaum. A memorial stone ( Prinzenstein ) was erected at this point on Bundesstraße 107 not far from the entrance to the municipality of Brandhorst .
  • A milestone is located on the road from Oranienbaum to Dessau, just before the entrance to the Middle Elbe Biosphere Reserve in Kapen (I mile (to Dessau)).

societies

  • Oranienbaumer Sportverein Hellas 09
  • Sports club Anhalt Oranienbaum
  • Oranienbaum fishing club
  • Dog sports club Oranienbaum
  • Carrier pigeon club Oranienbaum
  • Friends of the "Comprehensive School in the Garden Realm"
  • AGORA

Events

  • Oranienbaumer Orange Festival (May)
  • "Small festival in the big park": Cabaret festival with national and international artists in the Oranienbaum Castle Park (June)
  • Advent market around the town church (December)

Transport links

Personalities

  • Friedrich Wilhelm (1700–1771), Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
  • Julie Baroness von Cohn-Oppenheim (1839–1903), daughter of the Prussian court banker Moritz von Cohn , founder, honorary citizen
  • Friedrich Graf (1858–1929), home historian and honorary citizen
  • Ludwig Knabe (1860–1942), mayor of the city until 1927, honorary citizen
  • Werner Müller (1914–2008), local history researcher and honorary citizen
  • Brigitte Reimann (1933–1973), writer, buried in Oranienbaum
  • Gabriele Muschter (* 1946), art scholar, born in Oranienbaum

literature

  • Local association Oranienbaum of the Kulturbund Dessau-Wörlitz eV: Oranienbaum - Portrait of a small town , Oranienbaum-Wörlitz 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-034541-8 , 288 pages

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c according to the residents' registration office
  2. ↑ Katharina Bechler: Oranienbaum Palace and Park - DKV Art Guide No. 555/0, Munich no year.
  3. ↑ Frank Dittmer: City and City Church Oranienbaum - DKV art guide No. 563/2, Munich no year.
  4. ↑ Information brochure "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Oranienbaum" of the former administrative association Oranienbaum and: "Oranienbaum. History with a pointed pen ”, Oranienbaumer Hefte No. 13, publisher: AGORA e. V.
  5. ↑ StBA: Area changes from January 1st to December 31st, 2011
  6. ↑ Ammunition depot at 51 ° 48 ′ 20.5 ″  N , 12 ° 20 ′ 18 ″  E
  7. ↑ Joachim Specht: The legacy of Kapen . first minute Taschenbuchverlag, Emsdetten 2007, ISBN 978-3-932805-58-5 .
  8. ↑ Location: Heeresmunitionsanstalt Dessau-Kapen ( Memento from May 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 76 kB). In: Technology register for the remediation of contaminated sites. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  9. ↑ Jochen Staadt : You damn pigs. GDR head of state and party Erich Honecker made a sovereign decision on the introduction and dismantling of the deadly fragmentation mines on the inner-German border. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of August 14, 2017, p. 6.
  10. ↑ State network: Line 331 in the Wittenberg district links train and bus ( Memento from April 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive )

Web links

Commons : Oranienbaum  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Oranienbaum  - travel guide