Moroccan-Portuguese relations
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The Moroccan-Portuguese relations include bilateral relations between Morocco and Portugal . They have had diplomatic relations since 1774, dating back to their first relations in the 15th century.
The relationship between the two countries is considered to be friendly and largely problem-free. Historically, their relationships arose with the beginning of Portuguese expansion , which began with the conquest of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415 and led to over 300 years of Portuguese presence in what is now Morocco, long as the Algarve across the sea part of the Kingdom of Portugal . From this time, some traces can be found there until today, in particular various fortresses and others, especially military and sacred buildings, but also cultural traces, e.g. linguistic. To this day, a name for oranges there is Portugal .
Morocco as the north-western country of Africa and Portugal as the south-westerly country of Europe are linked in many ways according to their geographical proximity, in addition to the growing bilateral trade, particularly politically, also through the relations of the EU , in particular the European-Moroccan association agreement, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership , the European neighborhood policy and the Union for the Mediterranean . In addition, both countries belong u. a. the European Development Bank , the World Trade Organization and the United Nations and its subsidiaries. In addition, there are diverse economic, but also civil society connections, for example in cultural exchange, mutual tourism and joint town twinning. There are also points of contact in the military sector, in addition to cooperation in the coast guard, also within NATO : Morocco is the preferred partner of NATO , of which Portugal is a founding member. Another link is historical mutual migration.
history
Before 1415
The Greeks and probably also the Phoenicians traded on the coasts of what is now Morocco and Portugal. Ceuta was possibly a Phoenician or Greek settlement, at least it was known to the Greeks as Heptá Adélphia (Επτά Αδέλφια), German "Seven Brothers". In 319 Ceuta came to Carthage , after the Second Punic War it became Roman . This included Morocco and Portugal, which had been around since the 1st century BC. Was Roman to the Roman Empire.
With the invasion of Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire, the Vandals came to Portugal in the 5th century and then to Morocco. From the early 7th century both areas belonged to the Visigoth Empire for a time .
From 709, today's Morocco was conquered by the Arabs , who also conquered today's Portugal from 711 and ruled for centuries as part of the Arab al-Andalus . With the conclusion of the Portuguese Reconquista in the 13th century, the common belonging to the Arab world ended. Morocco with its Almohad Empire remained part of the Islamic Arab world, while the independent Christian kingdom of Portugal was consolidated.
1415 to 1769
Portugal began its rise to the seafaring nation with the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. An expansion of the Portuguese conquests in Morocco initially failed, especially after the unsuccessful capture of Tangier in 1437.
Historians today mainly name the capture and expansion of Ksar es-Seghir ( Portuguese: Alcácer-Ceguer) in 1458 as the beginning of a network of bases for the systematic expansion of the expansion trips and the commercial network of Portugal. Thus, Morocco was the fulcrum in the first phase of Portuguese overseas activities, with which the Portuguese Empire was founded (after that the fulcrum of Portuguese activities shifted more towards the Gulf of Guinea ). Relations with Morocco were predominantly characterized by peaceful phases of trade and coexistence, although there were several armed conflicts, especially as a result of Portuguese attempts to conquer larger and larger parts of Morocco.
1471 closed Portugal a first treaty with the Moroccan King Muhammad ash-Sheikh al-Mahdi , the first Sultan of wattasid dynasty in Morocco (1465-1505). Thereafter, the Portuguese cultivated relations with a number of local rulers, established trading posts and built fortresses to defend them. Among the most important were u. a. Safi (from 1505 with Aguz, today Souira Kedima , as an auxiliary fortress), Azemmour , Mazagão (today's El Jadida ) and the island of Mogador , especially today's Essaouira .
When the Inquisition was introduced in Portugal in the 16th century , a large number of Marran and Sephardic Jews fled to Moroccan cities, especially Casablanca, but other coastal cities and Fez were also destinations.
In 1577 the young Portuguese King D. Sebastião landed in Asilah ( Portuguese : Arzila) to realize his dream of his own crusade . At Ksar-el-Kebir (Portuguese: Alcácer-Quibir) he was crushed. The king died in this battle of Alcácer-Quibir himself and left no heirs, as a result Portugal lost its independence and only regained it after 1640 and the subsequent war of restoration .
In addition to the Indian city of Bombay , the Portuguese King D. João IV also gave Tangier as a dowry to his daughter Katharina von Braganza when she married the English King Charles II . From 1661 onwards Tangier was no longer Portuguese, but British.
In 1769 the Portuguese gave up Mazagão and withdrew completely from Morocco after 300 years of presence. The Portuguese resident here mainly moved with all their belongings to the Portuguese colony of Brazil , where they founded the city of Nova Mazagão ( Portuguese for New Mazagão).
1769 to 1956
From 1771, Portugal and Morocco came closer again. Portugal's King D. José signed a peace treaty with the Sultan of Morocco on January 11, 1774, which is still valid today. Already after the decisive negotiations in 1773 Portugal sent its first consul, Manuel de Ponte.
On October 7, 1774, the first embassy of the Moroccan king reached Portugal's capital Lisbon on a Portuguese frigate, which was followed by a second embassy from the Sultan of Morocco on November 15, 1777.
On December 29, 1869, José Daniel Colaço , the Consul General of Portugal in Tangier , the chargé d'affaires appointed and the Consulate General provided with diplomatic functions. This makes him the first Portuguese ambassador in what is now Morocco.
In the first half of the 19th century, Morocco came increasingly under French influence, which was sealed with the Morocco-Congo Treaty of 1911, with which most of the country came to France as French Morocco .
From the smaller part of Spanish Morocco , the Spanish general and later dictator Francisco Franco organized the military coup in 1936 that triggered the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). In the civil war, soldiers from Morocco also fought as regulares on the side of Franco, together with the Portuguese volunteers of the Legion Viriato, an unofficial association of the Portuguese Legion of the Salazar regime in Portugal. Together they fought against the defenders of the legitimate Spanish Republic , in addition to the regular republican troops also the International Brigades , in whose ranks also many Portuguese fought, especially from the predominantly anarcho-syndicalist workforce.
During the Second World War (1939–1945) both neutral Portugal under the dictator Salazar and Morocco, especially the small free part of Morocco, the Tangier Zone , played an important role, especially for refugees, but also for mutual espionage. In addition to Tangier, the French-controlled Casablanca was one of the very few places where there were flight connections both to the territory of the fascist Axis powers and to the territory of the Allies , so that further travel or meetings were possible here. Above all, the Portuguese airline Aero Portuguesa served the routes Tangier-Lisbon and Casablanca-Lisbon, with which the neutral Portugal maintained a direct connection to an Allied territory. In the famous film Casablanca from 1942, which is set in this environment, this connection plays an important role.
Since 1956
In 1956 Morocco regained its full independence from France ( French Morocco ) and Spain ( Spanish Morocco ). Portugal recognized the independence of Morocco on May 16, 1956.
The opening of the Moroccan embassy in Lisbon in 1957 marked the first establishment of a representation of an Arab country in Portugal.
Diplomatic relations were interrupted in 1973 and resumed on June 8, 1974 after the Carnation Revolution ended the Estado Novo dictatorship in Portugal on April 25, 1974 .
After that, the two states steadily approached again. A bilateral agreement on economic and technical cooperation was concluded on January 28, 1977. It was followed by a cultural agreement on December 11, 1978, a comprehensive cooperation agreement on March 23, 1984, a bilateral investment protection agreement on October 18, 1988, a civil protection cooperation agreement on April 28, 1992 , and an agreement on defense matters on September 30, 1993.
After Portugal acceded to the EU in 1986, Portuguese attention initially turned more towards European integration , but the good Moroccan-Portuguese relations remained on a further convergence course, also benefited by the Moroccan-European Association Agreement 2000 and above all the European Neighborhood Policy from 2004 and the subsequent Union for the Mediterranean in 2008.
On May 30, 1994, the two countries signed a friendship treaty, which also included good neighborliness and further cooperation. In it, regular meetings were agreed alternately in Morocco and Portugal ( Portuguese Cimeiras luso-marroquinas ). Since then, they have provided the framework for a large number of cooperation agreements, consultations and agreements from all areas, most recently from the areas of internal security, tourism, energy, traffic, water transport, investment controls, diplomatic institutes, sport and youth, and scientific cooperation. At the 2015 meeting alone, eleven agreements were concluded. Meetings and state visits at ministerial level have also taken place frequently since then.
Among the numerous bilateral agreements since 1977, some are of particular importance for the two countries, such as the fisheries agreement that came into force in 1978, the double taxation agreement of September 27, 1997, the social security agreement of November 14, 1998, the investment protection agreement of April 17, 2007, the Agreement in the area of internal security of April 20, 2015 and the agreement in the tourism sector that came into force in 2017, as well as agreements on cooperation in areas such as defense, legal assistance, civil protection, migration, customs, and also transport and trade.
diplomacy
Morocco maintains its embassy at 21 Rua Alto do Duque in the Restelo district, in the Belém district of the Portuguese capital, Lisbon. There are also Moroccan honorary consulates in Porto and Albufeira on the Algarve coast .
Portugal has its embassy at 5 rue Thami Lamdouar in the Souissi embassy district of the Moroccan capital Rabat. There are also Portuguese honorary consulates in Casablanca , Fez , Marrakech and Tangier .
Town twinning
A number of municipalities in both countries are linked through city friendships and municipal partnerships. A connection element, especially between southern Portuguese and Moroccan places, is the centuries of time they spent together, which left deep traces, especially in southern Portugal. Initially, as part of the Arab al-Andalus , like Morocco belonging to the Arab Empire, they were later both under the Portuguese flag for centuries, as the Algarve on the Portuguese side and the Algarve across the sea on the Moroccan side.
16 municipalities in both countries are linked as partners (as of 2018), the cities of Tangier and Faro established the first Moroccan-Portuguese city friendship in 1985.
migration
Portuguese communities have existed in some Moroccan cities for centuries, some of which are descendants of the Marran and Sephardic Jews who fled Portugal when the Inquisition was introduced there in the 16th century . Above all Casablanca, but also other coastal cities and Fez are to be mentioned. In return, the relatively close Algarve coast attracted Moroccans, especially since Portugal's economic rise in the 1980s.
In 2018, there were 1,539 Moroccan citizens registered in Portugal, with 481 most of them in the Algarve. Your remittances amounted to € 5.29 million (2013: € 5.04 million, 2010: € 3.28 million, 2000: € 1.62 million).
In 2018, 2,107 Portuguese and citizens connected to Portugal were registered in the Portuguese consulates in Morocco, they transferred € 10,000 back to Portugal (2013: € 1.13 million, 2010: € 0.69 million, 2000: 0.38 Million €).
economy
The Moroccan-Portuguese trade of the two historically linked and geographically close countries has been growing steadily since the 1990s, mostly with a trade surplus in favor of Portugal. In 2018, 1,352 Portuguese companies were trading with Morocco ( 2017 : 1,315; 2016 : 1,302; 2015 : 1,238; 2014 : 1,205)
In 2018, Portugal exported goods and services worth 712.4 million euros to Morocco ( 2017 : 739.4 million, 2016 : 737.0 million; 2015 : 690.2 million; 2014 : 588.2 million) ), of which 24.7% were fuels, 22.2% metals, 10.2% machines and devices, 7.4% plastics, 6.6% vehicles and vehicle parts, and 5.4% paper and cellulose.
In the same period, Morocco delivered goods and services worth 229.6 million euros to Portugal ( 2017 : 200.3 million, 2016 : 207.7 million; 2015 : 220.6 million; 2014 : 195.5 million .), of which 20.2% were clothing, 19.9% agricultural products, 14.1% chemical and pharmaceutical products, 11.2% wood and cork, 10.8% machines and devices, and 7.0% % Minerals and ores.
In 2018, Morocco ranked 12th as a buyer and 39th as a supplier in Portuguese foreign trade, while Portugal was in 23rd place as a buyer and 12th as a supplier in Moroccan foreign trade.
The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP maintains a contact office at the Portuguese Embassy in Rabat, and there is also a Moroccan-Portuguese Chamber of Commerce in the Portuguese capital Lisbon with the Câmara de Comércio e Indústria Luso Marroquina .
Culture
Institutions
The Portuguese cultural institute Instituto Camões is present in Morocco. a. with a language center in the capital Rabat and a lecturer at the Mohammed V University , also in Rabat.
With the Associação de Amizade Luso-Marroquina there is a Moroccan-Portuguese friendship society in Portugal .
In addition, cultural events are arranged, promoted and organized by the embassies in the other country.
architecture
The Portuguese heritage in Morocco consists largely of fortifications and sacred buildings , especially churches, but also synagogues. Under the world heritage in Morocco there is also an entry of Portuguese origin with El Jadida .
A number of Portuguese fortresses in Morocco have since been restored, often with Portuguese help, especially since the 1980s through the Gulbenkian Foundation . In the Portuguese list of monuments SIPA there are already five historical Portuguese fortresses on Moroccan soil (as of February 2020):
- Fortaleza de Arzila in Asilah
- Fortaleza de Azamor in Azemmour
- Fortaleza de Mazagão in El Jadida
- Fortaleza de Mogador in Essaouira
- Fortaleza de Safim in Safi
In addition, a large number of other buildings have been preserved, some in ruins, some in comparatively good condition.
music
Portuguese fado music also traces its origin back to Arabic influences. Fado singers often perform in Morocco too, and Portuguese musicians have collaborated with Moroccan musicians on several occasions.
The visually impaired Portuguese fado singer Dona Rosa became known to a wide audience through an Austrian program that André Heller produced for ORF in Morocco in the late 1990s .
Sports
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Soccer
The Moroccan and Portuguese national football teams have met twice so far (as of December 2019), for the first time at the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, the preliminary round game in Group F on June 11, 1986 in the Estadio Tres de Marzo in Guadalajara was 3-1 for Morocco out. The second time they met at the 2018 World Cup in Russia, the match on June 20, 2018 in Moscow's Luzhniki Olympic Stadium ended 1-0 for Portugal.
Moroccan players also play for Portuguese clubs more often, including national players like Zakarya Bergdich at Belenenses Lisbon , Adel Taarabt and Mehdi Carcela-González at Benfica Lisbon , Tarik Sektioui at FC Porto or Faysal El Idrissi at CD Santa Clara . A particularly large number of Moroccan national players have played for Sporting Lisbon so far , including Zakaria Labyad , Houssine Kharja , Noureddine Naybet and Mustapha Hadji .
Portuguese player Manuel da Costa is the son of a Portuguese father and a Moroccan mother. He first played for Portugal's U-21 national team , and has been part of Morocco's selection since 2014.
Humberto Coelho was Morocco's national coach from 2002 to 2002.
badminton
The most important Moroccan badminton tournament, Morocco International , has already been won several times by the Portuguese Pedro Martins , in 2015 , 2014 and 2010 .
The Portugal International has not yet won a Moroccan tournament (as of 2019).
athletics
At the World Indoor Athletics Championships in 2001 in Lisbon, Morocco finished sixth with two gold medals, while host Portugal finished tenth with one gold and one bronze. Morocco has not yet hosted a World Indoor Athletics Championships.
The Moroccan runner Zahra Ouaziz came second at the 2000 World Cross Country Championships in Portugal. In contrast, there were no Portuguese winners either at the 1975 World Cross Country Championships in Rabat, Morocco, or at the 1998 World Cross Country Championships in Marrakech.
The Moroccan runner Saïd Ermili won the Lisbon Marathon in 1993 in a time of 2:12:39 hours.
Web links
- Overview of the diplomatic relations between Portugal and Morocco in the diplomatic portal of the Portuguese Foreign Ministry
- Website of the Moroccan Embassy in Lisbon (French, Portuguese)
- Website of the Portuguese Embassy in Algiers (Portuguese, French, Arabic, English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Overview of Moroccan-Portuguese relations , diplomatic portal at the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , accessed on February 27, 2020
- ↑ a b c Fernando Cristóvão (Ed.): Dicionário Temático da Lusofonia . Texto Editores, Lisbon / Luanda / Praia / Maputo 2006 ( ISBN 972-47-2935-4 ), p. 786ff.
- ↑ a b Overview of Moroccan-Portuguese diplomatic relations at the Moroccan embassy in Lisbon, accessed on March 2, 2020
- ↑ Overview of the Moroccan-Portuguese meetings , website of the Portuguese embassy in Rabat, accessed on March 2, 2020
- ↑ Overview of current Moroccan-Portuguese agreements , website of the Portuguese embassy in Rabat, accessed on March 2, 2020
- ↑ Consular contact details of Portugal in Morocco , portal of the Portuguese Foreign Ministry for Portuguese abroad and travelers, accessed on March 2, 2020
- ↑ List of the Moroccan-Portuguese town partnerships on the website of the Association of Portuguese District Government ANMP, accessed on February 27, 2020
- ↑ Official Portuguese Aliens Statistics by District , Portuguese Aliens and Borders Authority SEF, accessed on March 2, 2020
- ↑ a b Website on Moroccan-Portuguese migration at the Portuguese Scientific Observatório da Emigração, accessed on March 2, 2020
- ↑ a b c Bilateral economic relations between Portugal and Morocco , PDF file available from the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP , accessed on March 3, 2020
- ↑ Contact details for Moroccan-Portuguese economic relations at the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce AICEP, accessed on March 3, 2020
- ↑ Overview of activities in Morocco , website of the Instituto Camões, accessed on February 27, 2020
- ↑ List of hits after entering the search term Marrocos under Países , SIPA monuments list, accessed on March 2, 2020
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