List of the abbesses of Gernrode

Westwork with western apse of the collegiate church of St. Cyriakus

The abbesses of Gernrode ruled the women's monastery Gernrode from 959 until it was secularized in 1614. The monastery was founded in 959 by the margrave Gero in his castle Geronisroth . He installed his daughter-in-law Hathui as abbess. The foundation was confirmed by King Otto I on July 17, 961 . His successors gave the chapter in documents the freedom to choose an abbess and adopt a guardian according to the needs of the monastery. Gernrode was originally in the district of the Halberstadt diocese . It has enjoyed immunity and was under royal and papal protection since the Ottonian times. The exemption was enforced until 1381. The monastery developed into an important Ottonian and Salic center and was on an equal footing with the imperial abbeys .

Like the abbesses of Quedlinburg , Essen , Gandersheim , Herford or von Vreden , the Gernroder abbesses, as imperial princesses of the Holy Roman Empire, had their own seat at the diets .

Many of the abbesses, whose names and origins have been passed down, came from the uppermost class of the German nobility ( Billunger , Liudolfinger , Prince of Anhalt ). The others came from counts or noble families, but no ministerial origin can be proven for any abbess. In the elections to the abbess, a princely, count or noble descent was recognized as having equal rights. The social standing of a family certainly played a role in a choice, but in addition to abbesses from princely or counts, there are also abbesses from very insignificant Saxon noble families such as von Ummendorf and Hesse. The geographical area from which the Gernroder Kanonissen came together extended from Plettenberg in the west to Kittlitz in the Lausitz region in the east.

The abbesses of Gernrode had to pass several major tests in the 655 years up to the dissolution of the monastery in 1614. But the greatest was the decline in the importance of the monastery in the centuries after its foundation. This was due to the fact that in the early days of the monastery 's imperial immediacy, among other things, there was an obligation to host the emperor and his court. For the time of the Liudolfinger and Salier, in view of their visits, often in Quedlinburg, but also in Gernrode, one can speak of a bond between the monastery and the person of the emperor rather than the concept of the empire. Emperor Heinrich V was visiting Gernrode, and in November 1188 Friedrich I Barbarossa held a court day in Gernrode. With the rise of the Hohenstaufen and the end of the traveling empire, the focus of the empire shifted to the south-west. With that the importance of the Central German residences also disappeared. After the visit of Friedrich I. Barbarossa, no more imperial visits are documented. A confirmation of the privileges of the monastery took place again only in 1357 by Emperor Charles IV .

It was not until the late period under the abbesses Scholastica von Anhalt and Elisabeth von Weida that the monastery gained new importance. Under Scholastica's long rule, the Gernrode monastery flourished again. Elisabeth von Weida introduced the Reformation to the monastery in 1521 . During the Peasant Wars in 1525 she managed to save the monastery from destruction. Elisabeth's successors continued the work of the Reformation. As a result, the governors of the monastery, the princes of Anhalt, questioned the existence of the monastery, which had been founded according to Catholic principles. They achieved a secularization and mediatization of the monastery by bringing as many Anhalt princesses as possible to the convent. As a result, after the death of Abbess Elisabeth II von Gleichen, only members of the House of Anhalt remained for the abbess's chair. Elizabeth III von Anhalt opened the series of princesses who were made abbess of Gernrode as children and remained there until they were married. After the abbess Sophia Elisabeth von Anhalt left, the princes refrained from appointing an abbess and incorporated the monastery into their principality.

In total, the abbess list is counted with 36 abbesses. The periods of reign for some abbesses cannot be precisely determined due to a lack of documentary evidence. For the period from 1152 to 1205, no information is available about the occupation of the abbess chair. An abbess Hildeburg named by Popperod in the Annales Gernrodensis and her successor, a mistress of Wunstorf, can be excluded because, according to a papal letter of August 3, 1334, the abbess Gertrud III. von Everstein directly followed Jutta von Oesede . In the book History of the Abbey and Description of the Collegiate Church of Gernrode by Otto von Heinemann , these two people were brought together to form the Abbess Hildeburg von Wunstorf.

Abbesses of the Gernrode Monastery (959–1614)

No.	Name (life data)	Abbatiat	Remarks	origin	presentation
1.	Hathui (Hedwig) * around 939 † July 4, 1014 in Gernrode	0959-1014	Hathui's parents were Count Wichmann I and Bia, a sister of Queen Mathilde . Immediately after the death of her husband, Gero's son Siegfried, in 959 she took the veil. She was installed as abbess by Otto I. Pope John XII confirmed the establishment and placed the pen under papal protection. Hathui was consecrated in 962 by the Halberstadt bishop Bernhard von Hadmersleben . She headed the monastery for 55 years. Hathui also held the office of abbess at Vreden Abbey .	Billunger
2.	Adelheid I * 977 † January 14, 1044 in Quedlinburg	1014-1044	Adelheid's parents were Emperor Otto II and Theophanu . Adelheid was elected as her successor in Quedlinburg after the death of her aunt Mathilde on February 7, 999. She was ordained abbess on Michaelmas day of the same year by Bishop Arnulf in the presence of other bishops and many secular greats. After Hathui's death, Heinrich II denied the monastery its own abbess and on November 1, 1014, handed over the management of the monasteries in Gernrode and Vreden to Adelheid.	Liudolfinger
3.	Hazecha von Ballenstedt † 1063	1044-1063	Hazecha was the daughter of Count Adalbert I von Ballenstedt and Hidda von der Saxon Ostmark . She had four siblings, including Uta von Ballenstedt . She was married to Ekkehard II of Meissen . Since the marriage was childless, the monastery received a substantial donation from him before his death. According to Popperod, Hazecha is said to have held the office of abbess for 19 years. However, it is only mentioned in documents dated February 22, 1044 and February 19, 1046.	Ascanians
4th	Hedwig II of Stade † 1118	1063-1118	Hedwig, who may have been a daughter of Count Heinrich von Stade, is first given a privilege to Pope Leo IX. mentioned. In 1064 she received a donation from Emperor Heinrich IV .	Stade
5.	Hedwig III. von Seeburg † 1152	1118-1152	Hedwig's parents were Count Wichmann von Seeburg and Bertha from the House of Camburg-Wettin. She was confirmed in office on March 30, 1118 by Pope Calixt II . Hedwig donated extensive property to the monastery and founded a hospital with a chapel. The installation of the Holy Sepulcher in the collegiate church may also fall under their rule .	Seeburg
6th	unknown	1152-1205	After the death of Hedwig III. The monastery seems to have got into trouble, because in 1156 Pope Hadrian IV ordered a visit to the monastery. The abbess should be removed if she resists. The result of the visitation is unknown. For the period between 1152 and 1205 there is no documentary evidence of the occupation of the abbess's office.	unknown
7th	Rikinza † 1206	1205-1206	Rikinza or Richenza came from an unknown family. She is the first abbess since the death of Hedwig III. To be documented again. Rikinza is first mentioned in a document from 1205.	unknown
8th.	Adelheid II von Büren † November 3, 1220 in Gernrode	1206-1220	Adelheid came from the von Büren family , a noble family who owned the lords of Büren (southwest of Paderborn), Wünnenberg and Wewelsburg .	Büren
9.	Sophia of Saxony † July 16, 1244 in Gernrode	1220-1244	Sophia was a daughter of Duke Bernhard of Saxony and Jutta of Poland, daughter of Duke Mieszko III. of Gniezno . She acquired extensive goods in Rieder from the church treasury .	Ascanians
10.	Irmingard I. † 1248	1244-1248	The origin and status of Irmingard are unknown, it only appears in two documents from 1245.	unknown
11.	Oda von Meinersen † 1260	1248–1260 (?)	Oda came from the noble von Meinersen family, her brother Burchard was the governor of the Halberstadt diocese . It is only mentioned in two documents in 1248 and 1249.	Meinersen
12.	Gertrud I of Anhalt † 1275 (?)	1260–1275 (?)	Gertrud had lived as a canoness in Gernrode since 1249. She was the daughter of Prince and Duke Heinrich I of Anhalt and Irmingard, a daughter of Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia . She is only mentioned as an abbess in the years 1260–1265, but does not seem to have died until 1275.	Ascanians
13.	Mechtild of Braunschweig-Lüneburg † 1297	1275 (?) - 1297	Mechtild was the daughter of Duke Otto von Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Mathilde von Brandenburg . She was married to Prince Heinrich II of Anhalt until his death in 1266, after which she reigned for her underage sons. She probably only entered the monastery when the dignity of the abbess was to be granted.	Guelphs
14th	Irmingard II of Ummendorf † 1307	1298-1307	Irmingard was of noble descent, the ancestral seat of her family was the place Ummendorf in Northern Thuringia . In order to be able to pay off the debts of the monastery, she obtained permission from the convent to be able to spend part of the allodial goods on fiefs .	Ummendorf
15th	Hedwig IV. † 1316	1307-1316	With Hedwig it is not known what gender or class she was. It only appears in a document from 1311. She probably ruled until 1316, because her successor received her papal confirmation on January 21, 1317.	unknown
16.	Gertrud II of Boventhen † July 8, 1324	1317-1324	Gertrud appeared as a canoness as early as 1299, she was of the noble class, the family seat was in Bovenden near Göttingen. During their rule in 1323 a small castle complex in the abbey district was fortified by the Anhalt princes at the expense of the abbey. During the construction work, the archive as well as large parts of the church treasure and some of the relics were stolen.	Boventhen
17th	Jutta von Oesede † 1334	1324-1334	Jutta came from the family of the nobles von Oesede, she received her confirmation in office on January 28, 1325 by Pope Johannes XXII. In 1330 she founded a Brotherhood of the Calendar .	Oesede
18th	Gertrude III. von Everstein † March 9, 1344 in Gernrode	1334-1344	Gertrud, who had been provost of Gernrode since 1302, came from the family of the Counts of Everstein, who had their ancestral seat at Everstein Castle in Polle near Holzminden on the Weser . The confirmation of the election of the abbess by Pope John XXII. took place on August 3, 1334.	Everstein
19th	Gertrude IV of Hesse † 1348	1344-1348	Before her election, Gertrud was the provost of Gernrode. She came from the noble family of the Lords of Hesse ( Hessenem ). These appear in the Diocese of Halberstadt first as ministerials, later as noble free, they were wealthy in Hessen .	Hesse
20th	Adelheid III. von Anhalt † February 2, 1374	1348-1374	Adelheid's parents were Prince Heinrich IV of Anhalt-Bernburg and Sophie von Stolberg . Before her election, she was the provost of the monastery. She managed to restore the abbey economically. With Pope Innocent VI. she obtained new letters of protection, the confirmation of the old freedoms from Emperor Charles IV .	Anhalt-Bernburg
21st	Adelheid IV. Von Walde † 1400 in Gernrode	1374-1400	The origin of Adelheid cannot be determined, but it was probably noble. She led a lengthy process with the ore monastery of Magdeburg for the fiefs that had returned to the monastery due to the extinction of the nobles of Hadmersleben . The trial ended in a settlement in 1389.	unknown
22nd	Bertradis von Snaudit † June 14, 1425 in Gernrode	1400-1425	Before being elected, Bertradis von Snaudit (Schneuditz) had held the office of provost since 1366. She must have been of the noble class. She probably belonged to the von Schneuditz family, with the ancestral seat Schloss Schnaditz near Bad Düben .	Snaudit
23.	Agnes von Landsberg † 1445/1451 in Gernrode	1425-1445 / 1451	Agnes came from the family of Schenken von Landsberg and Lords von Sydow and Teupitz . Before her election, she was the provost of the monastery for 26 years. Her reign was very disastrous for the pen as she was at odds with the chapter for most of her reign . In addition, she squandered the monastery goods. After her death, she was taken to church, but buried in the cloister outside the church because of her poor ministry.	Landsberg
24.	Mechthild II of Anhalt * 1392 † 1463 in Gernrode	1445 / 1451-1463	Mechthild was the daughter of Prince Sigismund I (Anhalt) and Brigitte von Querfurt. The beginning of her term of office cannot be precisely determined, as the last known document of her predecessor is dated February 27, 1445, while the first document of Mechthild II was dated April 4, 1451.	Anhalt-Zerbst
25th	Margarethe von Merwitz † 1469 in Gernrode	1463-1469	Margarethe first appeared in a document when the abbess Agnes Schenk von Landsberg was elected in 1425. One of the concessions that Agnes had to make to the chapter for her election was the elevation of Margaret to Prostress of Frose .	Merwitz
26th	Scholastica von Anhalt * 1451 † August 31, 1504 in Gernrode	1469-1504	Scholastica was the twelfth child of Prince Georg I von Anhalt-Zerbst (1390–1474) from his third marriage to Sophia von Hohnstein. The at Kaiser Friedrich III. On August 19, 1488, confirmation of the freedoms and immunity of the monastery, Scholastica took as an opportunity to hold a jubilee year. She began a legal dispute over a large lake with a lot of fish against the Bishop of Halberstadt and the city of Aschersleben, which lasted 25 years and ruined the monastery economically.	Anhalt-Zerbst
27.	Elisabeth von Weida * 1460/61 † April 11, 1532 in Gernrode	1504-1532	Elisabeth was the fourth of five children from the marriage of Heinrich XXI., Vogt von Weida , with Agnes Schenkin von Landsberg. Under her rule, the Reformation was introduced in the monastery in 1521 . Thanks to her negotiating skills during the Peasant Wars, the monastery was spared from destruction in 1525. She managed to clean up the desolate finances of the monastery when she took office.	Weida
28.	Anna I. von Plauen * 1506 † March 18, 1548 in Gernrode	1532-1548	Anna was the daughter of Heinrich III. von Plauen (Burgrave of Meißen) († 1519) from his second marriage to Barbara von Anhalt-Köthen (1487–1533). In 1539 the abbess granted Gernrode the right to use a seal and coat of arms. This is considered the date for the granting of city ​​rights . In 1533 the first school building was built in Gernrode at the behest of the abbess and maintained with funds from the abbey.	Plauen
29	Anna II. Von Kittlitz * 1488 † June 20, 1558 in Gernrode	1548-1558	As a little girl, Anna was brought into the monastery by a relative, the provost Ursula von Kittlitz. At the age of sixteen she became dean, and in 1528 she became provost. She was elected abbess at sixty.	Kittlitz
30th	Elisabeth II of Gleichen † December 19, 1564 in Gernrode	1558-1564	Elizabeth II initially held the office of dean. Before her election, she was the provost in the monastery from 1548 to 1558. She is the last abbess of Gernrode who did not come from the Princely House of Anhalt.	Same
31.	Elizabeth III von Anhalt * October 15, 1545 in Dessau † September 26, 1574 in Barby	1565-1570	Elisabeth was a daughter of Prince Johann IV of Anhalt (1504–1551) and his wife, Princess Margareta of Brandenburg (1511–1577), daughter of Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg (1484–1535). Her attempts to rehabilitate the indebted monastery were unsuccessful, so she resigned from office in 1570 and married Count Wolfgang II of Barby and Mühlingen (1531-1615) in 1570 .	Anhalt-Zerbst
32.	Anna Maria von Anhalt * June 13, 1561 in Zerbst † November 14, 1605 in Brieg	1570-1577	Anna Maria was the eldest daughter of Prince Joachim Ernst von Anhalt (1536–1586) from his first marriage to Agnes von Barby (1540–1569). At the age of only nine, she followed her paternal aunt Elisabeth III in 1570 . von Anhalt to the office of Abbess von Gernrode. Due to her marriage to the Brieger Duke Joachim Friedrich , she left the monastery in 1577.	Stop
33.	Sibylla von Anhalt * September 28, 1564 in Bernburg † November 26, 1614 in Leonberg	1577-1581	Sibylla came from the first marriage of Prince Joachim Ernst von Anhalt (1536–1586) with Agnes von Barby (1540–1569). She was confirmed in office by Emperor Rudolf II . She left the monastery in 1581 to marry Duke Friedrich I of Württemberg .	Stop
34.	Agnes Hedwig von Anhalt * March 12, 1573 in Dessau † November 3, 1616 in Sønderborg	1581-1586	Agnes Hedwig came from the second marriage of Prince Joachim Ernst von Anhalt (1536–1586) with the Duchess Eleonore von Württemberg (1552–1618). She left the monastery in 1586 for her marriage to Elector August of Saxony .	Stop
35.	Dorothea Maria von Anhalt * July 2, 1574 in Dessau † July 18, 1617 in Weimar	1586-1593	Dorothea Maria also came from the second marriage of Prince Joachim Ernst von Anhalt (1536–1586) with the Duchess Eleonore von Württemberg (1552–1618). For her marriage to Johann III. from Sachsen-Weimar she left the monastery in 1593.	Stop
36.	Sophia Elisabeth von Anhalt * February 10, 1589 in Dessau † February 9, 1622 in Liegnitz	1593-1614	Sophia Elisabeth was a daughter of Prince Johann Georg I of Anhalt-Dessau (1567–1618) from his first marriage to Dorothea von Mansfeld-Arnstein (1561–1594). Sophia Elisabeth was the last abbess; she resigned from the monastery in 1614 to marry Duke Georg Rudolf von Liegnitz .	Anhalt-Dessau

After the last abbess Sophia Elisabeth left in 1614, the Anhalt princes refrained from appointing an abbess and effectively incorporated the monastery into their principality.

literature

• Otto von Heinemann : History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877. ( digitized BSB ).
• Hans Hartung: On the past of Gernrode. Carl Mittag, Gernrode 1912.
• Hans K. Schulze : The Gernrode Abbey. Using a manuscript by Reinhold Specht. With an art history contribution by Günther W. Vorbrodt. (Central German Research Volume 38), Böhlau, Cologne 1965.
• Hans Peter Hankel: The imperial immediate evangelical women's pens in the Old Kingdom and their end: a comparative study. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1996 ISBN 3-631-30531-1 .
• Charlotte Warnke: The canonical monastery St. Cyriakus zu Gernrode in the field of tension between high nobility, emperor, bishop and pope. In: Irene Crusius (ed.): Studies on the Kanonissenstift (= studies on Germania Sacra 24). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-35326-X , pp. 201-274 ( books.google.de )
• Max Wilberg: Regent Tables-A compilation of the rulers of countries on all continents up to the beginning of the 20th century. Frankfurt / Oder 1906 [unchanged reprint Berlin 1987] ISBN 3-344-00094-2 .

Web links

Commons : Abbesses von Gernrode  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Detailed view of the interior of the church and the tombstones. Retrieved July 3, 2010 (German, French, English). 
• Veil Medieval life in the women's monastery in Gernrode

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hans Hartung: On the past of Gernrode . 1912, p. 125.
2. ^ The documents Konrad I, Heinrich I and Otto I. Edited by Theodor Sickel. Monumenta Germaniae Historica . The documents of the German kings and emperors 1. Hahn, Hanover 1879–1884, unaltered reprint Munich 1997, ISBN 3-921575-60-5 , p. 313 f. No. 229. Online edition .
3. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (…), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, pp. 89–90.
4. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, pp. 55–56.
5. ^ The documents of Friedrich I. Part 4. 1181–1190 . Edited by Heinrich Appelt. Monumenta Germaniae Historica . The documents of the German kings and emperors Volume 10.4. Hahn, Hannover 1990, ISBN 3-7752-5151-0 , ISBN 3-7752-5152-9 , pp. 268-271 nos. 983-985. Online edition .
6. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 9.
7. ↑ ^{a b c} Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 50 f.
8. ↑ ^{a b c} Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 47.
9. ↑ The seals shown come from: Otto von Heinemann : Codex diplomaticus Anhaltinus . Dessau 1877. The gravestone of Adelheid I shown is preserved and taken here: Carl, Wilhelm Hase, Ferdinand von Quast: The graves in the castle church in Quedlinburg , publishing house of the Harz Association for History and Archeology 1877. The gravestone of Elisabeth von Weida is also preserved, it comes from: Hans Hartung: Zur Past von Gernrode , Carl Mittag, Gernrode (1912), p. 92.
10. ^ Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 15 f.
11. ↑ Charlotte Warnke The Kanonissenstift St. Cyriacus zu Gernrode in the field of tension between high nobility, emperor, bishop and pope from its foundation in 961 to the end of the investiture dispute in 1122 in Irene Crusius: Studies on the Kanonissenstift , Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, p. 233.
12. ↑ Charlotte Warnke The Kanonissenstift St. Cyriacus zu Gernrode in the field of tension between high nobility, emperor, bishop and pope from its foundation in 961 to the end of the investiture dispute in 1122 in Irene Crusius: Studies on Kanonissenstift , Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, p. 243.
13. ↑ Document 121 in Harry Bresslau and Paul Kehr (eds.): Diplomata 16: The documents of Heinrich III. (Heinrici III. Diplomata). Berlin 1931, p. 152 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
14. ↑ Certificate 150 in Harry Bresslau and Paul Kehr (eds.): Diplomata 16: The documents of Heinrich III. (Heinrici III. Diplomata). Berlin 1931, pp. 189–191 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
15. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 44.
16. ↑ ^{a b} Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 45.
17. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, pp. 121–122.
18. ^ ^{A b c} Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church in Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 18.
19. ^ Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 18 f.
20. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 46.
21. ^ Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 20.
22. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 46 f.
23. ^ Klaus Voigtländer: The collegiate church of Gernrode and its restoration 1858–1872 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1980, p. 121.
24. ^ Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 21.
25. ^ ^{A b} Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 15.
26. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 48.
27. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 49.
28. ^ Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 22 f.
29. ^ Otto von Heinemann: History of the abbey and description of the collegiate church at Gernrode. HC Huch, Quedlinburg 1877, p. 17.
30. ↑ Hans K. Schulze: Das Stift Gernrode (...), Böhlau, Cologne 1965, p. 33.
31. ^ Andreas Popperodt: Annales Gernrodensis . 1560, p. 63.
32. ^ Franz Kindscher: Scholastica, Abbess of Gernrode . In: Communications from the Association for Anhalt History and Antiquity . 1893, p. 193.
33. ^ Franke, Elisabeth von Weida and Wildenfels, abbess of the free secular monastery of Gernrode. 1505–1532 In: Mitteilungen des Verein für Anhaltische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 1899, pp. 323–327.
34. ↑ Hans Hartung: On the past of Gernrode , Carl Mittag, Gernrode (1912), p. 70.

This version was included in the selection of informative lists and portals on July 24, 2010 .