Kullamaa
Coordinates: 58 ° 53 ' N , 23 ° 59' E
Kullamaa (German Goldenbeck ) is a village ( Estonian küla ) in the rural municipality of Lääne-Nigula in Lääne County in western Estonia . Until 2017, it was the capital of a rural community of the same name .
Population and location
The place has 283 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2011). It is located on the right bank of the Liivi River ( Liivi jõgi ) and has a kindergarten, school, library and cultural center as well as a pharmacy. In 1851 the town's first school was founded in the nearby village of Päri . It has been located in Kullamaa since 1976.
history
After the subjugation of the region in 1220 by the Christian conquerors and the destruction of the prehistoric castle on the ten meter high Rohumägi, the Lode vassal family founded a feudal castle, the castrum Goldenbeke . It was destroyed as early as 1234. There was also an underground cemetery in the same place from the 11th to the 15th centuries.
In the 13th century, the Catholic parish of Kullamaa came into being. It was under the diocese of Ösel-Wiek . In the second half of the 1230s, the nearby castle of Koluvere was built instead of the destroyed fortress of Kullamaa . It became a bishop's castle at the end of the 14th century and was one of the residences of the bishops of Ösel-Wiek from 1439 .
The villages of Groß-Goldenbeck ( Suur Kullamaa ) and Klein-Goldenbeck ( Väike Kullamaa ) were mentioned in documents as early as the beginning of the 16th century . The two farms of the same name were built during the Swedish rule over Estonia.
church
Construction of the single-nave St. John's Church in Kullamaa began at the end of the 13th century. The first written mention comes from 1364.
The former fortified church shows strong similarities with the cathedral church of Haapsalu and the church in Pöide on the island of Saaremaa . The sacristy was not added until 1762 . In 1774 the church had to be supplemented by two massive retaining walls to prevent it from sinking in. In 1865 the church was expanded and received a new choir. It was not until 1870 that the 46.1 meter high bell tower was inaugurated in neo-Gothic style .
Inside are five grave slabs from the 17th century. A carved Golgotha group by the woodcarver and sculptor Budewin Budeloch dates from 1682. The Renaissance style pulpit is probably the work of master Marten Mattiesen from 1626, who worked in Haapsalu.
The grave slab of the Württemberg Princess Auguste Caroline (1764–1788) dates from 1788 . She was separated from her husband in the "care" of the Russian Tsarina Catherine II. On September 16, 1788, Auguste Caroline died under circumstances that have not yet been clarified at the age of 23 at the nearby Koluvere Castle . She was buried in Kullamaa Church without any church celebrations.
The pseudo-Gothic altar painting "Christ on the Cross" from 1865 was made by the Dresden-born painter Carl Sigismund Walther (1783–1866). The organ is a work by the Estonian organ builder Carl August Tanton (1801–1890) from 1854. It has a manual and twelve stops .
Pastorate
Numerous people from the Estonian cultural and linguistic history worked at the historical pastorate of Kullamaa.
From 1524 to 1540 Johannes Lelow was a Catholic parish priest in Kullamaa. He also kept the so-called Wackenbuch, an account book for local goods. At the end of the Wacken Book of 1525, three texts are also written in Estonian: a Pater Noster , an Ave Maria and a Credo . The so-called Goldenbeck manuscript (Estonian Kullamaa käsikiri ) is the oldest long text in Estonian that has survived . The author of the texts is not known. The passages of around 140 words were discovered in 1923 by the Tallinn city archivist Paul Johansen .
The Evangelical Lutheran theologian Heinrich Göseken (the elder, 1612–1681) was pastor of Kullamaa for more than forty years . He was born in Hanover and quickly learned the local language after arriving in Estonia in 1637. From his pen comes a 547-page Estonian grammar Manuductio ad Linguam Oesthonicam with a German-Latin-Estonian dictionary of almost 10,000 keywords. It also contains Estonian proverbs and riddles. Göseken's work, printed in 1660, was only the third grammar of the Estonian language after the works of Heinrich Stahl (1637) and Johann Gutslaff (1648) . Göseken also translated numerous German hymns into Estonian for the New Estonian hymn book of 1665. Göseken's baroque epitaph on the north wall of the Kullamaa church is probably the work of the artist Budewin Budeloch from 1681/82.
From 1710 to 1747 Heinrich Gutsleff (1680–1748) was pastor of Kullamaa. He is considered one of the co-authors of the Estonian translation of the New Testament from 1715.
graveyard
The Kullamaa cemetery is best known for its stone wheel crosses from the 17th and 18th centuries. They are reminiscent of the Estonian farmers buried there, a rarity at the time.
- “In the cemetery there is a wheel cross with the year 1621, in front of which there are usually flowers. The well-preserved letters result in the inscription Sitta Kodt Mats - in the translation "Mats with the Kotsack". In a sense, Estonia's first organic farmer is buried here, who picked up the cow dung from the road and used it to fertilize his small field. "
In addition, numerous Baltic German nobles and landowners are buried in the cemetery.
The grave of the Estonian composer Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918), whose remains were transferred from the Wilmersdorf cemetery in Berlin in 1992, is located in the Kullamaa cemetery . A memorial from 1973 and a “composers bench” from 2013 also commemorate Tobias in Kullamaa.
Sons and daughters of the place
The Estonian physician Gustav Hirsch (1828–1907), the painters Valdemar Väli (1909–2007) and Eduard Einmann (1913–1982) and the aviation pioneer Ulrich Brasche (1909–1984) were born in Kullamaa .
literature
- Baltic historical local dictionary. Part 1: Estonia (including Northern Livonia). Started by Hans Feldmann . Published by Heinz von zur Mühlen . Edited by Gertrud Westermann . Cologne, Vienna 1985 (= sources and studies on Baltic history. Volume 8/1), ISBN 3-412-07183-8 , pp. 89f.
Web links
- Description (Estonian)
- History and Landmarks (Estonian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://pub.stat.ee/
- ↑ http://www.eelk.ee/kullamaa/
- ↑ http://www.eestigiid.ee/?SCat=10&CatID=0&ItemID=41
- ↑ Complete title: Manuductio ad Linguam Oesthonicam, citation to the Öhstnischen language, consisting not only in several praeceptis and observationibus, but also in the interpretation of many German words. The Estonian language lovers communicated by HENRICO GÖSEKENIO, Hannovera-Brunsvigo, the Christian community to Goldenberg in the Wyck Pastore, the surrounding country churches Praeposito, and the Königl. Consistorij zu Reval ordinario Assessore. Reval, printed and published by Adolph Simon, Gymnasii Buchdr. Anno 1660.
- ^ Thea Karin: Estonia. Cultural and scenic diversity in a historical borderland between east and west. Cologne 1994 (= DuMont art and landscape guide ) ISBN 3-7701-2614-9 , p. 300