Sommerwurzen
Sommerwurzen | ||||||||||||
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Thyme summer root ( Orobanche alba ) |
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Orobanche | ||||||||||||
L. |
Summer root plants ( Orobanche ) are a genus of plants within the family of summer root plants (Orobanchaceae). The only 100 species left are holoparasitic flowering plants , i.e. parasites .
Description and ecology
Vegetative characteristics
Summer root species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants and parasites. The pale shoots are only developed after the storage tuber has formed. Summer root plants do not have chloroplasts and cannot photosynthesize , so they are completely dependent on their hosts for nutrition ( holoparasite ). Their rapid growth is made possible by the reserve substances stored in the tuber . The shoots have only reduced scale leaves , in whose axils are the flowers in the upper part .
Generative characteristics
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic . The petals are fused to form a tube. There are four stamens per flower .
The capsule fruits can contain a few thousand seeds and a summer root plant can produce over 300,000 seeds, which are later spread with the wind. At 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters in length, seeds of the summer root species are among the smallest of all plant seeds . The seeds can persist in the soil for several years without losing their ability to germinate. Their germination is triggered by substances called germination inducers , which are excreted by the roots of the host plant. These substances are grouped under the term strigolactones . Their different structure contributes to the host specificity of different Orobanche species. If the radicle reaches a suitable host root, it penetrates it and forms a special contact organ , the haustorium . After connecting to the host's vascular bundles, the summer root plant first develops a storage organ (tubercle stage) on the root surface of its host, on which the later shoot is formed. Their roots are not able to take up nutrients from the soil, but can form further haustoria when they come into contact with the roots of the first or another host. Occasionally these also penetrate the roots of your own or another summer root plant.
Orobanche as a pest
Summerroot species only parasitize on dicotyledonous host plants. Your host selectivity is different. While some species prefer hosts of specific families (for example Orobanche ramosa and a Solanaceae), others have a very narrow host range (for example Orobanche cumana on sunflower). The damage caused to the host plants is due to the deprivation of water and nutrients. The damage is much less in irrigated and fertilized crops, so summer root infestation is of particular economic importance in the poorer countries of Africa and Western Asia. In addition to numerous species that are only sporadic or limited, five species play a special role as pests in agricultural crops:
- Orobanche cernua on sunflower, tomato, eggplant and tobacco;
- Orobanche crenata on broad beans, chickpeas, lentils, peas, vetch, carrots, lettuce and sunflowers;
- Orobanche minor on clover, alfalfa and tobacco.
The seeds are spread by agricultural machinery, contaminated crops, irrigation systems, and erosion. Animals can also carry off the seeds externally and after ingestion with the feed through their excretions. Damage from summer root infestation can be influenced by soil treatment, fertilization, watering and the timing of sowing. The control of summer root plants after emergence is carried out in less developed countries by removing the flower sprouts by hand.
Summer root species are difficult to control because they have no chlorophyll and the seeds are extremely resistant. Few herbicides are effective against them.
Various biological control methods are still being tested, which so far have not allowed effective and economical control of the summer root species:
- In sunflower crops corn plants to serve as a "trap crops" that the seeds of Orobanche cumana for germination bring. Since the seedlings cannot survive on maize, they die.
- In the longer term, breeding resistant cultivars appears to be the most sensible solution.
Systematics, botanical history and distribution
The genus Orobanche was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenau published a monograph of the genus Orobanche in 1890 . Theodor Fischer, Cassel. As Lektotypusart was Orobanche major L. fixed. A synonym of Orobanche L. is Orobanche C.A.Mey.
The genus Orobanche was placed in the family of figwort plants (Scrophulariaceae). According to molecular genetic data, it is classified in the summer root family (Orobanchaceae). Differentiating the individual species on the basis of morphological properties is difficult. After molecular genetic investigations, the genus Orobanche s was split . l. (up to 200 kinds) in some genera. At Joel 2009 the two genera are Orobanche s. st. ( Base chromosome number x = 19) and Phelipanche Pomel (base chromosome number x = 12) separately. In 2016, Schneider added further species to the reactivated genus Aphyllon Mitch. Thus in the genus Orobanche s. st. (only up to 100 species) no sub-genera, sections or subsections accepted.
The Orobanche species mostly thrive in the warm to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere . There are around 40 species in Europe.
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No longer for the genus Orobanche s. st. belong: |
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Individual evidence
- ^ CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche. The European Broomrape Species . Stichting Naturpublikaties Limburg, Maastricht 1995, ISBN 90-74508-05-7 .
- ^ Mónica Fernández-Aparicio, Xavier Reboud, Stephanie Gibot-Leclerc: Broomrape Weeds. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review . In: Crop Science and Horticulture . tape 7 , February 2016, p. 1–23 , doi : 10.3389 / fpls.2016.00135 , PMC 4759268 (free full text).
- ↑ University of Hohenheim: Various chemical control measures for controlling phytoparasites .
- ↑ Trapping plants drive parasites to suicide. In :pflanzenforschung.de, January 17, 2013 - based on Yongqing Ma, Jinnan Jiab, Yu Anc, Zhong Wangb, Jianchang Maod: Potential of Some Hybrid Maize Lines to Induce Germination of Sunflower Broomrape. In: Crop Science Abstract - Crop Ecology, Management & Quality , Volume 53, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 260-270, doi: 10.2135 / cropsci2012.03.0197
- ↑ a b Orobanche at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 28, 2018.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig Óscar Sánchez Pedraja, Gonzalo Moreno Moral, Luis Carlón, Renata Piwowarczyk, Manuel Laínz, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Index of Orobanchaceae. ISSN 2386-9666 . (September 2005 "onwards, last updated" January 22, 2018, PDF 2.6 MB) online.
- ^ Daniel M. Joel: The new Nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. In: Weed Research , Volume 49 (Supplement 1), November 2009, pp. 6-7. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x
- ^ Adam C. Schneider: Resurrection of the genus Aphyllon for New World broomrapes (Orobanche sl, Orobanchaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 75, 2016, pp. 107–118. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.75.10473
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as G. Domina, E. von Raab-Straube (2010+): Orobanchaceae. Datasheet Orobanche L. - In: Euro + Med = Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Orobanche in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
- ↑ Xi Li, Tae-Soo Jang, Eva M. Temsch, Hidetoshi Kato, Koji Takayama, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Molecular and karyological data confirm that the enigmatic genus Platypholis from Bonin Islands (SE Japan) is phylogenetically nested within Orobanche (Orobanchaceae ). In: Journal of Plant Research , 130, 2017, Issue 2, pp. 273–280. PMCID: PMC 5318490 (free full text). doi: 10.1007 / s10265-016-0888-y
- ↑ Orobanche in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. Accessed January 31, 2018.
- ↑ a b Wen-Bin Yu: Nomenclatural clarifications for names in Boschniakia, Kopsiopsis and Xylanche (Orobanchaceae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 77, Issue 3, pp. 40-42, January 2013. ISSN 1179-3163 . online doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.77.3.1
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ↑ G. Domina, E. von Raab-Straube (2010+): Orobanchaceae. Datasheet Phelipanche Pomel - In: Euro + Med = Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
literature
- Óscar Sánchez Pedraja, Gonzalo Moreno Moral, Luis Carlón, Renata Piwowarczyk, Manuel Laínz, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Index of Orobanchaceae. ISSN 2386-9666 . (September 2005 "onwards, last updated" January 22, 2018 - PDF 2.6 MB) online.
- Adam C. Schneider: Resurrection of the genus Aphyllon for New World broomrapes (Orobanche sl, Orobanchaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 75, 2016, pp. 107–118. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.75.10473
- Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends in Orobanchaceae. In: Daniel M. Joel, J. Gressel, LJ Mussleman (eds.): Parasitic Orobanchaceae. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, pp. 243–265. doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-38146-1_14
- Daniel M. Joel: The new Nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. In: Weed Research , Volume 49 (Supplement 1), November 2009, pp. 6-7. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x
- D. Philcox: Orobanche. In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 8, Part 2, Scrophulariaceae. , Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. text same online as the printed work.
- Daniel L. Nickrent, Lytton J. Musselman: Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants . In: The Plant Health Instructor , 2004. doi: 10.1094 / PHI-I-2004-0330-01
- Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X .
- Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others. Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4 .
- R. Piwowarczyk, J. Madeja, M. Nobis: Pollen morphology of the Central European broomrapes (Orobanchaceae: Orobanche, Phelipanche and Orobanchella) and its taxonomical implications. In: Plant Systematic and Evolution , Volume 301, 2015, pp. 795-808.
- Gerhard Wagenitz (ed.) Jürgen Pusch, Karl-Friedrich Günther: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd Edition. Volume VI, Part 1A: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 4 (1). Delivery 1. Orobanchaceae (summer root family). Weißdorn, Jena 2009, ISBN 978-3-936055-33-7 , pp. 1-99.
- CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche. The European Broomrape Species. Stichting Naturpublikaties Limburg, Maastricht 1995, ISBN 90-74508-05-7 .
- CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche. The European broomrape species. Central and northern Europe. Natuurhistorisch Genootschap, Limburg, 1995, pp. 1–159.
- CAJ Kreutz: Orobanche: the summer root species of Europe: an identification book . tape 1 . CRC Press, 1995, ISBN 978-90-74508-05-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).