Böhming Castle

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Böhming Castle
limes ORL 73a ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 14
Dating (occupancy) 1st half of the 2nd century AD
to 242/244, but no later than 259/260 AD.
Type Vexillation fort
unit unknown vexillatio
size 95 × 85 m
(= 0.73 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation clearly visible 1.5 m high elevation
place Boehming
Geographical location 48 ° 56 '46 "  N , 11 ° 21' 39"  E
height 375  m above sea level NHN
Previous Small fort Hegelohe (northwest)
Subsequently Small fort Güßgraben (east- south- east)
Backwards Fort Pfünz (southwest)

The fort Böhming was a Roman fort that close to the World Heritage Site Limes Germanicus was built and west of the village Böhming in Eichstätt in Bavaria is. The fortification, which was most likely built for a 150 to 200-man strong border guard ( Numerus ), was lost with the fall of the Limes in 259/260 AD at the latest .

Location and research history

The fort with its Limes surroundings
Böhming and the Devil's Wall, also known as the “pile”, in 1817
The fort based on the historical findings of the Reich Limes Commission, the results of recent aerial photographs and the magnetometer record published in 2008.
The fort square in the area of ​​the Böhminger Church and the further Altmühltal from the plateau on which the Limes ran

The Böhming fort, located in the Altmühl valley, is 400 meters west of Böhming on the "Kirchfeld" corridor and is very clearly visible in the area thanks to its striking 1.5-meter-high ramparts. The Altmühl flows past the fort about 200 meters away. The area of ​​the staff building, the principia , is now partially overlaid by the free-standing branch church of St. John the Baptist with sacristan's house, cemetery and outbuildings. It is around 15 kilometers to the Pfünz cohort fort in the south . About 900 meters west of the Boehming Numerus Fort, the Limes, formerly known as the “Pfahl” or “Teufelsmauer”, runs on the wooded mountain spur “Pfahlbuck”, which is supported by towering, steep rock faces. An ancient path leads over the steep slope directly to the former Roman border and to the watchtowers Wp 14 / 74–78. It is 2.5 kilometers to Kipfenberg , where the Limes crosses the Altmühltal .

The excavator Friedrich Winkelmann , a route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission (RLK), explained the location of the fort with its vicus as follows:

“The location of the fort, which rises only 2.2 m above the mean water level of the Altmühl, is very striking, ie still within the range of the frequently occurring floods. A compelling reason for choosing this location cannot be found, at least in the terrain, as the ground rises very flat behind the southeast side. It seems that the bed of the Altmühl was cut deeper in Roman times. "

However, as a review of the archaeological aerial photographs of Böhming taken since 1980 revealed, the river does not reach the camp site even during floods.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Böhming ramparts were recognized as Roman times. Under Winkelmann, the first targeted excavations took place in November 1898 and 1905 . In addition to the architectural findings, the most important find was the completely preserved building inscription. In 1959, in addition to the observations made by the RLK, another intermediate tower could be made out on the south-eastern narrow side of the facility. In the same year the burial ground was discovered.

In 2007, a large-scale inspection of the fort site took place with the help of geomagnetics , whereby the structures of the area could be demonstrated in more detail for the first time without excavation than was possible at the time of the Reich Limes Commission. An excavation was "categorically rejected" by the Bavarian State curator for soil monuments, Sebastian Sommer. Funding would only be available for planting the area to make the former structures visible.

The non-built-up areas of the fort are used for agriculture today.

Building history

Archaeologically founded model of the fort in the Roman and Bavarian Museum at Kipfenberg Castle
The church of Böhming stands on parts of the principia of the former fort.
North-east wall of the fort. On the mountain spur “Pfahlbuck” in the background, the Limesturm Wp 14/78 was in visual contact with the fort
South-east wall of the fort, on the ridge in the background the Limes wall

Indications of an extensive layer of fire were repeatedly discovered under the stone fort, including oak and spruce planks, terra sigillata and burnt pieces of clay. From this it could be concluded that the later stone fort was preceded by a fire-destroyed wood-earth system with half-timbered buildings. Their establishment is uncertain. The reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138) is to be regarded as the earliest point in time . At that time the Roman imperial border in the province of Raetia was brought on its final line. The founding of the numerus fort Ellingen to the north was put around 120 . The horizon of destruction of the wood-earth system discovered in Böhming includes the temporal position of the Marcomannic Wars (166–180), which also raged in this area and to which the Pfünz Castle may also fell victim. A chronologically appropriate building inscription from 183/184 from this fort, possibly announcing repairs, was discovered there.

Like the 1898 before the left side gate discovered by Winkelmann inscription from Ellinger sandstone suggests, was the date in timber fort Böhming Built in 181 under the governorship of Quintus Spicius Cerialis of a division of Legio III Italica from Regensburg that the centurion Julius Iulinus led , "Above the fire layer of the first buildings" in stone. The legionaries were responsible for the defensive wall with gates and towers. After its completion, the Cohors I Breucorum stationed in Pfünz, under its commandant Aelius Fortis , also a centurion of the Regensburg Legion, began to work on the interior. It is assumed that the Numerus stationed in Böhming had too few of their own building craftsmen and therefore other workers took over the stone construction. This is probably the reason why the name of the number does not appear in the building inscription that was originally attached to the south-west gate. The stone extension of Fort Ellingen in 182 is known as the next military construction project on the Limes under governor Cerialis.

Enclosure

The 95 × 85 meter large and 0.73 hectare extensive defense system of Böhming was turned in its longitudinal axis exactly from southeast to northwest, there was also the Praetorial Front. Around the actual camp was a double pointed ditch, which exposed both at the south-west and at the north-east gate to a width of ten to twelve meters. Only at the Porta praetoria , the north-west gate, did the two trenches have to be crossed with wooden crossings. As the magnetometer exploration in 2007 determined, there could be a third ditch on the north side of the southwest gate, but it is only around 25 meters long. More details could only be said with a classical excavation. So far, three two-lane gates, each flanked by two gate towers, have been identified at the passages along the long and broad sides. Whether there was also a Porta decumana on the back of the fort in the south-east remains to be clarified for future research. In addition to two proven and two suspected corner towers and the gate towers, no other intermediate towers were discovered in Böhming. The finding coincides with the building inscription which mentions four towers and gates. It could be that the number “4” on this inscription ( portas cum turribus IIII ) also refers to the number of gates built.

Interior development

The staff building ( Principia ) was in the smaller southeast half of the fortification. Their remains were trimmed by Winkelmann in 1898, but it was not possible to draw a clear picture of their appearance, as the churchyard prevented further excavations. According to the excavation report at the time, the front area of ​​the structure could be cut. A rectangular transverse hall with a size of 22 × 4.90 meters emerged, which was in front of the actual Principia . Behind it was a room or aisle of the same length, 1.30 meters wide, from which a four meter long section had been separated by a small wall. Not much more than the foundations had been preserved of the building's 0.90 meter thick walls. For the measurements carried out in 2007, even the stone remains of the Principia that were exposed at the time remained unrecognizable.

Schematically well known is the development of the Praetentura , the front camp . It turns out that the interior of the camp was densely built up, but clearly structured. Along the Via principalis , the outlines of four wooden buildings measuring around 18 × 25 meters are clearly visible on the left and right. However, their internal structures are very badly disturbed. There, fire debris could cover the room lines. Winkelmann has already observed this several times. The function of these four buildings remains unclear until a spade is excavated. The three six to eight meters wide and around 35 meters long wooden crew barracks standing along the long sides between the corner and gate towers can be made out much more clearly. A fourth suspected soldiers' quarters could also only be determined through an excavation. Obviously the buildings inside the fort were not connected by specially fortified camp roads.

Building inscription

Building inscription (cast)

The classical philologist Karl Zangemeister (1837–1902) published a first attempt at translating the building inscription in the July 1899 edition of the Limesblatt .

The modern reading of this inscription from 181 reads:

Imp (eratore) Caes (are) Luc (io) Aur (elio) Antoni (n) o
Aug (usto) C [ommod] o Armen (iaco) Parth (ico)
Germ (a) n (ico) Sarm (atico) trib (unicia) pot (estate) VI co (nsule) III p (atre) p (atriae)
Spicio Ceriale leg (ato) Aug (usti) pr (o) pr (aetore) vex (illarii)
leg (ionis) III Ital (icae) vallum fece (runt) c (uram) a (gente) Iul (io)
Iulino (centurione) leg (ionis) III Ital (icae) item portas cum
turrib (us) IIII perfec (tas) ab Ael (io) Forte (centurione)
leg (ionis) III Ital (icae) praep (osito) coh (ortis) I Br (eucorum) imp (eratore) III Bur [ro] co (n) s (ulibus)

Translation: “For Emperor Lucius Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Commodus, the victor over Armenians, Parthians, Teutons and Sarmatians when he held tribunician power for the 6th time, was consul for the 3rd time, the father of the fatherland. Under the governor and commander in chief ("legatus Augusti pro praetore") Spicius Cerialis has a department of the III. Italian Legion [from Regensburg] under the command of Centurion Julius Julinus built the defense and the gates with four towers. The work was completed by Aelius Fortis, Centurion III. Italian legion and commander of the 1st Breukerkohort [in Pfünz]. [This happened] when the emperor was consuls for the third time and Burrus for the first time. "

At the instigation of his successor, Emperor Commodus fell under the Damnatio memoriae , the eradication of his person from people's memory. Therefore his name was subsequently chiseled out of the building inscription. Quintus Spicius Cerialis had become the Raetian governor and supreme commander of the troops in his province in the same year as he was in charge of the building work in Boehming and remained in these offices until 184.

Dedicatory inscription

From Böhming there is a datable dedicatory inscription from the reign of Emperor Caracallas, which comes from the Cohors I Breucorum in Pfünz and was perhaps erected after a successful military campaign (reference: IBR 00290). In the past, this mission was associated with the Caracallas campaign in 213, when it crossed the Roman border at the Limestor Dalkingen near the Buch castle .

] Fo [r] -
[tuna] e Red (uci)
[coh (ors) I Br (eucorum)] Anto (niniana)
v (otum) [s (olvit) l (ibens)] l (aetus) m (erito )
Laeto II co (n) [s (ule)]

Translation: “The returning Fortuna. The 1st cohort of the Breuker has honored their vows gladly, happily and for a fee under the consul Laetus II. "

The established term Fortuna Redux has been handed down on both stone inscriptions and coins. The Romans used it for Jupiter and Fortuna in reference to a happy homecoming given to them by these gods. Quintus Maecius Laetus II was consul with Marcus Munatius Sulla Cerialis in 215.

Fort bath

The fort bath

The small, 25-meter-long and nine-meter-wide fort bath ( Balineum ) - also excavated in 1898 - was about 100 meters from the southwest gate on the Roman road that fell out there . The complex with its 0.90 meter thick outer walls belonged to the so-called row type that is widespread on the Limes . That is, all necessary for the specified operation bathing rooms with cold bath ( Frigidarium ) , sweating ( Sudatorium ) , Laubad ( Tepidarium ) and the hot bath ( caldarium ) were arranged connected in a building line one behind the other. The bath was excavated by the Reich Limes Commission. It turned out that the small semicircular apse , built to the south-east of the bath , was not in the joint connection with the actual building and at the same time had been erected a bit off the axis of the adjoining room. The excavators concluded that this finding was to be regarded as a later addition. Although the floor had completely disappeared from this apse, there was a water basin there in comparable bathing situations. In Böhming this was slightly higher than the other rooms in the bathroom. All hypocausted rooms were broken in in the middle. Therefore, only the pillars along the walls were found intact. Since the floor slabs above the pillars abutted the walls of the bath directly at these circumferential points, it could be concluded that this system could not have had any walls that could be heated using hollow bricks. The boiler room (prefurnium) for the hot bath was outside the actual bath on its narrow side. The pillars of the caldarium were made of 1.10 meter high square bricks. 20 bricks were used for each pillar. Above was a layer of square base plates with a side length of up to 0.24 meters and a final layer of cover plates up to 0.45 meters long in the square. The overlying waterproof screed layer was 0.20 meters thick. Between the boiler rooms of the caldarium and tepidarium there was an arched opening 0.40 meters high and 0.55 meters wide through which hot air could flow. The 0.95 meter high pillars of the Laubbad consisted of ten to twelve layers of limestone slabs. The heatable rooms between the tepidarium and the frigidarium, to which the apsidial extension belonged, were structurally separated only above the actual hypocaust with a 0.50 meter thick wall. The entire heating area below consists of a single room with 0.60 meter high pillars, which are also made of limestone. The only surviving doorway could be found between this area and the leaf bath. Since the RLK has not determined a special prefurnium for these rooms, their use as a possible sweat bath (sudatorium) is questionable. As the last of the rooms that could be heated from the caldarium, the corresponding heat could never have been generated here, so it was considered to see a passage area in the larger of the rooms. Only in the small north-western room is there supposed to have been a sweat bath, which was additionally heated with a heating basin. The way in which the smoke outlet in this bathroom should have taken place without an outlet via the walls could not have been clarified either.

Vicus, temple, cemetery field

The vicus (camp village), which is relatively large for the small fort , could be observed mainly in the south and south-west. Near the bath - between this and the fort - a building was excavated that could perhaps be interpreted as a temple, as a damaged altar for the goddess Fortuna redux from the year 215 was recovered there. The 4.60 × 5.20 meter building was found in 1905 in the form of a poorly preserved, rectangular building. The walls, which were still up to 0.30 meters high, were 0.60 meters thick. An entrance could no longer be recognized.

The cremation cemetery with burials from the 2nd and 3rd centuries, discovered in 1959 when a water pipe was built, was located around 200 meters southeast of the fort on the Roman road to Kipfenberg and today extends below the village of Böhming. 15 burials of him were excavated, all of which were very modestly furnished.

Troop

The archaeologist Thomas Fischer suspects that a unit of the Pfünzer Cohors I Breucorum has been parked here. Other experts are also assuming this thesis today. The assumption that a number could have been stationed here, however, seems rather improbable in view of the fact that not a single number is epigraphically proven in the entire province of Raetia. As the geomagnetic investigations of 2007 showed, one can assume a roughly 200-strong force in Böhming.

End and post-castel development

It appears that Böhming, whose ancient name is unknown, was not affected by the Alamannensturm 233, which most likely fell victim to the Pfünz castle at the rear. Boehming's end could perhaps have come during the next great Alemannic invasion around 242/244 AD. The archaeologist and numismatist Hans-Jörg Kellner discovered this idea on the basis of many coin finds in other Rhaetian forts. However, at the latest with the third heavy Alemanni attack around 259/260, when the Limes fell, the fort was abandoned forever. So far there have been no signs of violent destruction as could be observed in the fort and vicus of Pfünz that were located behind. It is quite possible that the troops set fire to the camp themselves shortly before retreating. For the construction of the first church in Böhming, which had been consecrated in the same place around 1182, the building material was taken from the fort area.

Finds

Ceramics

The few finds that come from the burn layer under the stone buildings include terra sigillata shards of the drag type . 37 which are generally assigned to the time between 150 and 230 and a cup fragment Drag. 33. This type of shape originated between 150 and 300. A piece identical to this cup was also found in Pfünz. The discussion about the finding of two Rheinzabern Sigillata fragments in this layer of fire has been going on for decades. The find of remains of picture dishes, in which Kellner identified the manufacturers Belsus I / Group Ib and Comitialis V / Group IIa, was assessed differently. Because, according to the Terra Sigillata specialist Paul Karnitsch (1904–1967), the archaeologist Hans Schönberger (1916–2005) and other researchers, these manufacturers did not start their production until after 175/180, and thus the dating of the fire layer and the construction of the stone fort would have to start later, some scientists, such as Fischer, doubted that these finds belonged to the fire layer. In 1968, the ceramic expert Hans-Günther Simon (1925–1991) saw in these findings the possibility that the above-mentioned potters might have started their production before 175, for which, in his opinion, there were indications from other sites. Hans-Jörg Kellner had already expressed this view in 1965. He had therefore asked for Karnitsch's time division of the sigillates to be modified. The archaeologists Stefan Groh and Helga Sedlmayer also argued decades later with the consideration of an earlier find dating.

Military diploma

Without an exact year of discovery, the small fragment of a military diploma apparently issued in Britain came to light around 2010/2011 on the fort area. The archaeologist Bernd Steidl processed the find. The document reveals nine letters on one side that refer to the witnesses. Since the witness name C. BELLI ius Urbanus could easily be reconstructed, a first clue for the age determination was made. Urbanus can be proven on the diplomas from December 13, 156 to March 23, 178. Even the still recognizable Ti.  IVLI us Felix appears regularly on the lists right before Urbanus until May 5, 167. Since Urbanus rises chronologically in the diploma lists and appears at the top on March 23, 178, an additional, more precise chronological assignment is possible. The diploma will have been issued in the years 156 to 160 AD, exhausting all possible dates on the fragment. Steidl cites June 24th 160 as the term ante quem . He also assumes that the diploma, which is valuable for its owner, had no reference to Böhming Castle. Possibly it came there to be melted down for metal processing.

Lost property

Important finds such as the torso of a cast bronze statuette of the Jupiter Tonans statuette, together with the building inscription, were brought to the Museum of Prehistory and Early History on the Willibaldsburg Castle , Eichstätt , other items are in the Roman and Bavarian Museum of Burg Kipfenberg .

Limes course between the Böhming fort and the small fort Güßgraben

Traces of the Limes structures between the Böhming fort and the small fort Güßgraben.
ORL Name / place Description / condition
ORL 73a Böhming Castle see above
Wp 15/1 " On the right bank of the Altmühl " Wp 15/1 is in the valley of the Altmühl, which has dug a deep river bed into the hilly landscape. The ascents from the valley are mostly very steep. The Limes passed this cut in the terrain in a west-east direction, regardless of topographical conditions. At the Wp 15/1 on the east bank, the Altmühl crossing of the fortified Roman imperial border was to be secured. On the opposite bank of this ancient crossing, which is presumed to be at today's bridge, there was possibly Wp 14/79. However, this tower has not yet been proven. Research suggests that the Romans already used a bridge for the rapid passage of troops on the Limes to cross a river. Wp 15/1 was around 50 meters east of this transition. Based on the RLK research, the exact course of the Rhaetian Wall, which was erected in the first decade of the 3rd century (206/207 AD) according to the dendrochronological findings on the Limes pile grate near Fort Dambach in the autumn of 2008, could also be determined here located in the Kipfenberg market. Today nothing can be seen of the excavations.
Wp 15/2 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/3 " Vögelebuck "
The location of Wp 15/3
The floor plan of Wp 15/3
Wp 15/3 is located at an altitude of 495 meters high above the Altmühltal and was built almost at the top of a narrow mountain spur. From here there was a line of sight to the tower chain to the west and east. In addition, the Böhming fort in the south-west of the valley could be viewed. Only faint traces of the wooden tower hill have survived. It is intersected in its northern area by the later built stone wall of the Limes. The foundation of a medieval tower is located 30 meters north-west of this point, and the stone tower was located to the east. These stone towers were built in the succession of the wooden watchtowers, which were mostly decaying due to the weather, along the entire Limes. A little later the Limes wall was built in Raetia, which mostly attached to the flanks of the stone towers. This wall approach could also be observed on the 4.5 × 4 meter foundation of Wp 15/3, which was not completely preserved. A few meters in front of the Limes wall, the palisade trench was uncovered, which corresponds to the course of the wall. The once wooden palisade followed the history of the Rhaetian Wall and was erected between 160 and just before or around 165 AD, according to some dendrochronological findings from Raetia. The Limes runs in the Altmühltal to the foot of the steep eastern slope almost exactly in a west-east direction. Then he evidently made a sharp turn to the southeast. On his way up the slope no traces of the wall have been preserved. Only after he reached the upper slope of the mountain spur, on which Wp 15/3 was written, could his traces be secured again by research. The wall bent again at the edge clearly in an easterly direction and maintained this direction up to the small fort on the Hinteren Seeberg.
Wp 15/4 " Streubuck " The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/5 " On the Gelbelseer Weg "
The floor plan of Wp 15/5
At Wp 15/5, the RLK excavated an anomaly in the course of the Rhaetian Wall, which is clearly visible in this area, which may have had something to do with a passage through the Limes. With the construction of the stone wall, a passage in front of the eastern flank of the stone tower was planned on the dead straight Roman border. Coming from the north-west, the wall closed off at the left corner of the front of the tower, but did not start again directly in front of the front right corner, but left space for a passage almost five meters wide. However, this path was walled up again at a later date. Only after this temporarily existing passage did the wall continue in its previous direction to the southeast. The excavators found that a second wall, which offered a six-meter-wide passage away from the tower, was aligned east of the right corner of the rear of the tower in the direction of the main axis of the Limes course. After around 52 meters, this section of the wall joined the general Limestrasse at an acute angle. The tower also has special features. It was 3.60 × 6 meters in size and directed its narrow side into the Barbaricum . In addition, the RLK found a laterally offset ground-level access on its northwest facade. Immediately to the north-west was the older wooden tower hill, which was intersected in its front area by the wall. Inside, the two corner post holes on the back of the tower could still be observed. There were also further traces of the basic construction here. The wooden palisade runs in the same line as the younger Limes wall. No passage could be determined here. This may also be under the Kipfenberg – Gelbelsee road, which crosses the palisade in front of Wp 15/5. Nothing is known about the timing of the various individual construction phases at this watchtower.
Wp 15/6 " Geiger brood " The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/7 " On the stake "
The location of Wp 15/7
The floor plan of Wp 15/7
Standing freely behind the wall, the 7.35 × 5.29 meter foundation of Wp 15/7 could be exposed. As a further specialty, the RLK excavators encountered a laterally offset, ground-level entrance. Only a little to the northwest of this point was the wooden tower hill, which the Rhaetian Wall cut through in its front area. During the investigation, three of the four corner post holes of the former wooden tower were discovered. Nothing was found of the wooden palisade directly in front of the rubble wall of the Limes wall, which can be easily traced in this area, but there was a preserved section a little further to the northeast, which makes it clear that the row of wooden posts of the older approach obstacle followed the course of the devil's wall somewhat upstream. Shortly after Wp 15/7 it goes down into a depression at the eastern exit of the water valley. This valley runs almost parallel in the back of the tower points Wp 15/4 to 7.
Wp 15/8 " Schachel " The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/9 " Am Wolfsgalgen " / " Luder-Bichl "
The floor plan of Wp 15/9
At the guard post, which was still visible in the 1960s, the RLK found a 6 × 5.75 meter stone tower, which had erupted heavily on its rear. The screed on the floor of the tower interior was still preserved. In addition, a fireplace was found on this surface in the northwest corner. The course of the Limes, which takes no account of topographical conditions, has caused this tower to be built in a slight depression on the northern edge. To the south, in the back of the tower, the 522 meter high Luderhügel rises in the middle of this hollow. To the northwest, the Roman tower crew could make out the neighboring towers Wp 15/8, as well as Wp 15/7 standing on the slope above the depression. In the southeast, too, several towers could receive signals from Wp 15/9 at the same time. There are no visible traces of the Rhaetian Wall in this area and the tower is no longer visible.
Wp 15/10 " In Schlierfeld "
Section through the wall near Denkendorf
The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/11 " In the Brünst "
The location of Wp 15/11
The floor plan of Wp 15/11
The older wooden tower hill with the remains of the moat that is still visible today was cut diagonally by the Limes wall that was built later. To the east of this point, the RLK examined the corresponding 5.75 × 5.95 meter tower with a rear entrance on a high stone tower hill. A fireplace was uncovered inside. Since Wp 15/11 was in an arid area, a cistern was built outside next to the stone tower.
Wp 15/12 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/13 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/14 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/15 " On the Fuchsberg "
The location of Wp 15/15
The floor plan of Wp 15/11
On the Fuchsberg in the Kösching Forest east of Zant, the Limes reaches the highest point between the Altmühl and Schambach valleys. Here are the visible remains of Wp 15/15. The older wooden tower hill with its ring trench was able to be identified by the RLK in the 35 meter wide space between the palisade, which is still visible as a shallow trench, and the younger wall. Of the four pillars of the tower in the interior of the moat, which were once arranged at right angles to one another, three could still be identified. The rectangular, 6.2 × 4.9 meter stone tower, on whose narrow sides the Limes wall was added later, is more clearly visible. A little to the side to the west was a 0.60 m wide entrance at the rear. Directly to the right of the entrance, five steps of a stone staircase could be found inside the tower. The remains of a fireplace were found in front of the stairs.

Not far from this tower site, a 7 x 35 meter excavation took place on the Fuchsberg from July 20 to August 7, 2015, which was set up as a cooperation project between various departments of the University of Bamberg . In addition, the Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute and the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation were involved in this excavation. The archaeologist Michaela Konrad was in charge of the scientific management . The cut lay across the moat of the older palisade and the younger Limes wall. It also included material extraction pits. In this area, too, it was found that the Romans had made use of the local terrain when building the wall. Down the valley, the builders had used local weathered clay as a binding agent on this section of the route; at the level of the Fuchsberg, the wall with the local rock was set as two-shell dry stone masonry on the Jurassic plate limestone , which was only ten centimeters below the forest floor . At least in the lower, still investigable layers, Opus spicatum was used. Remnants of plaster could not be discovered during the excavation on the 1.25 meter wide wall. The material extraction pits that line up along the Limes were also examined more closely.

Wp 15/16 " Kalteneck " The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/17 The tower site is only assumed.
Wp 15/18 "Teufelskopf / Güßgraben"
Location of Wp 15/18 and the small fort Güßgraben
The Wall des Limes is in very good condition in this area. The site belongs to the Wittelsbach Crown Estate Administration. About nine meters behind the Limes wall, which was built according to dendrochronological findings from Dambach in the first decade of the 3rd century, lies the rubble mound of the stone tower Wp 15/18. There is no sign of the wooden tower at this point and the only remaining part of the stone tower is its eruption.
KK Small fort Güßgraben The following small fort is located near Wp 15/18.

Monument protection

The Böhming Castle and the facilities mentioned have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper German-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, they are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-786-12347-0 , p. 306 ff.
  • Dietwulf Baatz: The watchtowers on the Limes. (=  Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany ) Limesmuseum Aalen, 1976, p. 17.
  • Jörg Faßbinder : New results of the geophysical prospection at the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes. 4th specialist colloquium of the German Limes Commission 27./28. February 2007 in Osterburken. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 , (=  contributions to the Limes World Heritage Site 3), pp. 153–171, in particular pp. 161–163.
  • Thomas Fischer , Erika Riedmeier-Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria. Pustet, Regensburg 2008. ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 .
  • Thomas Fischer: forts Ruffenhofen, Dambach, Unterschwaningen, Gnotzheim, Gunzenhausen, Theilenhofen, Böhming, Pfünz, Eining . In: Jochen Garbsch (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria. 100 years of Limes research in Bavaria. (=  Exhibition catalogs of the Prehistoric State Collection 22), Munich 1992, p. 37 ff.
  • Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967.
  • Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 .
  • Friedrich Winkelmann : Boehming [fort]. In limes leaf. Notifications from the route commissioners to the Reichslims Commission. 1892-1903 (1903), col. 879-884.
  • [Friedrich Winkelmann: The Boehming Castle. In: Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (eds.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreiches B VII No. 73a (1907).
  • Karl Zangemeister : Böhming [fort]. (Building inscription). In limes leaf. Notifications from the route commissioners to the Reichslims Commission. 1892-1903 (1903), col. 883-888.

Web links

Commons : Kastell Böhming  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Fort Pfünz at 48 ° 53 ′ 2 ″  N , 11 ° 15 ′ 50 ″  E
  2. ↑ Quoted from: Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: Der Limes in Bayern. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 , p. 93.
  3. ↑ a b c d Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection on the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 . P. 162.
  4. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: Böhming (fort) . In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 32 (July 25, 1899). Pp. 879-884; here p. 879.
  5. ^ [1] Eichstätter Kurier: Exposure of the fort refused , May 5, 2008
  6. ↑ a b CIL 03, 14370
  7. ↑ Hans-Jörg Kellner : Raetien and the Marcomann wars . In: Bavarian History Leaves 30, 1965, pp. 154-174; the same in: Richard Klein (ed.): Marc Aurel (=  ways of research 550) Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1979. ISBN 3-534-07802-0 , pp. 226-260; here: p. 227.
  8. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle . von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 58.
  9. ↑ a b c Jörg Faßbinder: New results of the geophysical prospection at the Upper German-Raetian Limes . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 . P. 163.
  10. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: Böhming (fort) . In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. 32 (July 25, 1899), pp. 879-884; here p. 882.
  11. ^ A b c Friedrich Winkelmann: The Boehming Castle. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (eds.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreiches B VII No. 73a (1907). P. 133.
  12. ^ Karl Zangemeister : Böhming [fort]. (Building inscription). In limes leaf. Notifications from the route commissioners to the Reichslims Commission. 1892-1903 (1903), col. 883-888.
  13. ^ Bernhard Overbeck : Raetien at the time of the principle. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World. Volume 5, half volume 2, de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1977, ISBN 3-11-007197-5 , p. 678.
  14. ↑ Alison E. Cooley: The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy . Cambridge University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2 , p. 476.
  15. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: Böhming (fort) . In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 32 (July 25, 1899), pp. 879-884; here col. 879 to 884; here: col. 882-883.
  16. ^ Friedrich Winkelmann: Böhming (fort) . In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 32 (July 25, 1899), pp. 879-884; here p. 883.
  17. ^ Wolfgang Czysz , Lothar Bakker: The Romans in Bavaria. Theiss, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8062-1058-6 , p. 317.
  18. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008. ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 . P. 138.
  19. ↑ Marcus Reuter: Excursus on the problem of numeri in Raetia . In Ders .: Studies on the numeri of the Roman army in the middle imperial period. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission. 80, 1999, ISSN  0341-9312 , pp. 357-569, here: pp. 419-422. (At the same time: Freiburg (Breisgau), Univ., Diss., 1996).
  20. ^ Dietwulf Baatz: Roman roads in the Ries. In: Guide to the prehistoric monuments 41. Volume 2. Nördlingen, Bopfingen, Oettingen, Harburg. von Zabern, Mainz 1979. p. 264; Robert Roeren : On the archeology and history of southwest Germany in the 3rd to 5th century AD. In: Yearbook of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum Mainz. 7th year. Habelt, Bonn 1960. p. 217; Thomas Fischer, Michael Altjohann: The Roman provinces. An introduction to their archeology . Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1591-X , p. 132; Hans-Jörg Kellner : The Roman settlement near Pocking (Lower Bavaria) and its end. In: Bavarian history sheets 25. 1960. S. 132-164.
  21. ↑ Hans-Jörg Kellner: Raetien and the Marcomann wars . In: Bavarian History Leaves 30, 1965, pp. 154-174; the same in: Richard Klein (ed.): Marc Aurel (=  ways of research 550) Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1979. ISBN 3-534-07802-0 , pp. 226-260; here: p. 237.
  22. ↑ Hans Schönberger: The Roman troop camps of the early and middle imperial period between the North Sea and Inn. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 66, 1985. von Zabern, Mainz 1986. pp. 321–497.
  23. ↑ a b Stefan Groh , Helga Sedlmayer: Research in the Mautern-Favianis fort. The excavations in 1996 and 1997 . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7001-3078-3 , p. 166.
  24. ^ Hans-Günther Simon : The small fort Degerfeld in Butzbach, Friedberg district (Hesse). Dating and Finds. Saalburg-Jahrbuch 25, 1968. p. 23.
  25. ↑ Hans-Jörg Kellner: Raetien and the Marcomann wars . In: Bavarian History Leaves 30, 1965, pp. 154-174; the same in: Richard Klein (ed.): Marc Aurel (=  ways of research 550) Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1979. ISBN 3-534-07802-0 , pp. 226-260; here: p. 240.
  26. ↑ Bernd Steidl : … civitatem dedit et conubium… Eight new fragments of military diplomas from Raetia . In: Bavarian history sheets 79, 2014, pp. 61–86; here: pp. 72–76.
  27. ↑ Georg Daltrop : A bronze statuette of Jupiter Tonans from Böhming, Markt Kipfenberg, Eichstätt district, Upper Bavaria. In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1983. (1984), pp. 104-106.
  28. ↑ ORL = numbering of the Limes structures according to the publication of the Reich Limes Commission on the O bergermanisch- R ätischen- L imes
  29. ↑ ORL XY = consecutive numbering of the forts of the ORL
  30. ↑ Wp = W oh p east, watch tower. The number before the slash denotes the Limes section, the number after the slash denotes the respective watchtower.
  31. ↑ Wp 15/1 at 48 ° 57 '0.07 "  N , 11 ° 23' 22.09"  O
  32. ↑ a b Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer (ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 . P. 147.
  33. ↑ Wp 15/2 at 48 ° 57 '0 "  N , 11 ° 23' 41.12"  O
  34. ↑ Wp 15/2 (wooden tower) at 48 ° 56 '55.32 "  N , 11 ° 24' 0.36"  E ; Wp 15/2 (Steinturm) at 48 ° 56 '54.95 "  N , 11 ° 24' 0.93"  O
  35. ^ Dieter Planck: Archeology in Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0542-6 , p. 269.
  36. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes - Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 260.
  37. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz , Frank Herzig: New dendrodata from the Limes Palisade in Raetia . In: Andreas Thiel (Ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes , Volume 3. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 . Pp. 183-194.
  38. ↑ Wp 15/4 at 48 ° 56 '50.27 "  N , 11 ° 24' 20.61"  O
  39. ↑ Wp 15/5 (wooden tower) at 48 ° 56 ′ 43.36 "  N , 11 ° 24 ′ 50.46"  E ; Wp 15/5 (Steinturm) at 48 ° 56 '43.03 "  N , 11 ° 24' 51.08"  O
  40. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer (ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 148.
  41. ↑ Wp 15/6 at 48 ° 56 '35.14 "  N , 11 ° 25' 22.75"  E
  42. ↑ Wp 15/7 (wood tower) at 48 ° 56 '28.59 "  N , 11 ° 25' 49.66"  O ; Wp 15/7 (stone tower) at 48 ° 56 ′ 28.25 ″  N , 11 ° 25 ′ 50.43 ″  E
  43. ↑ Wp may 15/8 at 48 ° 56 '20.46 "  N , 11 ° 26' 21.65"  O
  44. ↑ Wp 15/9 at 48 ° 56 '11.8 "  N , 11 ° 26' 56.17"  O
  45. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 200.
  46. ↑ Wp 15/10 possibly at 48 ° 56 ′ 3.51 ″  N , 11 ° 27 ′ 29.87 ″  E
  47. ↑ Wp 15/11 (wooden tower) at 48 ° 55 ′ 54.8 ″  N , 11 ° 28 ′ 6.15 ″  E ; Wp 15/11 (stone tower) at 48 ° 55 ′ 54.43 ″  N , 11 ° 28 ′ 6.82 ″  E
  48. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-786-12347-0 , p. 314.
  49. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier Fischer: The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg 2008. ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 . P. 149.
  50. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher: The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967. p. 200.
  51. ^ Günter Ulbert, Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria . Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0-351-2 . P. 100.
  52. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The watchtowers on the Limes. (Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany) Limesmuseum Aalen, 1976. p. 44.
  53. ↑ Wp may 15/12 at 48 ° 55 '44.71 "  N , 11 ° 28' 46.24"  O
  54. ↑ Wp 15/13 possibly at 48 ° 55 ′ 36.65 ″  N , 11 ° 29 ′ 18.07 ″  E
  55. ↑ Wp may 15/14 at 48 ° 55 '27.64 "  N , 11 ° 29' 54.22"  O
  56. ↑ Wp 15/15 (Steinturm) at 48 ° 55 '18.7 "  N , 11 ° 30' 30.03"  O ; Wp 15/15 (wooden tower) at 48 ° 55 ′ 19.24 ″  N , 11 ° 30 ′ 30.5 ″  E
  57. ^ University of Bamberg; Fabien Griessel, Jakob Seckler: From the “pile hedge” to the “devil's wall”. Archaeological research on the Limes World Heritage Site . Article of October 5th, 2015; accessed on October 31, 2016.
  58. ↑ Wp 15/16 possibly at 48 ° 55 ′ 8.71 ″  N , 11 ° 31 ′ 8.29 ″  E
  59. ↑ Wp may 15/17 at 48 ° 55 '0.88 "  N , 11 ° 31' 37.77"  O
  60. ↑ Wp 15/18 at 48 ° 54 '51.02 "  N , 11 ° 32' 16.81"  O .
  61. ↑ a b Wilhelm Schleiermacher: The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967. p. 201.
  62. ↑ Wolfgang Czysz, Franz Herzig: The pile grid in the Kreutweiher near the Limes fort Dambach. First dendrochronological results. In: Report of the Bavarian Heritage Monument Care , 49, 2008, pp. 221–227.
  63. ↑ Thomas Fischer, Erika Riedmeier-Fischer (ed.): The Roman Limes in Bavaria . Pustet, Regensburg, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7917-2120-0 , p. 150.
  64. ↑ KK = unnumbered K linseed K astell
  65. ↑ Small fort Güßgraben at 48 ° 54 ′ 49.21 ″  N , 11 ° 32 ′ 20.6 ″  E