New York City Taxi Cabs

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New York taxi cabs in front of the New York Times Tower

The New York City Taxi Cabs ( NYC Taxi for short ; colloquially : Taxi Cab , Yellow Cab or just Cab ) are a well-known symbol of New York City with their unmistakable yellow color . The taxis are operated by private companies and approved by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission . The commission is a New York City government agency responsible for more than 13,200 taxis in operation.

history

Late 1890s - the Electric era

EVC Hansom Cab Kraftdroschke , in the background a horse Hansom. Around 1904.

The first taxi company in New York City was the Electric Carriage and Wagon Company (EVWC), which in July 1897 twelve electric - cabs operating. The tariff corresponded to that of the horse-drawn cabs: For 1–2 people, 1 dollar for the first two miles and 50 cents for each additional one. The company soon became part of the Electric Vehicle Company (EVC) and the brand was discontinued. Instead, the EVC taxis previously manufactured in New York were built in their production facilities. By 1898 there were around 62 such taxis in operation. At that time, the taxi owners and the few private customers could not buy the vehicles, but only rent them because the manufacturers assumed that the operation and maintenance of the vehicles would be too complicated for technical laypeople. The rent also included an agreed number of battery packs in exchange; Service stations were responsible for changing them and for vehicle maintenance. The concept is based on that of the rental stables and relay stations that were widespread in the 19th century, where horses and teams were borrowed in a similar way. The EVC maintained networks with such stations in several cities. By 1899 up to 100 taxis were in operation.

1899 also saw a number of many notable premieres for the Electric Vehicle Company . On May 20, 1899, Jacob German drove an electric taxi and received the first parking ticket in the United States . On September 13 of the same year, Henry Bliss became the first victim of a road accident involving a motor vehicle in the United States; he was hit by a taxi while exiting the tram.

Behind the EVC were investors who had the goal of building a taxi monopoly by crowding out or buying competitors, which earned them the nickname Lead Cab Trust ("lead" because of the lead content in the batteries of taxis) from the trade press . . In addition to New York City, attempts were made in Philadelphia , Chicago , Washington, DC and Boston , but failed because not enough vehicles could be sold, which was due to the high price and the fact that gasoline-powered automobiles began to gain acceptance. After that, the EVC became a holding company which, in addition to vehicle production, operated the exploitation of the Selden patent and set up the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (ALAM) as its extended arm , which also introduced the first standards in US automotive engineering. While the patent dispute, which was bitterly carried out over two instances until 1911, primarily against Henry Ford , had an enormous impact on the early US auto industry, EVC lost its importance as a vehicle manufacturer and had to be supported in bankruptcy proceedings in 1907.

In the early 1900s, there were about 1,000 EVC taxis on the streets of New York City. In 1904 the brand was merged with Columbia . Taxis in the EVC design were built under this name until 1907.

1900s and 1910s - petrol engines prevail

Vehicles like this Thomas Model G from 1908 were often used as taxis. The short wheelbase and the comfortable passenger compartment with a landaulet top are typical.
Advertisement for a taxi holder from 1911

In 1907, after the collapse of the Electric Vehicle Company, horse-drawn taxis were once again a major means of transportation in New York City.

After Harry N. Allen was furiously paying $ 5 for a three-quarters of a mile taxi ride in the spring of 1907 , he decided to "start a taxi company and charge that much for a mile." Later that year he imported 65 gasoline-powered Darracq automobiles from France and founded the New York Taxicab Company . Initially, the taxis were painted red and green, but Allen repainted them all in yellow so that they could be seen from afar. By 1908, the New York Taxicab Company operated approximately 700 taxis.

The real breakthrough of gasoline taxis took place in the second half of the 1910s, when electric starters also simplified their use and robust technology was available. Within a decade, several taxi companies were founded on an ever larger scale. The fare was 50 cents per mile.

1920s - fiercely competitive market

Typical taxi of this time: Yellow Cab from around 1922. The vehicle is open at the front for easier loading of luggage, the headlights are set back in front of the windshield.

The industrial potential of the taxi market had already been recognized before the First World War; By January 1921, 21,000 taxis were registered in New York. Various automobile manufacturers such as General Motors (GM), Ford Motor Company , Premier , HCS or the MP Moller Motor Car Company (with eight brands: Moller, Blue Light, Aristocrat, Paramount, Super Paramount, Astor, Five-Boro and Twentieth Century) launched various taxi fleets and there were a number of small car manufacturers who specialized in whole or in part in taxis, such as Diamond , Pennant , Luxor or Commonwealth ; the latter two established something like a market for upscale taxis. The typical taxi of those years was a landaulet , in which the passengers could enjoy their journey with the roof down when the weather was nice.

The most successful providers belonging Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company of John D. Hertz , which was acquired in 1925 by General Motors, and the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company , which in 1922 by Morris Markin merging its Markin Automobile Body Company and Commonwealth Motors emerged. In the years that followed, these two large providers almost completely pushed their competitors out of the market.

The mismanagement of Mayor Jimmy Walker resulted in considerable indebtedness and administrative corruption in New York; the struggle for passengers, but also for membership of rival trade unions , for example when the International Brotherhood of Teamsters also gained a foothold among taxi drivers. The clashes among the drivers were also carried out using robust methods.

The first regulatory interventions in the market also occur during this period, some of which should last for a long time. This included the requirement that the wheelbase of a taxi had to be at least 120 inches (3048 mm) and that there had to be space for five people in the rear. This was intended on the one hand to protect taxi companies from part-time drivers who used their car as a one-man operation and depressed their prices, and on the other hand to protect passengers against dubious practices and unsafe taxis. Initially, this determination did not cause much concern for the automotive industry, because numerous brands offered suitable models or at least chassis. Over the years this changed and the manufacturers of large sedans were increasingly excluded from the lucrative market.

Another requirement seems a bit bizarre today: On vehicles with a rear trunk, this had to be welded shut. This was supposed to stop a previously popular route of transport for the alcoholic beverages banned in the United States during prohibition . The passengers' luggage was carried open to the side of the driver's seat. Closed luggage compartments that were firmly attached to the body were an exception in 1925, but became more and more popular 10 years later. Although the order no longer made sense after the abolition of the alcohol ban in 1933, it was not lifted until 1954.

1930s - introduction of the medallion system

General Motors Cab Type O-10F 6-passenger Town Car Cab (1930). This is the successor to the Yellow Cab with a Buick inline eight-cylinder engine.
New York Medallion Taxi Badge. It is attached to the hood on the passenger side.
The license number according to the medallion is visible as a license plate and also on the roof display, sometimes also on the rear door of the taxi. Ford Crown Victoria (circa 1998) at a taxi rank.

There were about 30,000 taxi drivers in New York during the Great Depression . With more drivers than passengers, taxi drivers had to work longer. In addition, there were concerns about the maintenance and mechanical integrity of the vehicles. The city administration intended to create a taxi monopoly. The plan was abandoned after Mayor Jimmy Walker was charged with accepting a bribe from the Parmelee Transport Company , one of the largest taxi companies.

In 1937, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia signed the Haas Act , which continued the existing, inadequate regulations, including the introduction of official taxi licenses and the medallion system that is largely in place to this day.

The law limited the number of licenses to 16,900, but the number quickly dwindled to 11,787. It was not until 1996 that the license restrictions were lifted.

Because the medallion system artificially limited the number of licensable taxi cabs, it was seen as an obstacle to accessing a growing taxi market. This gave the opportunity to launch a black taxi market in areas not served by licensed taxi cabs, as the cost of leasing a medallion taxi cab is very high.

1940s - The market shakeout continues

Desoto Custom Series S-11C (1946), here as a taxi for Hollywood productions. The brand was a serious participant in the taxi market of that time.

As new, serious competitors in the taxi market, DeSoto and Packard appeared since the late 1930s . The vehicles were based on passenger cars with a longer wheelbase and had to be specially adapted to New York legislation. Packard brought out a new taxi version in 1946, which was based on the Clipper and had a reinforced suspension. It was optionally available with a partition , but left the market around 1950. The Chrysler subsidiary DeSoto thus exercised a de facto monopoly with Checker . That was increasingly a thorn in the side of the competitors Ford and General Motors.

Due to the war, no passenger cars and therefore no taxis were made between 1942 and 1945.

1950s - the upheaval

Checker A-8 Taxi (1958)

New York has always been a rough market in the taxi industry. The tariffs were prescribed and an additional annual fee of US $ 60.00 was charged for each taximeter . The competition among the drivers was enormous. In 1953 there was an average taxi with Medallion for 669 residents. The average among 50 major US cities was 1,349 residents per taxi. New York was thus ranked 45th among these cities.

In 1954 the taxi regulations were adapted. Most of the pressure came from the taxi operators and drivers, with the latter heavily supported by Ford and General Motors, eager to tap into a market with hundreds of new car sales each year. The changes decided mainly concerned technical aspects. So not only was the requirement to seal the trunk, but above all the main obstacle of a minimum wheelbase of 120 inches and five seats in the rear. The market was now open. Chrysler was quick to react and offered taxi equipment not only for DeSoto, but also for Plymouth and Dodge . Taxis also appeared from Ford and several GM brands, most notably Chevrolet . At Checker, however, there was no alternative, and the small manufacturer was forced to temporarily stop production in December 1954.

Checker did not appear on the market again until 1956. All new specifications were implemented in the new A-8 . The series was so successful that it was built as the A-11 with a few changes until 1982. Today it is an integral part of New York folklore and is accordingly evaluated for tourism .

1960s - Checker Cab and Yellow Cab

Restored Checker A-11 taxi; Visually, this vehicle largely corresponds to its condition around 1970; Its year of construction after 1978 can be seen in the windshield wipers working parallel instead of against each other

In 1956 the taxi manufacturer Checker Motors Corporation introduced the basic form of the taxi with the model A-8 , which became one of the landmarks of New York as the A-11 (now with double lamps). This taxi was the direct result of the revision of the New York Taxi Ordinance of 1954. The A-8 was the first Checker with front independent suspension.

In the 1960s, New York City experienced many problems with social unrest. The crime rate rose along with ethnic tensions. One consequence has been the rapid growth of private livery cab services. Unofficial taxi drivers have been banned by the Taxi Commission from allowing people waiting in Manhattan. However, they easily found their business in parts of the city that were not served by official taxis.

Only in 1967 was the yellow paint for the "Medallion" taxis licensed in New York mandatory from the city council in order to be able to distinguish them more easily from unlicensed (now black) Livery Cabs. Research from the University of Chicago found yellow to be the easiest color to spot - the late confirmation of a finding by John Hertz.

1970s - New York Taxi and Limousine Commission established

Dodge Polara Yellow Cab. Lexington Avenue, New York, 1973

The New York Taxi and Limousine Commission ( Engl. New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission , shortly TLC ) was founded in 1971 with jurisdiction founded on the urban Medallion Taxi Cabs, private Livery Taxi Cabs and some luxury sedans. to regulate the growing number of taxi cabs and deal with problems. The predecessor of this commission was the New York City Hack Bureau , operated under the auspices of the New York City Police Department and from 1925 also responsible for taxis. Taxi and Limousine Commission inspectors are New York state law enforcement officers armed with baton , pepper spray, and handcuffs .

In the 1970s and 1980s, both Livery Taxi Cabs and Medallion Taxi Cab providers found their drivers from among the growing ethnic black, Latino and Middle Eastern immigrant populations. New York City crime was at a record high at the time. In this regard, taxi drivers have often been victims of street crime and theft.

1980s - demographic changes among taxi drivers

Chevrolet Caprice Taxi Cab (1987), a former Medallion Taxi Cab

Until the mid-1980s and 1990s there was a major demographic change among taxi drivers, due to a large wave of immigration and asylum seekers. The US 2000 census found that of the approximately 62,000 taxi drivers in New York State, 82% were born abroad; 23% of these come from the Caribbean (including the Dominican Republic , Haiti ) and 30% from the South Asian region (including India , Pakistan ).

Many Checker A-11 Cabs were still in use, but production was discontinued in 1982. These were gradually replaced mainly by taxi versions of the Chevrolet Impala and Ford Crown Victoria .

The working conditions of taxi drivers changed New York City, the crime rate fell, while the cost of a medallion taxi cab increased. Compared to earlier times, fewer taxi drivers owned their own taxi cabs. The commission made the so-called single taxi cab less attractive.

1990s - Vehicle change & Operation Refusal

Ford Crown Victoria , built after 1998

In 1996, Chevrolet stopped manufacturing the Caprice, making the Ford Crown Victoria the most widely used standard taxi cab vehicle in New York. Furthermore, the yellow taxi cabs became an almost worldwide symbol of the streets of New York City. In addition, various taxi cab manufacturers had a wide range of spacious minivans, including Honda Odyssey , Isuzu Oasis , Chevrolet Venture , Ford Freestar and Toyota Sienna .

Gradually, the distinctive Checker A-11 taxis were reaching the end of their lifespan and almost completely disappearing from the streets. The last of these taxi was decommissioned in July 1999. It had been in use for more than 20 years and had covered nearly a million miles (1.6 million kilometers) in that time . A 1996 law mandated that a taxi cab, regardless of its condition, must be replaced after six years. The few checker taxis that are still in operation no longer have a license to transport passengers in taxi traffic. They are used by tourists for tours or serve as a harmonious backdrop.

In 1996 the Taxi and Limousine Commission started Operation Refusal . This covert operation was created to improve the much criticized service. In 1998 the commission implemented a legislative package that was passed by the then Mayor Rudolph Giuliani . This included a structured framework designed to reinforce driver standards. In 1999, actor and UN Ambassador Danny Glover filed a complaint with the commission after a taxi driver refused him entry into a taxi cab.

However, Giuliani's raids resulted in a number of successful lawsuits against the City of New York and the Taxi and Limousine Commission. The Taxi and Limousine Commission also lost a number of cases before state courts relating to various implementation regulations. As a rule, this was not made public or commented on. In 2000, a federal judge ruled that Operation Refusal had violated the rights of taxi drivers.

2004 became the correspondent of CBS -Nachrichtenmagazins 60 Minutes , Mike Wallace , after a dispute with employees of the taxi and limousine commission in the headlines. Wallace found the people interviewing a taxi driver who allegedly had parked in the second row. Wallace is said to have hit one of the people, whereupon he was arrested. He was released after a hearing for improper conduct.

In 2006 the city was forced to end Operation Refusal. Because of the shutdown of the operation, the Taxi and Limousine Commission paid a group of 500 taxi drivers a total of seven million US dollars .

2000s - new computer technology, hybrid and diesel vehicles

Toyota Prius Hybrid Taxi Cab
Ford Escape Hybrid Taxi Cab

In 2005, New York City introduced hybrid electric vehicles to taxis, including the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid .

A classic taxi cab uses an average of 9 liters of petrol per hundred kilometers due to the high level of motorization, the conventional American drive technology and the driving style of the taxi driver. In May 2007, Mayor Michael Bloomberg therefore proposed that from 2009 only hybrid taxis be issued, but this was prohibited by the United States Supreme Court . The taxi companies complained that the maintenance costs of the new hybrid vehicles are considerably higher and that the safety requirements for the passengers are problematic. Around 90% of all around 13,000 Yellow Cabs were Ford Crown Victorias at the time .

From September to December 2007, many of the taxis at a voluntary public art project called Garden in Transit were decorated with peelable flower pictures of children.

The TLC requested that all taxis be equipped with a Passenger Information Monitor (PIM) by the end of January 2008 . The PIM is a display on the back seat for the entertainment of the passenger, for live tracking of the taxis via GPS card or to be able to pay for journeys with credit card. The driver has a Driver Information Monitor (DIM) with which messages can be sent or lost items can be found.

Several taxi drivers have objected to the cost of the equipment (it was estimated to be between $ 3,000 and $ 5,000 each). They staged voluntary strikes on September 5, 6 and October 22, 2007. The days of the strike had only a minimal impact on commuter traffic. The city implemented a zone pricing structure .

On September 30, 2007, the markings on the bodies of all taxi cabs were redesigned. Today the vehicles are straightforward with a medallion number and a checkerboard pattern on the left and right side of the rear fender. A futuristic-looking price board is on the rear doors and a simple "NYC Taxi" logo on the front doors. An official taxi cab can be easily recognized by its yellow paintwork and visibly has a valid license in the form of a sticker the size of a beer cap that is welded to the bonnet.

In the summer of 2010, New York City had over 3,800 hybrid taxis and new diesel vehicles . By mid-2009 the taxi companies had begun to retire the hybrid fleet, the mileage of each vehicle was 300,000 to 350,000 miles at that time. The two attempts by the Bloomberg government to switch to hybrid vehicle operation in New York and replace more than 13,000 taxis with electronic ones by 2012 were prevented by court rulings.

The value of a taxi license was up to $ 760,000 in September 2009, an increase of 179 percent over the previous decade.

Taxi vehicles registered during this period

In 2008 the following models were approved for use as a New York City Taxi Cab:

2010s - "Taxi Of Tomorrow"

The Nissan NV200 as a taxi at the 2012 New York International Auto Show

In 2010, residents of New York City were able to vote online to choose which vehicle would replace the Ford Crown Victoria model, which was discontinued in 2011. On May 4, 2011, Michael Bloomberg announced that from the end of 2013 the NV200 from the Japanese vehicle manufacturer Nissan would be used as the standard taxi in New York City.

As a result, Nissan prevailed as the winner of the Taxi Of Tomorrow project worth one billion US dollars against the Turkish vehicle manufacturer Karsan Otomotiv with its Karsan V1 model, although the New Yorkers had previously voted in favor of this vehicle. The Nissan Taxi Cab has been in use since 2013. For a ten-year contract period, Nissan will deliver around 26,000 vehicles at a unit price of $ 29,000. The NV200 is produced in Mexico .

Boro taxis

A Boro Taxi (Toyota Hybrid)

The TLC found that 94% of all Yellow Cab trips were triggered by street hail either in Manhattan or at one of the airports. In 2012, green painted Boro taxis were introduced. In principle, they offer the same service as the yellow taxis and are allowed to take passengers with them in the borough of their registration or to carry out pre-booked trips. They are not allowed to make regular trips to the airports or to pick up pickups in Manhattan. The boundaries are East 96th and West 110th Streets . There are five boroughs in New York: The Bronx , Brooklyn , Manhattan , Queens, and Staten Island . The tariffs are the same as for Yellow Cabs. A total of 18,000 Boro licenses are to be distributed.

The Taxi and Limousine Commission has therefore been responsible since 2013

  • Yellow ("Medallion") Cabs
  • Green ("Boro") Cabs
  • Black ("Livery") Cabs; Private, traditional and app-based providers
  • Commuter Vans ("shuttle buses")
  • Paratransit (ambulance vehicles)
  • Partly rental limousines

Medallion Taxi and Livery Taxi Cabs

The officially last Checker Checker A-11 / Marathon was also the last automobile produced by Checker Motors Corporation (1982). It is painted in the traditional colors ("livery") of the Checker Cab Company in Chicago. The company ordered its first checker taxis in 1920, giving the company and the product its name.

Medallion Taxis are the only taxis that are allowed to stop on the sidewalk for passengers who stick their hand out ( street hail ) to pick them up. There are also the so-called Livery Cabs (or Gypsy Cabs). These are mostly black limousines with a phone number in the side window that compete directly with the official taxi cabs. Unlike the yellow taxis, these cabs are only allowed to take trips if they have been ordered by the customer by telephone. According to the law, they are not allowed to react to the street hail of passers-by on the street. This corresponds roughly to the requirements to which German radio rental cars are subject.

Street Hail

The taxi cabs are in the district of Manhattan focused, but they also patrol the other four boroughs ( boroughs ) of New York City and can be stopped with a raised hand ( street hail ) or by standing at a taxi rank. The availability of a taxi cab is indicated by the lights on the roof of the vehicle. When the medallion number lights up in the middle, the taxi is empty and available. If the OFF DUTY inscriptions light up on both sides of the medallion number, the taxi is out of service and therefore not available. If no indicator lights are on, the taxi is occupied by a passenger.

Although larger minivans can take up to five passengers, a maximum of four passengers can travel in a taxi cab. A child under the age of seven can sit in the back seat on an adult's lap when the maximum number of passengers has been reached. The drivers are obliged to pick up the first or next passenger who waits with a raised hand. They are also required to make a trip to all five boroughs as well as neighboring Westchester County , Nassau County , Suffolk County or Newark Airport .

Smartphone apps

There are several smartphone - apps that have been developed to taxis to find and call. On March 31, 2010, Sense Networks Inc. released the CabSense app . The app, which runs on Apple iOS and Android , uses the location data of the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission to calculate which street corners have the best chance of finding a taxi cab and calling it. Other smartphone apps use the data from CashCab from Capcom Interactive Inc.

Fares

As of April 2015:
Basic tax $ 2.60
ride costs $ 0.60
per 1/5 mile
Standstill (waiting, traffic jam)
(applies to standing or driving slower than 6 mph)		 $ 0.50
per 60 seconds
Night surcharge
(8:00 p.m. - 6:00 a.m.)		 $ 0.80
Rush hour surcharge
(4:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m., only on weekdays)		 $ 1.00
NY State tax per trip $ 0.55
JFK Airport from / to Manhattan Fixed price
From / to JFK International Airport from / to anywhere in Manhattan (New York City)
(excluding tolls and tips)		 $ 54

The passenger also pays vulnerable toll costs on the route. Every taxi cab has an E-ZPass device (electronic toll system); the passenger pays the reduced E-ZPass toll rate. Taxi drivers are not permitted to use cell phones while transporting passengers, even if they are using a hands-free system.

In 1999, 241 million passengers drove in taxi cabs. The average fare paid by a passenger in 2000 was about $ 6.

literature

  • David A. Kirsch: The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick NJ / London 2000; ISBN 0-8135-2809-7 .
  • GN Georgano (Ed.): Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the Present. Dutton Press, New York, 2nd edition (hardcover) 1973, ISBN 0-525-08351-0 .
  • Beverly Rae Kimes (ed.), Henry Austin Clark Jr.: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. 3. Edition. Krause Publications, Iola WI; 1996; ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9 .
  • Beverly Rae Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels: The Dawn of the Automobile in America. Ed. SAE ( Society of Automotive Engineers ) Permissions, Warrendale PA, 2005; ISBN 0-7680-1431-X .
  • Ben Merkel, John Fay: Checker the All-American Taxi. Earlswood Press, 2015; ISBN 0-95747-547-0 .
  • Nathaniel D. Dawes: The Packard: 1942–1962. AS Barnes & Co. Inc., Cranbury NJ, 1975; ISBN 0-498-01353-7 .

Web links

Commons : New York City Taxis  - Collection of Pictures, Videos, and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission: The State of the NYC Taxi (PDF). March 9, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007. 
  2. ^ New York Times: Rival Drivers' Groups Disagree on Likelihood of Taxi Strike (Sept. 12, 2010)
  3. ^ A b Graham Russell Gao Hodges: Taxi! A Social History of the New York City Cabdriver. ; accessed on September 28, 2016.
  4. ^ Kirsch: The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. 2000, p. 41.
  5. ↑ http://www.earlyelectric.com/carcompanies.html Accessed August 16, 2010.
  6. ^ Kirsch: The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. 2000, p. 41.
  7. ↑ http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/05/dayintech_0521 Accessed August 16, 2010.
  8. ↑ a b PBS and WNET: Taxi Dreams . August 2001. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved on February 18, 2007. 
  9. ↑ secondchancegarage.com: The Columbia Car: Reliable, Simple to Operate and Ready for Action - Page 3: To The Electric Vehicle Trust , accessed on July 29, 2016 ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: Der Archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.secondchancegarage.com
  10. ↑ a b c d Merkel, Fay: Checker the All-American Taxi. 2015; P. 19.
  11. ^ Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. 1996, p. 411.
  12. ^ Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. 1996, p. 910
  13. ^ Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. 1996, p. 367.
  14. ^ Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. 1996, pp. 1577-1579.
  15. ↑ a b Merkel, Fay: Checker the All-American Taxi. 2015; P. 38.
  16. ^ Medallion Limits Stem From the 30's - New York Times - May 11, 1996
  17. ↑ Regulation Magazine, Vol. 20 No. 1, 1997 ( Memento of the original from June 7, 1997 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cato.org
  18. ^ Dawes: The Packard: 1942-1962. 1975, pp. 34-38.
  19. ↑ a b c Merkel, Fay: Checker the All-American Taxi. 2015; Pp. 38-39.
  20. ↑ Merkel, Fay: Checker the All-American Taxi. 2015; P. 40.
  21. ↑ a b PBS and WNET: Taxi Dreams . August 2001. Archived from the original on February 21, 2003. Retrieved on February 18, 2007. 
  22. ^ New York City Charter Section 2300; "There shall be a New York city taxi and limousine commission [...]"
  23. ↑ Bebepe, Jen. Turning yellow cabs into gold: Long days behind the wheel pay off as drivers become property owners " ( Memento of the original from October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to instructions and then remove this notice. , The Real Deal , September 2007. Accessed October 3, 2007. "In 2000, Bangladesh replaced Pakistan as the No. 1 country of origin for newly licensed cab drivers; some 18 percent of drivers were from the South Asian country, compared to 10 percent in 1991, and 1 percent in 1984. In all, 91 percent of New York City cabbies are foreign-born. " @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.therealdeal.net
  24. ^ "The Changing Face of Taxi and Limousine Drivers" , Schaller Consulting. Accessed October 3, 2007.
  25. ↑ Wilgoren, Jodi. "Last New York Checker Turns Off Its meters for Good" , The New York Times , July 27, 1999. Accessed August 20, 2008. "The Taxi and Limousine Commission says his Checker, All which is on its third engine and nearing one million miles on the odometer, needs a new chassis. Mr. Johnson's mechanic says that would cost $ 6,000 or more. "
  26. ↑ Williams, Monte. "Danny Glover Says Cabbies discriminated Against Him" , The New York Times , Nov. 4, 1999. Accessed October 7, 2007. "The actor Danny Glover, of the Lethal Weapon series, Beloved, and other films, filed a complaint yesterday with the City Taxi and Limousine Commission, charging a cabdriver with discrimination on Oct. 9 for refusing to allow him to ride in the front passenger seat. "
  27. ↑ Oxford International Review ( Memento of October 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  28. ↑ Lueck, Thomas J. "New York City to Pay Settlement to Taxi Drivers Accused of Bias" , The New York Times , March 8, 2006. Accessed October 7, 2007. "Under the agreement, Termed a" settlement in principle "by Paula Van Meter, a lawyer for the city, about $ 7 million from the city will go to the cabbies, who were penalized without having been granted hearings for showing bias toward passengers, refusing to take them to certain locations or other violations. The cabbies were penalized by the Taxi and Limousine Commission from late 1999 through early 2002 under Operation Refusal, an enforcement tactic begun after the actor Danny Glover complained that five taxis had refused to stop for him because he is black. "
  29. ^ New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission: Taxi and Limousine Commission Votes Today to Authorize Cleaner, Greener Hybrid-Electric Taxicabs . September 8, 2005. Archived from the original on October 12, 2006 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved August 16, 2006. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nyc.gov 
  30. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung from November 16, 2008, Page V1: Travel
  31. ↑ Medallion Taxicab Technology Enhancements - nyc.gov - Retrieved November 9, 2007
  32. ↑ City Cabdrivers Strike Again, but Protest Gets Little Notice - New York Times - October 23, 2007
  33. ^ A b Andy Newman: Appeals Court Rejects Effort to Create Hybrid Taxi Fleet , New York Times . July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  34. ↑ William Newman: Panel enacts Incentives for Hybrids in Cab Fleets , New York Times . March 29, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
  35. ↑ Ford's US Hybrid Sales Up 73% for First 9 Months of 2009; Total US Hybrid Sales Down 14% for Same Period . Green Car Congress. October 14, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  36. ^ Fred Gober: Hybrid taxis slowly catching on in the west . Infotaxi. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  37. ^ Sewell Chan: Judge Blocks Hybrid Taxi Requirement , New York Times . October 31, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
  38. ↑ Michael M. Grynbaum: Federal Bill Would Clear Way for Green Taxi Fleet , New York Times . September 30, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010. 
  39. ↑ Aaron Elstein: The best investment? Maybe ask your cabbie. In: Crain's New York Business , October 4, 2009.
  40. ↑ VEHICLES FOR USE AS NEW YORK CITY TAXICABS. ( PDF ; 48 kB) New York City Government, accessed May 24, 2011 .
  41. ↑ Nissan builds the yellow fleet. sueddeutsche.de , accessed on May 24, 2011 .
  42. ↑ Tom Grünweg: Nissan use in Manhattan. In: Spiegel Online , May 5, 2011.
  43. ↑ NYC Government: 2014 Taxicab Fact Book (PDF)
  44. ↑ NYC Government: 2016 Taxicab Fact Book (PDF)
  45. ^ New York Taxis - Getting Around New York City in a Taxi. About.com. Sanction of unrestrained children is contrary to the intent of the child restraint use laws for motor vehicles. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  46. ↑ CabSense New York City: The Smartest Way to Find a Cab (features). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 10, 2011 ; accessed on May 24, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cabsense.com
  47. ^ New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission: Passenger Information, Rate of Fare , accessed May 11, 2013.
  48. ↑ Hybrid Technology: New York Taxis and Police Drive Hybrid , accessed June 7, 2011
  49. ↑ TLC's hack yak attack. (No longer available online.) Yellowcabnyc.com, archived from the original on July 18, 2011 ; Retrieved July 27, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yellowcabnyc.com