Mono city
With Mono City (derived from Russian Моногород, Pronunciation. [ˌMonɐgorət], literally Einstadt ) is called a town or city that is largely or completely dependent on one company or industry. This type of city emerged in the countries of the former Comecon (Council for Common Economic Aid) through the construction of huge combines, primarily in metal or raw material processing areas. The reasons given were the economies of scale with the central supply of the entire Soviet Union by a central company. Large communities developed around the factories through the construction of modern apartments for the employees, through attractive wage structures or through other state subsidy measures for settlement in structurally weak areas.
Especially in the area of today's Russia, these community-constituting companies (Russian Градообразующее предприятие) played an essential role in the economic development of the economy that was destroyed at the end of the Second World War.
According to estimates by the Russian Regional Policy Institute (Института региональной политики), around 460 cities in Russia in 2009 (around 40% of the total number of cities) were monocities, with around a quarter of the urban population (25 million) and their industrial establishments over a third of the Russian gross domestic product . Since the conversion towards the market economy distribution of goods, the mono-cities have presented themselves as considerable problems. Too many produce “the wrong products in the wrong place”. Closing or relocating operations would have significant consequences for employees, former employees and their relatives. In Russia, labor mobility is very low, which is reinforced by the fact that social benefits are largely and in the mono-cities almost exclusively offered by companies.
Examples in Russia
A typical example of a Russian mono-city is the 700,000-inhabitant city of Togliatti , which was built over decades around a central industrial and later car production facility in the former Soviet Union . As a result of the change in the sales markets, production had to be reduced more and more since the turn of the millennium, with the result that a large part of the population became impoverished and now has to be relocated with the help of the state. Other representatives of this type of city are the Russian cities Magnitogorsk (410,000 Ew.), Urai (40,000 Ew.), Tynda (35,000 Ew.) And Pikaljowo (21,000 Ew.).
| city | Population in thousands | Industrial company | Workers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tolyatti | 705 | AwtoWAS | 68000 |
| Novokuznetsk | 564 | OMZ / Uralmash-Ischora: ЗСМК (West Siberian Metal Combine) | |
| Naberezhnye Chelny | 517 | KAMAZ | |
| Magnitogorsk | 410 | MMK (Магнитка) | |
| Nizhny Tagil | 361 | NTMK , Ural Wagonsavod | |
| Cherepovets | 310 | Severstal | |
| Sterlitamak | 272 | Sintes rubber (Синтез-Каучук), chlor-alkali electrolysis caustic (Каустик), Soda (Сода) | |
| Prokopyevsk | 214 | Kuzbass : Prokopjewskugol (Прокопьевскуголь) | |
| Severodvinsk | 190 | Ship value Sevmash (Севмаш / Северное Машиностроительное Предприятие) | |
| Norilsk | 177 | MMC Norilsk Nickel | 25561 (2009) |
| Nachodka | 160 | Coal port | |
| Salawat | 155 | Gazprom Neftechim (Газпром нефтехим Салават), formerly Salawatnefteorgsintes (СНОС / Салаватнефтеоргсинтез) | 12150 |
| Rubtsovsk | 147 | Altaiwagon (Алтайвагон), Rubzowski maschinostroitelny sawod (Рубцовский машиностроительный завод), Agricultural machinery manufacturer Almas (Алмаз), Altaiselmasch tractor works (Алтайсельмаш) |
7000 (Altaiw.) |
| Leninsk-Kuznetsky | 108 | Kuzbass: SUSK (СУЭК / Сибирская угольная энергетическая компания) | |
| Liski | 100 | Headquarters of the Yugo-Vostochnaja zheleznaja doroga | |
| Solikamsk | 96 | Silwinit , paper and pulp mill Solikamskbumprom (Соликамскбумпром) | |
| Mikhailovka | 89 | Sebryakov cement (Себряковцемент) | 2200 |
| Asbestos (city) | 71 | Ural asbestos | |
| Gukowo | 68 | Rosugol | |
| Kstowo | 67 | Refinery Lukoil -Nischegorodnefteorgsintes (ЛУКОЙЛ-Нижегороднефтеоргсинтез), formerly NORSI | |
| Chistopol | 61 | Clockworks Vostok † | |
| Pavlovo (Nizhny Novgorod) | 61 | PAZ (ПАЗ), formerly Pavlovsky Avtobusny Zavod imeni AA Zhdanowa | |
|
Krasnoturyinsk (Bauxite from Severouralsk) |
69 | Bogoslowsky aljuminijewy zavod (БАЗ) aluminum plant UGMK iron ore mine Богословское рудоуправление |
|
| Kirishi | 53 | Kinef Refinery (Kirischinefteorgsintes) | |
| Budyonnovsk | 52 | Ethylene plant, HDPE and vinyl acetate plant in Stawrolen (Ставролен), formerly Stavropolpolimer | 2000 |
| Chusovoi | 49 | Leaf spring mechanism TschMS (ЧМЗ / Чусовской металлургический завод) | |
| Dalnegorsk | 48 | ГХК boron, dalpoli metal | |
| Satka | 46 | Magnesite | |
| Montchegorsk | 45 | Severonicle (Североникель) | |
| Rtishchevo | 42 | Locomotive works, today RŽD branch (Ртищевское отделение Юго-Восточной железной дороги) | |
| Novodvinsk | 42 | А ZellБК paper and pulp mill (Archangelski zelljulosno-bumaschny Kombinat) | |
| Tutayev | 41 | Diesel engine plant ТМЗ, formerly Тутаевский завод дизельных агрегатов (ТЗДА) | 1900 |
| Sayansk | 41 | PVC: Sajanskchimprom, today Sajanskchimplast (Саянскхимпром / Саянскхимпласт) | |
| Urai | 40 | Uraineftegas | |
| Tynda | 35 | Baikal Amur Mainline | |
| Vyatsky Polyany | 34 | Machine factory Вятско-Полянский машиностроительный завод "Молот" (ВПМЗ), manufacturer of the Vyatka | |
| Kondopoga | 34 | Kondopoga Newspaper Mill (Кондопога) † | |
| Segescha | 32 | Segeschki ЦБК paper and pulp mill | 2500 |
| Severouralsk | 31 | North Ural bauxite mine Северо-Уральский Бокситовый Рудник (СУБР) | |
| Kostomuksha | 29 | Karelski Okatysch iron ore mine (Карельский окатыш) | |
| Semiluki | 26th | Refractory materials Semiluki Семилукский огнеупорный завод (СОЗ) | |
| Olenegorsk | 22nd | northernmost iron ore mine Olkon (Олкон / Оленегорский Оленегорский ГОК) | |
| Pikaljowo | 21st | Zementwerk BaselCement (БазэлЦемент), formerly also alumina manufacturer Glinosjom (глинозём) | |
| Kowdor | 18th | Iron & zircon apatite mine Kowdorski (Ковдорский ГОК) | |
| Kamskie Polyany | 16 | unfinished Tatar nuclear power plant , now an industrial park | |
| Sapolyarny | 16 | Pechenganicle (Печенганикель) | |
| Baikalsk | 14th | Baikalski Paper and Pulp Mill PapierБК † | 1500 |
| Karabash | 12 | Karabashmjed Copper Mine (Карабашмедь) | |
| Pitkjaranta | 11 | Pulp Mill Питкяранта † | |
| Nadwoizy | 8th | Aluminum plant Nadvoitsky | |
| Rewda | 8th | Niobium - tantalum mining Lowoserski | |
| Vjartsilja | 3 | Mechel (Вяртсильский метизный завод) |
Examples in Germany
Small-scale mono-cities can be found everywhere around the world, mostly outside of larger cities that have historically grown over long periods of time, especially in rural areas, provided that they have emerged from the establishment of specific business branches, e.g. As in Germany, the former central German chemical triangle with the Buna-Werke GmbH in Schkopau , cities of the mining industry in the Ruhr area , or so-called. Auto cities (eg. B. Rüsselsheim am Main or Wolfsburg ). The decline of the respective regionally typical industrial sector is often associated with a significant long-term decline in jobs, the city's tax revenues and finally the number of inhabitants.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Detailed information on the regional economy at regionalistica.ru
- ↑ Information at infox.ru Моногород ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. v. February 6, 2009, accessed February 11, 2010
- ↑ German Society for Foreign Policy: Country Portrait Russia , page 20. Supplement to International Politics , Volume 69, Issue 4 (July / August 2014)
- ↑ current information from Der Standard and Die Presse , accessed on February 11, 2010
- ↑ Russian financial crisis - the miracle of Pikaljewo
- ↑ Decided to end the Baikalsk pulp mill
Web links
- ZEIT article Once a blessing from Russia, today a curse from January 28, 2010, accessed February 11, 2010
- Article in the Friday Putin condemns the billionaire v. June 18, 2009, accessed February 11, 2010
- Article at lenta.ru Моногорода в России поделят на депрессивные и прогрессивные v. September 29, 2009 from "Depressive and Progressive Monosteds", accessed February 11, 2010
- Website of the Института региональной политики (Russian and English)
- List of mono cities (English Wikipedia)