Karl Haushofer

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Haushofer (left) and Rudolf Hess , around 1920

Karl Ernst Haushofer (born August 27, 1869 in Munich ; † March 10, 1946 on the Hartschimmel farm near Pähl am Ammersee ) was a German officer , geographer and a well-known geopolitical representative .

Life and steps of professional development

Karl Haushofer was the eldest son of the Munich professor of economics Max Haushofer Jr. (1840–1907) and his wife Adele Fraas (1844–1872). The family also included the siblings Marie (1871–1940) and Alfred (1872–1943). After the mother's death in 1872, the grandmother Adele Fraas (1819–1889) took over the upbringing of the children. After completing the humanistic grammar school , Karl Haushofer joined the 1st field artillery regiment "Prince Regent Luitpold" of the Bavarian Army in 1887 as a one-year volunteer . The following year he became a three year old volunteer and officer aspirant . It received an excellent rating. After attending the war school , he was promoted to secondary lieutenant in 1889 . From 1890 to 1892 he graduated from the artillery and engineering school. This was followed by a visit to the Bavarian War Academy in 1895.

During this time he met Martha Mayer-Doss (1877-1946), daughter of a tobacco manufacturer from Mannheim who converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1882 , and whom he married in 1896 in the pilgrimage church of St. Anton above Partenkirchen . The 19-year-old bride was very talented in languages, spoke English and French, and was very interested in political issues, women's rights issues and current events around her. That was somewhat contrary to Karl Haushofer's ideas, but he tolerated it. The sons Albrecht (1903–1945) and Heinz (1906–1988) emerged from the marriage.

In 1898 Karl Haushofer finished the war academy , which awarded him the qualification for the general staff, the higher adjutantage and the subject. He then became adjutant of the 1st Field Artillery Brigade and, in 1899, was assigned to the General Staff for two years. In 1901, Haushofer returned to his regular regiment as a captain and worked here as battery chief for three years . In 1904 he was transferred to the Central Office of the General Staff and was assigned to the War Academy. Haushofer taught the 37th course in war history and the history of the art of war there, but was transferred to the General Staff of the 3rd Division in Landau in the Palatinate in the middle of the semester in 1907 , which he perceived as a punitive measure. In April 1907 his father also died.

These events plunged Karl Haushofer into a serious crisis. He quarreled with the "military", which no longer corresponds to his interests, longed to return to teaching and looked for opportunities for another career. With the rank of captain reached at his age, he saw no further development opportunities. He planned to apply for the vacant position of military attaché in Constantinople, but refrained from doing so when he learned that it was almost exclusively a matter of performing representative tasks. A short time later, the staff member Heinrich Graf von Luxemburg (1874–1960) brought him information about a tender for an inspection trip to Japan. But even that was difficult for him to choose. It was only at the insistence of his wife Martha Haushofer that he submitted his application, almost too late.

Stay in Japan

On June 24, 1907, Karl Haushofer was informed that he had been selected for this foreign assignment. He now had just under 16 months until embarkation. When the application was submitted, it was clear that his wife would accompany him. "I was the driving force behind the decision," she confided in her travel diary. From the beginning she was involved in the travel preparations. She put together the necessary specialist literature. They made country sketches and checked possible contacts and consultation partners in advance. But he found it very difficult to learn the Japanese language, while Martha got along quite well.

Apart from Karl and Martha Haushofer, only the aforementioned Heinrich Graf von Luxemburg and the criminal lawyer and cousin of Martha, Max Ernst Mayer (1875–1923) belonged to the tour group . Martha kept a diary in order to authentically record the many new and scientifically usable knowledge. For Karl Haushofer, the aim of the trip was to study the political and military situation in the countries visited, to contribute to the consolidation of the relations between these countries and Germany and to examine possible strategic partnerships. In Japan it was planned to use him as a military observer first at the German embassy in Tokyo and then with a Japanese field artillery regiment near Kyoto.

On October 19, 1908, the Reichspoststampfer “ Goeben ” was boarded in Genoa . Decades later, Stefan Zweig wrote in his memoirs Die Welt von Gestern : “From Calcutta to India and sailing up the Irrawaddy on a riverboat , I spent hours every day with Karl Haushofer and his wife, who was commanded as a German military attaché to Japan. This upright, gaunt man [...] gave me the first insight into the extraordinary qualities and inner discipline of a German general staff officer. [...] Haushofer [...] came from a cultivated, middle-class family [...] and his education was universal beyond the military. Commissioned to study the scenes of the Russo-Japanese war on the spot, both he and his wife had familiarized themselves with the Japanese language and poetry [...]. He worked on the ship all day, followed every detail with binoculars, wrote diaries or papers, studied encyclopedias; seldom have I seen him without a book in hand. As a close observer he knew how to portray well; I learned a lot from him about the riddle of the East in conversation, and when I got home I stayed on friendly terms with the Haushofer family; we exchanged letters and visited each other in Salzburg and Munich. "

After 4 months, on February 19, 1909, Japan was reached via Singapore and Hong Kong and was greeted in Tokyo by members of the German embassy. The employment at the embassy originally intended for Karl Haushofer did not materialize because he would have had to submit to the incumbent military attaché due to his low rank . Therefore, he stayed in Tokyo for only 7 weeks, during which he was introduced to high officials of Japan and leaders of the Japanese army . Then we went on to southwestern Japan, accompanied by the interpreter Murata, as Karl Haushofer could not cope with the Japanese language. They spent the rainy season in Kyoto and arrived in the Fujiyama region in August 1909. On this stage of the journey, Karl Haushofer had to struggle with considerable depression. Fears of the future plagued him, and since he had never felt at home in a strange place for a long time, he was very homesick. At times this led him almost to the point of incapacity to act. It only “thawed” again in September, when he met numerous Japanese officers of the occupation forces while visiting Manchuria . Here he was in demand as a Bavarian officer. He learned about the progress of the construction of the south Manchurian railway, visited military objects in Tianjin , exchanged military experiences about the war actions of Japan against China and Russia and got to know the secretary of the Japanese colonial representation Honda Kumatarō , who became Japanese ambassador in Berlin in 1924 .

The journey continued to the actual destination Fushimi-ku (Kyōto) , where the artillery regiment was stationed nearby. During this time, Karl Haushofer was like a changed man. He got along with the Japanese military working there as if on an equal footing. There were many professional, technical and also military topics that were of great interest to both sides. From here they began their return journey on June 15, 1910: via Vladivostok , Irkutsk , Moscow and Warsaw to Munich .

Karl Haushofer fell ill on the trip and arrived in Munich on July 15, 1910 with serious complaints. Here he had to undergo an appendix and groin operation and was temporarily in danger of death. He was only able to put the dutiful travel report into the hands of his wife from the sick bed, by means of dictation and joint additions. In the two following years, too, Karl Haushofer was unable to fully fill his employment at the War Academy or with the 11th Field Artillery Regiment , as he continued to deal with considerable health impairments. This meant that in April 1912 he took a leave of absence for 18 months without pay. This was reinforced by a renewed resentment about still being “only” a major at the age of 40.

With increasing recovery and the active support of his wife, he began as an active officer with his doctoral thesis. It was submitted on November 13, 1913 under the topic: "The German part in the geographic development of Japan and the sub-Japanese earth region and their promotion through war and military policy". Doctoral supervisor was Erich von Drygalski . Shortly afterwards, the first book by Karl Haushofer, "Dai Nihon", was published by ES Mittler und Sohn. His reflections on a Greater Japan were recorded here and, of course, the experiences and results of the discussions that he had gathered during the trip were included. His wife, to whom he dedicated the work, played a large part. It was "the first book of joint work" as both independently determined. For Karl Haushofer, however, it was the decisive step to embark on a scientific career from now on.

Development as a scientist

The outbreak of the First World War gave Karl Haushofer a lightning career. As a staff officer in the 7th field artillery regiment "Prince Regent Luitpold" he was involved in the fighting in Lorraine and France. In 1914 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and received the Iron Cross 2nd class. In the further course of the war he became commander of the Reserve Field Artillery Regiment 9 at the end of May 1915 and was deployed with the regiment in Poland, Alsace and Romania . As a colonel , Haushofer gave up the regiment in April 1917 and acted as the artillery commander of the 30th Reserve Division in Lorraine until the end of the war . After the armistice of Compiègne and his return to his homeland, Haushofer was put up for disposal with the character of major general in 1919 . He said goodbye to the Bavarian army.

During the war, the Haushofer couple corresponded about current political books, joint work and the possible future after the end of the war. In doing so, they did not forget to maintain the contacts they had made during the trip to Japan. Karl Haushofer completed his habilitation in geography at the University of Munich in 1919 . During this time he received offers for a chair from several universities, for example from Leipzig and Tübingen, which he did not accept because he did not want to leave Bavaria. The Geographical Institute of the University of Munich offered him an honorary professorship in 1921. In the same year his book "The Japanese Empire in its geographical development" was published. Characteristic of this time in the academic work, correspondence and discussions of Karl Haushofer was an effort to present Japan as a model for Germany in the field of military development, while in numerous other spheres, ignoring reality, he attested that both countries had similar developments and future prospects. Above all, he was kept up-to-date through his contacts through both embassies and his network in Japan. Many Japanese visited him and his wife during their stay in Germany. So in 1921 the Japanese constitutional lawyer Takarabe Seiji (1881-1940), in 1925 the Japanese economist Hira Yasutaro (1896-1970). This was intensified from 1924 onwards when her former interlocutor in Manchuria was Honda Kumataro ambassador of Japan in Berlin. In return, Karl Haushofer tried to support the ostensibly military interest of the Japanese in Germany shortly after the war by making contact recommendations. Several publications from his pen appeared in relatively close time relations, such as: the geography "Japan and the Japanese", the book "Southeast Asia's rise and self-determination" - both in 1923 and one year later "The Japanese Empire in its geographic development" and "Geography of the Pacific Ocean. Study of the Interrelationship Between Geography and History ”. Due to the associated activities, public appearances, publications and teaching, Karl Haushofer was now considered a proven “Japan expert”. In general, the academic career he had embarked on up to then was unthinkable without his intensive relationships with Japan and without the cooperation of his wife Martha, who supported his academic work significantly through targeted research, translations, correspondence and other activities.

In this context, he was one of the founders of a new geopolitics that referred to Friedrich Ratzel . The geopoliticians took over the term “ living space ” from biology and applied it to their power-political considerations in the relations between great powers and smaller states. They mostly ignored the danger of political abuse of these pseudo-scientific approaches. The book “Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean”, published in 1925 by Karl Haushofer, in which he established a strategic pioneering role for Japan in the Asian region, became particularly clear. This was connected with numerous discussions about the future options of an alliance between Berlin, Moscow and Tokyo, which he led in public and represented in lectures.

In 1919 Haushofer met Rudolf Hess through a former comrade from the front. He studied with him and also worked temporarily as his assistant. In the house of the Haushofer couple he was a welcome and often seen guest, with whom Karl Haushofer maintained a friendly relationship. When Hess was imprisoned with Adolf Hitler in Landsberg am Lech because of his involvement in the Hitler putsch in 1923 and was visited there several times by Haushofer, there were also contacts between him and Hitler. However, a closer relationship between Haushofer and Hitler cannot be proven, even if Hitler took up geopolitical theses in Mein Kampf , which he wrote in Landsberg with Hess's participation as secretary. In April 1924 and April 1927, Karl Haushofer took part as a speaker at leadership conferences of the federal Oberland at Hoheneck Castle (Ipsheim) .

From 1924 Haushofer was co-editor of the " Zeitschrift für Geopolitik " in Germany .

On August 2, 1925, the Bavarian Radio broadcasted Haushofer's radio series “The World Political Monthly Report” for the first time in the German Hour in Bavaria between 8:15 and 8:45 pm. Here he campaigned for geosciences to be brought closer to politics. In his geopolitical remarks, the Nazis' close idea of ​​spatial determinacy played the central role. The program was taken off the program again after six years, in September 1931, because it was "at times quite one-sided and lifeless". Immediately after they came to power , the National Socialists came back to Haushofer and from June 1933 broadcast his monthly global political report on a privileged, Germany-wide broadcasting slot as a national broadcast .

New opportunities and increasing risks from 1933

The time of National Socialism in Germany began in 1933 with very clear signals for Karl Haushofer and his family. In the middle of March, the Bavarian police carried out a house search due to a denunciation of illegal possession of weapons. At the beginning of the year he received the position, title and rank of full professor at the University of Munich. His plan to open a chair for geopolitics here failed because of the rejection by the Bavarian Minister of Education, Hans Schemm (1891-1935). Haushofer was one of the founding members of the National Socialist Academy for German Law in 1933 . Hans Franks . It was particularly difficult that, according to the National Socialist race laws, Martha Haushofer was classified as a “ half-Jew ”, and the two sons Albrecht and Heinz were classified as “ quarter Jews ”. They were thereby at risk, especially as far as publicly effective activities were concerned. Rudolf Hess, who had meanwhile advanced to become the Führer’s deputy, issued a so-called “protection letter” upon request, which at least offered some security against access and direct persecution. From 1934 to 1937 Karl Haushofer was President of the German Academy . He became a board member of the German-English Society founded in 1935 . From 1938 to 1941, as the successor to Hans Steinacher , who was forced to resign , he was head of the Volksbund for Germanness abroad, which was now harmonized . As a result, he was always listed as a party member in relation to the official bodies in the German Reich, but without being a member of the NSDAP himself. Karl Haushofer was not always aware of this sometimes bizarre “special position”. Wherever he saw a supposed benefit for himself, he played this card cleverly. But it also harbored enormous dangers, especially where he was not in accordance with the political and strategic goals of the management staff around Adolf Hitler. It did not always help to withdraw to a “purely military point of view”, which he did more ostensibly after 1933.

More and more, Karl Haushofer saw his personal role as a mediator “between East and West” - that is, between Japan and Germany. Through his intensive network in Japan with different social groups, which included politicians, representatives of science, business and the military, he was quite able to mitigate certain negative effects that had been caused by the German side on the Japanese . For example, the strong racist components of National Socialist policy, the irritation caused by the conclusion of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact . He was also considered to be a connoisseur of Japan in National Socialist government circles in Germany, even if his positions were not always in line with Adolf Hitler's goals. As early as 1934, this led to close relationships with Adolf Hitler's foreign policy advisor at the time, Joachim von Ribbentrop (1893–1946). Karl Haushofer made his information and, in some cases, the Japanese network available in order to check possible alliances for Germany. In addition, the eldest son Albrecht Haushofer also worked in Japan as an employee of the Ribbentrop office, equipped with secret assignments. In this respect, Karl Haushofer was involved in the formation of the Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan in 1936. After several unsuccessful attempts, Karl Haushofer succeeded in 1938 in speaking to Adolf Hitler in private on the sidelines of an event. He tried to warn against further military activities after the Munich Agreement and to identify suitable alliances for Germany in the Asian region. This conversation was abruptly broken off by Hitler. As a result, Haushofer was curtailed more and more in his geopolitical activities and research. Nevertheless, an improved new edition of his book "Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean" appeared in the same year, in which he gave Japan the same pioneering role for Asia that he thought Germany should play in Europe . As the third Axis power, he relied on the Soviet Union.

In February 1939, Karl Haushofer ended his work as a university lecturer. At this time he was already critical of National Socialism, with which he had been connected for a long time primarily through his friendship with Rudolf Hess. After Rudolf Hess' flight to Great Britain on May 10, 1941, Haushofer lost all influence and was also targeted by the Gestapo . He and his son Albrecht were arrested and, as possible confidants, subjected to interrogation, some of which SD chief Reinhard Heydrich himself led. The outbreak of the Second World War then plunged Karl Haushofer into a severe depression . He withdrew to the family's hard mold court, his last publication “Das Reich. Großdeutsches Werden im Abendland ”appeared in 1943. Albrecht Haushofer was arrested on December 7, 1944 as a participant in the preparations for the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 , and murdered by the SS outside prison on the night of April 23, 1945 . The younger son Heinz was also temporarily detained. Karl Haushofer was also arrested and then spent a month as a prisoner in Dachau . After his release, he was mentally and physically battered and suffered a heart attack in 1945. In early 1946, as part of the Nuremberg trial against the main war criminals , Haushofer was compared with Hess, who claimed not to know Haushofer.

On the night of March 10th to 11th, 1946, Karl Haushofer and his wife Martha killed themselves with arsenic in a secluded spot on their hard mold farm. In the "Declaration to our son Heinz and our family lawyer Dr. Carl Beisler ”named Karl Haushofer as the reason for the joint suicide“ incurable mourning for the fate of the country and its people, to which I had devoted my entire life's work in vain; and about the untimely death of our son Albrecht, in which I lost the heir of my scientific work ”. The couple were buried in the private cemetery of the Hartschimmelhof.

reception

For a long time there was disagreement in the post-war reception of the Haushofer factory. For the Jesuit Bruno Hipler, Haushofer was the “ideological teacher of Hitler and the spiritual father of Nazi ideology”. Frank Ebeling comes to the opposite assessment: National Socialists had abused Haushofer's geopolitics. In his biography of Haushofer, the political scientist Hans-Adolf Jacobsen takes the position that Haushofer remained loyal to the powerful in the Third Reich for too long. However, his influence on Hitler's thinking is overestimated. It didn't take geopolitics to get Hitler on a course of aggression. Nils Hoffmann joins this with the statement: “Far more than conceptions of space, racial ideas shaped the dictator's image”.

Overall, on the basis of several current research papers on the developments between the two world wars, the interdependencies within the Japanese and German power structure and on the person of Karl Haushofer, it can be stated that Haushofer played a role as a geoscientist and intellectual creator of imperial-aggressive endeavors, especially in the 1950s and 1960s was heavily overrated and populist oversubscribed. Rather, his development is more an example of the coincidences and networks on which a personal career depends, for example at Haushofer not least on the intensive support from his wife Martha. At the numerous interfaces of his development, however, it becomes clear how little planned and long-term action shaped his path.

Works

  • On the geopolitics of self-determination: 1. Southeast Asia's return to self-determination. Munich, no year.
  • The German share in the geographic development of Japan and the sub-Japanese region and their promotion through war and defense policy. Dissertation University of Munich 1913.
  • Dai Nihon: reflections on Greater Japan's military strength, world position and future. ES Mittler and Son, Berlin 1913.
  • The Japanese Empire in its Geographical Development. LW Seidel & Sohn, Vienna 1921. (Slightly modified version of the habilitation thesis) books.google.de
  • Japan and the Japanese , 1923.
  • Southeast Asia's Revival of Self-Determination , 1923.
  • Geography of the Pacific Oceania. Study of the interrelationships between geography and history , Vohwinckel Verlag Berlin, 1924
  • Pacific Ocean geopolitics. 1925.
  • Frontiers in their geographical and political significance 1927.
  • Building blocks for geopolitics. Kurt Vowinckel, Berlin 1928.
  • Japan's Imperial Renewal from the Meiji Era to Today. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1930.
  • Geopolitics of Pan-Ideas 1931.
  • Power and Earth: 2. Beyond the Great Powers - publisher Karl Haushofer, 1932.
  • The National Socialist Thought in the World. GDW Callway, 1933.
  • Japan's development as a world power and empire. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 1933.
  • Mutsuhito - Emperor of Japan. Coleman, Lübeck 1933.
  • World politics today. Contemporary history publisher Wilhelm Andermann, Berlin 1934, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3DHaushofer-Karl-Weltpolitik-von-heute~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D .
  • Space-conquering powers. Teubner Verlag Leipzig, 1934.
  • Napoleon I. Coleman, Lübeck 1935.
  • Kitchener. Coleman, Lübeck 1935.
  • Foch. Coleman, Lübeck 1935.
  • The great powers before and after the world war. Publisher Karl Haushofer, authors of the volume Hugo Hassinger, Otto Maull, Erich Obst, Kjellen Rudolf, 1935.
  • Oceans and world powers. Zeitgeschichte Verlag, Berlin 1937.
  • World in ferment. German geopolitical reports. Ed. by Gustav Fochler-Hauke. German publishing house for politics and economy Berlin; Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig 1937.
  • German cultural policy in the Indo-Pacific region. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 1939.
  • Limits in their geographical and political significance. Vowinckel, Heidelberg a. a. 1939.
  • Geopolitical basics. Industrieverlag Spaeth & Linde, Berlin, Vienna, 1939.
  • Japan is building its empire. Contemporary history publisher Wilhelm Andermann, Berlin 1941.
  • The becoming of the German people. From D. Diversity of the tribes for the unity of the nation. Propylaea Publishing House, Berlin 1941.
  • The continental block. Central Europe, Eurasia, Japan. Rather publisher, Berlin 1941.
  • Defense geopolitics: Geographical foundations of military science. Junker and Dünnhaupt Verlag, 1941.
  • The Empire. Greater German becoming in the West. Habel, Berlin 1943.

literature

  • Tilman Koops: Karl Haushofer. In: Handbook of the Volkish Sciences. People - institutions - research programs - foundations. Edited by Ingo Haar u. Michael Fahlbusch . Among employees v. Matthias Berg, Munich 2008, pp. 235-238.
  • Heike Wolter: 'People without space'. Concepts of living space in the geopolitical, literary and political discourse of the Weimar Republic. A study on the basis of case studies on the life and work of Karl Haushofer, Hans Grimm and Adolf Hitler. Lit, Münster, Hamburg, London 2003.
  • Christian W. Spang: Karl Haushofer and Japan. The reception of his geopolitical theories in German and Japanese politics. Iudicium, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86205-040-6 .
  • Christian W. Spang: Karl Haushofer Re-examined - Geopolitics as a Factor within Japanese-German Rapprochement in the Inter-War Years? In: CW Spang, R.-H. Wippich (Ed.): Japanese-German Relations, 1895–1945. War, Diplomacy and Public Opinion. London 2006, pp. 139-157.
  • Gerhard J. Bellinger and Brigitte Regel-Bellinger : Schwabings Ainmillerstrasse and its most important residents. A representative example of Munich's city history from 1888 to today. Norderstedt 2003, pages 123–125 books.google - ISBN 3-8330-0747-8 ; 2nd edition 2012, ISBN 978-3-8482-2883-6 ; E-Book 2013, ISBN 978-3-8482-6264-9 .
  • Christian W. Spang: Karl Haushofer and Japan. The influence of the continental bloc theory on the Japanese policy of the Third Reich. In: Hilaria Gössmann, Andreas Muralla (eds.): 11th German-speaking Japanologentag in Trier 1999. 1. Volume, Münster 2001, pp. 121-134.
  • Christian W. Spang: Karl Haushofer and geopolitics in Japan. On the significance of Haushofer within the German-Japanese relations after the First World War. In: Irene Diekmann et al. (Ed.): Geopolitics. Crossing borders in the spirit of the times. Volume 1.2, Potsdam 2000, ISBN 3-932981-68-5 , pp. 591-629.
  • Bruno Hipler: Hitler's teacher - Karl Haushofer as the father of Nazi ideology. EOS-Verlag, St. Ottilien 1996, ISBN 3-88096-298-7 .
  • Frank Ebeling: geopolitics. Karl Haushofer and his spatial science 1919–1945. Berlin 1994.
  • Hans-Adolf Jacobsen : Struggle for living space. On the role of the geopolitician Karl Haushofer in the Third Reich. In: German Studies Review. Volume 4, No. 1, 1981, pp. 79-104.
  • Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: Foreign cultural policy as a “spiritual weapon”. Karl Haushofer and the German Academy 1923–1937. In: Kurt Düwell , Werner Link (ed.): German foreign cultural policy since 1871. Contributions to the history of cultural policy. Volume 1, Cologne and Vienna 1981, pp. 218-256.
  • Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: Karl Haushofer. Life and work. 2 volumes, Boldt, Boppard 1979, ISBN 3-7646-1648-2 .
  • Rainer Matern: Karl Haushofer and his geopolitics during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. A contribution to the understanding of his ideas and his work. Karlsruhe 1978.
  • Donald Hawley Norton: Karl Haushofer and the German Academy, 1925-1945. In: Central European History. Volume 1, 1968, pp. 80-99.
  • Donald Hawley Norton: Karl Haushofer and His Influence on Nazi ideology and German Foreign Policy 1919-1945. Diss. Phil. Clark University , Worcester, Massachusetts 1965
  • Heinz Haushofer, Adolf Roth: The house yard and the house yard . Laßleben, Munich and Kallmünz 1939 (publications of the Bavarian State Association for Family Studies e.V., issue 8).
  • Long-range effects of German geopolitics. Festschrift for the 70th birthday of its publisher Karl Haushofer on August 27, 1939. Special volume of the magazine for geopolitics, vol. 16, issue 8 & 9 (Aug./Sept.) Kurt Vowinckel , Leipzig 1939 (740 pages)
  • Riccardo Rosati, L'idea imperiale del Giappone per Karl Haushofer , https://www.barbadillo.it/91915-lidea-imperiale-del-giappone-per-karl-haushofer/

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Othmar Hackl : The Bavarian War Academy (1867-1914). CH Beck´sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-10490-8 , p. 464.
  2. ^ Christian W. Spang, Karl Haushofer and Japan. The reception of his geopolitical theories in Japanese politics, monograph by the Institute for Japanese Studies, Volume 52, 2013, p. 86 ff. Books.google
  3. ↑ Martha Haushofer's travel diary p. 5 in: Christian W.Sprang, Karl Haushofer and Japan, the reception of his geopolitical theories in German and Japanese politics, monograph by the Institute for Japanese Studies, Volume 52, 2013, p. 89ff.
  4. ↑ https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/zweig/weltgest/chap008.html
  5. ↑ Published by the publishing house LW Seidel & Sohn in Vienna in 1921
  6. ↑ Vohwinckel Verlag Berlin 1923
  7. ^ Wolfgang Mück: Nazi stronghold in Middle Franconia: The völkisch awakening in Neustadt an der Aisch 1922–1933. Verlag Philipp Schmidt, 2016 (= Streiflichter from home history. Special volume 4); ISBN 978-3-87707-990-4 , p. 56 f.
  8. ↑ Ulrich Heitger: From time signals to political means of leadership. Development tendencies and structures of radio news programs in the Weimar Republic 1923–1932. Lit Verlag 2003, ISBN 978-3-8258-6853-6 , p. 196f.
  9. ^ Yearbook of the Academy for German Law, 1st year 1933/34. Edited by Hans Frank. (Munich, Berlin, Leipzig: Schweitzer Verlag), p. 254
  10. ^ Haiger / Ihring / von Weizsäcker, Albrecht Haushofer . Ernst Freiberg Foundation, Berlin 2002, p. 109ff.
  11. ↑ Tammo Luther: Volkstumsppolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1933–1938. The Germans abroad in the field of tension between traditionalists and National Socialists. Diss. Univ. Kiel 2002, (= Historische Mitteilungen. Beiheft 55), Steiner, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-515-08535-1 , p. 159, note 972 in the Google book search
  12. ↑ Christian W.Sprang, Karl Haushofer and Japan, the reception of his geopolitical theories in German and Japanese politics, monograph by the Institute for Japanese Studies, Volume 52, 2013, p. 423.
  13. ^ Regina Zoller: National Socialism and Occultism? The Thule Society. Evangelical Information Center, 1994.
  14. ^ Habel-Verlag Berlin 1943
  15. ↑ Martin Allen , citing a "document" which the British National Archives judged to be a forgery, put forward the thesis that the couple had been murdered by British agents. The suicide is documented by farewell letters, a report from his son Heinz Haushofer and a police report. See Ernst Haiger: Fiction, Facts, and Forgeries. The "Revelations" of Peter and Martin Allen about the History of the Second World War. In: The Journal of Intelligence History. Vol. 6, No. 1, summer 2006 (published 2007), pp. 105–117 books.google . Also Edmund A. Walsh, SJ: The Mystery of Haushofer. LIFE Magazine, Sep 16, 1946, pp. 107-120 in Google Book Search
  16. ^ Ingvild Richardsen , portrait of Martha Haushofer, Literaturportal Bayern
  17. ↑ The presentation follows, unless otherwise indicated: Nils Hoffmann, Renaissance der Geoppolitik? German security policy after the Cold War , Wiesbaden 2012, p. 31 ff.
  18. ↑ Bruno Hipler: Hitler's teacher. Karl Haushofer as the father of Nazi ideology , St. Ottilien 1996, p. 211.
  19. ^ Frank Ebeling: Karl Haushofer und seine Raumwissenschaft 1919–1945, Berlin 1994, p. 18.
  20. ^ Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: Karl Haushofer. Life and Work, Volume I: Life Path 1869–1946, Boppard 1979.
  21. ^ Nils Hoffmann: Renaissance of Geopolitics? German security policy after the Cold War , Wiesbaden 2012, p. 33.
  22. ^ Andreas Weiss, review of: Christian Sprang, Karl Haushofer and Japan in: H-Soz-Kult-Kommunikation und Fachinformationen für die Historswirtschaft from November 19, 2013
  23. ↑ different, incorrect spelling of the first name: Howley. Often abbreviated to H. - Often available as microfilm in relevant institutes in the USA
personal data
SURNAME Haushofer, Karl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Haushofer, Karl Ernst
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German officer, geographer and geopolitician
DATE OF BIRTH August 27, 1869
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH March 10, 1946
Place of death Hard mold near Pähl