Battle of Warburg
Colored (incorrect) map of the Battle of Warburg (1762)
| date | July 31, 1760 |
|---|---|
| place | Warburg (today North Rhine-Westphalia ) |
| output | Allied victory |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
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| Commander | |
| Troop strength | |
| approx. 18,000 | approx. 20,000 |
| losses | |
|
1,239 |
4,203 |
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Western theater of war
Hastenbeck - Krefeld - Sandershausen - Lutterberg 1758 - Bergen - Minden - Gohfeld - Fulda - Korbach - Emsdorf - Warburg - Rhadern - Kampen Monastery - Langensalza - Saalfeld - Vellinghausen - Arnsberg - Wilhelmsthal - Lutterberg 1762
The Battle of Warburg (also known as a battle or meeting at Warburg ) was a military conflict during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) that took place on July 31, 1760 near Warburg in what is now North Rhine-Westphalia . An allied army made up of Kur-Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Hesse-Kassel and British troops under the leadership of Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel defeated a somewhat stronger French army division under the Comte de Muy . With this victory, the Allies succeeded in defending at least the Diemel line and thus Westphalia, while at the same time having to give up Hessen-Kassel.
prehistory
Political background
The Treaty of Aachen on October 18, 1748 put an end to the eight-year War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). He ended the fighting between Great Britain and France in the North American and Indian colonies . The former Austrian province of Silesia , controversial in Europe , was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia . But the fundamental contradictions remained and the situation came to a head again from 1755. Great Britain and France clashed again in the Ohio River valley , and at the instigation of the Austrian State Chancellor Count Kaunitz (1711–1794) Austria, France and Russia united against Prussia. In May 1756 war broke out between France and Great Britain, which was followed in August 1756 by the outbreak of the Central European War in the Electorate of Saxony . Great Britain and Prussia had been allies since the Westminster Convention (January 16, 1756). This treaty provided that the island state would support the economically weak Prussia with subsidies , while this in return guaranteed the military protection of the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg ("Kurhannover"). Hanover was the home of the British King George II (1683–1760), who was also elector of Hanover in personal union . It was primarily this circumstance that embroiled Prussia in a war against France. The French strategy for the war against Great Britain was namely to occupy the electorate and later to be able to exchange it for colonial acquisitions as a bargaining chip during peace negotiations.
To protect its West German possessions and Hanover, Prussia and its allies from the Electorate of Hanover, the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg , the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , the Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and smaller principalities established an observation army under the Commander-in-Chief Duke of Cumberland (1721-1765) , son of the British king. However, this was defeated by the French troops in the Battle of Hastenbeck (July 26, 1757). The Duke of Cumberland then concluded the Convention of Zeven Monastery on September 10 , and the French occupied the entire Electorate of Hanover. However, the convention was not recognized by the UK government. At the personal request of the British King, the Prussian general Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1721–1792) was entrusted with the supreme command of the Allied troops. This attacked the French troops in their winter quarters in the winter of 1757/58 and threw them back to the Rhine . The campaigns of 1758 and 1759 were undecided. Although the French had numerical superiority, in decisive battles they repeatedly succumbed to the operational and tactical skills of the Allied troops. In both cases the French were forced to withdraw behind the Rhine and Main in autumn .
After the catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Minden (August 1, 1759), Maréchal Victor-François de Broglie , who is seen by historians as a capable military leader, was entrusted with the supreme command of the troops in Germany. In the campaign of 1760, he was supposed to finally push back the Allied forces and take possession of Hanover as a bargaining chip for future peace negotiations.
Operations in the summer of 1760
In the early summer of 1760, Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig, the commander of the Allied troops in the western theater of war, tried to win the initiative against the French armies under the Maréchal Duc de Broglie. He operated from Hessen-Kassel and initially tried to prevent the unification of the two French armies near Sachsenhausen . However, this approach was unsuccessful and led to the defeat of an Allied corps on July 10, 1760 in the battle near Korbach . Despite the general balance of power of around 66,000 Allies versus more than 100,000 French, the two armies faced each other inactive over the next few days. A French corps, with which Maréchal de Broglie tried to threaten the rear Allied lines, was wiped out on July 16, 1760 in the battle near Emsdorf .
Now de Broglie went over to the offensive with the bulk of his troops and pushed the Allied corps back across the Fulda by July 27th . The main Allied army was at Kassel , while the French camped at Balhorn . Broglie dispatched his reserve corps under the Comte de Muy via Volkmarsen to Stadtbergen to block the crossings over the Diemel for the Allied troops. The Chasseurs de Fischer were to be assigned to the crossing at Warburg . After more troops were commanded to Warburg to occupy this important crossing, de Muy was also ordered to do so. He reached the place on the evening of July 29th with 28 line battalions, 2 militia battalions and 31 cavalry squadrons and a volunteer corps; a total of about 20,000 men. There the French regiments took up a position between Warburg and Ossendorf , which was directed to the northeast, where Allied troops had been sighted near Körbecke .
Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig found himself in a difficult position. The Allied troops ran the risk of being cut off from their warehouses and fortresses in the Duchy of Westphalia as a result of de Broglie's attack on the Diemel . Then they would have to face the French superiority between Fulda and Diemel under the most unfavorable conditions for a battle or, as in the previous year, avoid over the Weser . The latter would have meant the loss of all of Hesse and Westphalia. The Duke therefore decided to push his associations to the Diemel in order to be able to forestall the French there. On July 28th, the Légion Britannique under Major von Bülow met advance troops of the Chasseurs de Fischer near Liebenau, who evaded to Warburg. When the Duke found out about the movements of the French army, he directed General Friedrich von Spörcken's corps with 14 battalions , 14 squadrons and 22 artillery pieces to Warburg. The corps reached Körbecke on July 29th. The following day further reinforcements of 10 battalions, 8 squadrons and 4 guns arrived under the Hereditary Prince of Braunschweig .
At the Allied headquarters, Philipp von Westphalen , the secretary and actual chief of staff of the Duke of Braunschweig, convinced the Commander-in-Chief that the situation required quick action. In the current situation, the Hereditary Prince on the Diemel could be defeated if the Corps de Muys received further reinforcements. He suggested that the main army march quickly to the Diemel and defeat de Muy's units there. Only a rearguard under Count Kielmansegg should cover Kassel and, if necessary, evacuate it. Had de Muys corps been defeated, Hesse, temporarily evacuated, could be retaken. Thereupon the duke immediately gave the order to leave for the evening of July 30th.
Area around Warburg
The battle took place in the immediate vicinity of the city of Warburg in the prince-bishopric of Paderborn . The predominantly Catholic population was by no means friendly to the German-British allies, who were all Protestant, although the estates of the Hochstift more likely to surrender to their fate in the seven years' war in Paderborn , which had been raging for three years in the face of foraging and plundering troops on all sides. Warburg itself was the second largest city in the principality, but it was insufficiently fortified by a medieval wall. Northeast of the city is the steep Desenberg in the middle of the fertile Warburger Börde plain . The Diemel bordered the battlefield in the south. With some effort it could be overcome by troops. The ridge towards Ossendorf was particularly important for the battle ; The Heinberg with the old watchtower Heinturm is a little further away . At the time of the battle the fields were in harvest.
Course of the battle
The Corps des Chevalier de Muy comprised (without the militia battalions and voluntary corps) 28 battalions, 31 squadrons and 24 artillery pieces with around 18,000 men. These stood north of the Diemel on a ridge that ran northwest from Warburg to Ossendorf. From the French position, the entire area up to the Desenberg southwest of Daseburg was manageable. The position was relatively favorable and had only one disadvantage that its shallow depth made it difficult to move troops. To the south of the position there were bridges over the Diemel at Warburg and Germete , which anyway only carried little water at this time of the year.
Allied deployment
On the morning of July 30th, the Hereditary Prince Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel visited the French position from Desenberg. He knew the area because he had set up his winter quarters in Warburg the previous winter. He decided to attack and reported this to Allied headquarters, which had just developed the same intention. The Hereditary Prince planned to bypass the French position with his troops during the night and attack their left flank on Heinberg. Only a weak diversionary attack should be carried out in the front. The Duke of Brunswick had meanwhile decided to march to Warburg with the whole army. Therefore he instructed the Hereditary Prince to wait and to begin his circumvention only when the main army had crossed the Diemel and thus got close enough. The main army left their camp near Calden at 9 p.m. and crossed the Diemel on pontoon bridges between Liebenau and Trendelburg .
In the morning the Duke arrived at Warburg. Since the transition of the main army was delayed, he ordered the Hereditary Prince and General von Spörcken at 7 a.m. to initiate the evasion movement without waiting any further. The troops, which comprised 14,578 men, formed two columns. The right one marched under General Spörcken via Borgentreich, north around Großeneder and Nörde to Ossendorf. The left column, led by General von Zastrow, also reached Ossendorf via Lütgeneder , Hohenwepel and around Menne .
| Order of battle of the Allied troops under the command of Duke Ferdinand of Braunschweig and Lüneburg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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French reaction
Lieutenant-Général de Muy knew the Allied army was nearby, but could not see the area due to the morning mist. He therefore sent Maréchal de camp de Castries with some grenadier and hunter companies, two regiments of dragoons and the "Chasseurs de Fischer" against the Desenberg to gain more clarity. He came across the Légion Britannique under Major August Christian von Bülow , who quickly moved to Rösebeck. When it cleared up around 9:30 a.m., de Castries and the rushing de Muy finally recognized the advancing enemy columns. De Muy gave orders to leave a rearguard on Desenberg and to occupy Warburg with the Chasseurs de Fischer . Finally, he ordered his troops to form into battle order. Since an attack was expected from the east, the line-up was aimed there. Four infantry brigades and two artillery batteries took their positions under Maréchal de camp de Ségur on the heights west of Warburg. The left wing was bent back like a hook in front of Ossendorf. Two infantry brigades under Maréchal de camp de Maupeou joined to the right. The cavalry under General Lützelburg and Dauvet stood in the center, where they had a more favorable attack area in front of them. Behind the cavalry, de Muy kept the Rouergue Brigade in reserve. As a precaution, the baggage was brought to the south bank of the Diemel.
| Order of battle of the French troops under the command of Comte Louis de Muy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Attack on the western wing
It was already after noon when the Allied bypass columns reached their destination. The right column reached Ossendorf via Nörde and formed there with the front facing southeast. The left column formed simultaneously between Ossendorf and Menne. As space was limited, the cavalry units had to be set up behind the two infantry meetings. Meanwhile the heavy Allied artillery under the Hessian Lieutenant Colonel Huth began to bombard the French position.
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At the head of the right column marched two English grenadier battalions under Lieutenant Colonel Beckwith. These pushed back some French outposts, which informed Lieutenant-général de Muy that the target of the Allied attack was apparently the Heinberg with its medieval tower. De Muy reacted by first ordering a battalion of the Regiment de Bourbonnais to the hill. To prevent this, the Allies tried to forestall the French in forced marches. Lieutenant Colonel Beckwith personally ran ahead with ten grenadiers, while the Hereditary Prince followed him with 30 other soldiers. As the French battalion approached the hilltop, it was met by sharp defensive fire. Since it was unclear how many opponents one was dealing with, the French commander had the advance stopped to await the arrival of the second battalion of the regiment. The minutes that now passed allowed the entire English grenadier battalion Daulhat to occupy Heinberg. Then the regiment de Bourbonnais, which was soon to be followed by the entire brigade of the same name, attacked again. The double numerical superiority of the French soon drove the English back, but the arrival of the English battalion Maxwell restored the situation. When Lieutenant Général de Muy saw the danger, he ordered the Bourbonnais Brigade to occupy Heinberg. This initially succeeded in throwing back the English battalion, De Muy now also ordered the Couronne and Rouergue brigades to approach.
In the meantime, however, more Allied battalions of the right column arrived, which had been held up by the artillery near Ossendorf. The units of the left column hastily formed and attacked without waiting for the entire deployment. The battalions of the Hessian 4th Guard Regiment turned here against the heights east of Ossendorf, which were defended by the Swiss regiments Jenner and Planta . The French left wing slowly retreated under pressure from the Hanoverian and Hessian troops. An attack by the English cavalry regiments Royal Dragoons and 7th Light Dragoons that followed shortly afterwards shook the French line decisively.
Lieutenant-général de Muy realized that his position had become untenable and ordered preparations to be made for retreat. The two brigades on the right wing were to march out and take up a reception position south of the Diemel. The cavalry should follow them.
The French collapse
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Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig had meanwhile recognized that the bulk of his army in the high grain would not come fast enough to be able to intervene in the fighting. He therefore ordered the cavalry under John Manners, Marquess of Granby , to hurry ahead of the main body. The latter finally appeared on the battlefield with 22 squadrons and was supported by two light artillery brigades commanded by Count Wilhelm von Schaumburg-Lippe . Granby formed the cavalry in two meetings and immediately attacked the French who were about to march. Since the French troops had already withdrawn, only the Régiment Royal-Piémont cavalerie and the Régiment de Bourbon dragons with six squadrons each were able to oppose the attack. The riders succeeded in encircling and pushing back the 1st Dragoon Guards of the British right wing, but the Horse Guards came to their aid. The Bourbon Dragons regiment was thrown back and lost a standard.
"The sacrifice of the Bourbon cavalry saved the retreating French from the full effects of the British attack, but could not save them from a merciless chase." But after these last organized French units had been broken up, the British cavalry first fell after the fleeing enemy riders and then attacked the retreating infantry. It was during this phase that the French suffered most of their losses. An entire battalion of the Planta regiment was surrounded and forced to surrender. Hundreds of soldiers from the Bourbonnais and Lochmann regiments were also captured. The Freikorps Fischer had meanwhile been expelled from Warburg by the Légion Britannique . In the open field it was now also overtaken by the Allied cavalry and completely wiped out.
General de Muy, meanwhile, tried to gather the remains of his troops south of the Diemel while most of them fled the battlefield. The two infantry brigades Touraine and De la Tour du Pin had taken up positions intact on the heights there in good time and covered the disengagement of the defeated armies. They later also withdrew. During this escape, part of the French baggage at Mengeringhausen fell into the hands of an Allied patrol division. Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig deployed 12 British battalions and 10 squadrons of cavalry under the Marquess of Granby to pursue the defeated enemy, while the rest of the troops went to rest on the battlefield or on the heights south of the Diemel.
consequences
Warburg in the days of battle
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The city of Warburg had already been occupied by Hanoverian troops in May 1757. Later that year, a French garrison moved in, but they had to withdraw in April 1758. In 1759, associations of both warring parties had stayed briefly in Warburg. However, the effects of these brief passages were far exceeded in the course of the battle in the summer of 1760.
As early as July 28, 1760, the Fischer Freikorps entered the city and urged the population to hand over floorboards and other wood in order to build additional bridges over the Diemel, where the Corps de Muys was expected. The city complied with this demand and the French commander-in-chief moved in with his staff and 4,000 soldiers the following night. The rest of his corps camped outside. The French soldiers housed in the city are said to have carried out initial looting before they were also relocated to the surrounding villages.
When the fighting between the vanguard troops on both sides began on the Desenberg on the morning of July 31, the urban area was also affected. "Everyone in the city was in the greatest horror, worry and fear," reported Warburg City Secretary Johannes Andreas Fischer later. Shortly afterwards, the first 20 wounded hussars were brought into the city and treated there. In the late afternoon the Légion Britannique kicked the Fischer Freikorps out of town. But now the worst act for the city followed. By order of the Marquess of Granby, the Allied light troops were allowed to pillage Warburg for two to three hours (the information varies in the literature). Not only the Légion Britannique took part in this , but also Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel hussars. There were also serious riots against the civilian population, in which at least one woman was shot and two other people were shot. The burial of the dead had to be postponed for nine days, as the cemeteries outside the city were inaccessible due to the military camp there.
Now it was the Allies who drove in the grain and other foodstuffs in the city and the entire area. Duke Ferdinand and most of the Allied generals took quarters in Warburg until August 24th. Overall, the city suffered material damage of around 50,000 thalers. The only compensation that was paid out later was 2,000 thalers, which Duke Ferdinand gave to the city council.
Immediate military consequences
Allied troops lost 66 officers and 1,173 men in the Battle of Warburg. Only a few infantry regiments and the cavalry of the Marquess of Granby had come into action. The Maxwell Grenadier Battalion alone had lost 240 men, and the Daulhatt Grenadier Battalion also suffered heavy losses . The Marquess of Granby's cavalry had lost 590 men. This means that of the approximately 1200 soldiers lost, more than 830 were British. According to his own statements, the Corps de Muys lost 4,203 men, 240 of them officers, of losses. Of these, 78 officers and 2,100 men are said to have been taken prisoner. The Allied booty included 12 guns, 28 ammunition wagons and 10 flags and standards.
On the morning of July 31st, Maréchal de Broglie had learned of the departure of the main Allied armies. Concerned about the exposed position of the Corps de Muy, he had ordered the Grenadier Corps St. Pern (near Volkmarsen ) and Lieutenant-General Comte de Guerchy with three infantry brigades to Warburg. However, these troops came too late and could only take in the remains of the Corps de Muy. However, the departure of the Allied Army gave the French the opportunity to occupy Kassel. Count Kielmannsegg withdrew, as previously agreed, and on the following day avoided as far as the Weser. Maréchal de Broglie, however, now turned in the direction of the Diemel, where the Marquess of Granby and his department avoided the French pressure. On August 4th, Göttingen also fell to the French.
The news of the defeat caused incomprehension and resentment at the royal court in Versailles . War Secretary Belle Isle in particular was upset. Especially de Muy himself was blamed. He would probably have been relieved of his command, but the news of the capture of Kassel that came in at the same time put government circles in a milder mood, so that no personal consequences were drawn.
Strategically, the attack had hardly improved the situation of the Allied army. Although she was still on the defensive and behind major water hazards, the loss of Hesse was politically difficult in the end. The fortress of Kassel formed the military base of the French troops for the next few years until the end of the war. For the near future, however, it was Duke Ferdinand's superficial endeavor to at least successfully defend Westphalia.
reception
The fights at Warburg have different status in the various national memories. Prussian historiography did not attach great importance to them and did not classify them as a "battle", but merely as a "meeting". So often only the "battle at Warburg" is spoken of. However, the significance of the events at Warburg is viewed in a more differentiated manner today: “The battle is an important stage in the chain of defeats that France suffered in West Germany in the Seven Years' War […] The sum of these lost campaigns undoubtedly made France willing to peacemaker ... " . The battle received far more attention in British literature, not least because of its large British presence.
When the British cavalry attacked, the Marquess of Granby rode in the front line with the Horse Guards . His hat is said to have fallen off at full gallop. The general did not care, however, and rode bald headed into battle. Allegedly, this is the origin of the English expression “going bald-headed” (“going bald-headed”), which is still used today.
King George II commissioned the painter Joshua Reynolds to make a portrait of the Marquess of Granby. When Reynolds finished it in 1765, it was hung in the anteroom of St James's Palace , where that morning the young officers gathered before the reception at the Queen's. The painting is still hanging there today. In the picture Granby was shown in the uniform of the Horse Guards , the regiment of which he was chief, in front of a horse. He was deliberately shown bald without a hat or wig, just as he had ridden the attack at Warburg.
In his novel "The Luck of Barry Lyndon" (1844), the author William Makepeace Thackeray had part of the action in Warburg and its surroundings. He also processed the battle itself literarily. In 1975 the director Stanley Kubrick adapted the novel in his Oscar-winning film " Barry Lyndon ". Among other things, Kubrick freely recreated a scene from the battle and the hero's stay in Warburg.
On the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the battle on July 31, 2010 , scenes of the battle were re-enacted in a major re-enactment event at Heinberg, one of the historic battlefields. The historical gunners of the Ossendorfer Schützenverein were in charge . Contrary to the representation of the re-enactment, no Prussian troops took part in the battle. There was also an exhibition in the Heinberghalle in Ossendorf. A memorial was published by the Ossendorfer Schützenverein.
literature
- Harald Kindel: The Seven Years War and the Paderborn Monastery - Ferdinand Duke of Braunschweig on the French-English theater of war in the west. Paderborn 1974 (= local history series 5/1974).
- Hans von Geisau : Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760 - Sources and studies on the history of the Seven Years' War in Warburg and the surrounding area. Junfermann-Verlag, Paderborn 1961.
- Great General Staff: History of the Seven Years' War in a series of lectures, using authentic sources. Part IV, Berlin 1834. ( books.google.de )
- Great General Staff / War History Department (ed.): The Seven Years War 1756–1763. Volume 12: Landeshut and Liegnitz. Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1914 (= The Wars of Frederick the Great. Part 3).
- Joseph Schüngel: Warburg in the Seven Years War. In: J. Hense (Ed.): Annual report on the high school in Warburg. Warburg 1887, pp. 3-17.
- Georg Friedrich von Tempelhof: History of the Seven Years' War in Germany between the King of Prussia and the Empress Queen with her allies. Volume 4, Berlin 1789. ( books.google.de )
- Richard Waddington: La guerre de Sept Ans - Histoire diplomatique et militaire. Volume 4, Firmin-Didot, Paris 1907.
- Philipp von Westphalen: History of the campaigns of the Duke Ferdinand of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Volume 3, published by the royal and secret Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin 1871.
- Christoph Kühne: The war and the country. Historical-archaeological studies on the battle of Warburg in 1760. A preliminary report . In: Archeology in Ostwestfalen 12, 2014, pp. 59–72, ISBN 978-3-89534-902-7 .
- Siegfried Thews: The Schanze near Ossendorf - a field fortification of the troops of the Duke of Braunschweig (1760). An inventory . In: Archeology in Ostwestfalen 12, 2014, pp. 73–77. ISBN 978-3-89534-902-7 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cf. War History Department: The Seven Years War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 264: 14,578 men of the bypass columns, the British Legion and later the 22 squadrons of the British cavalry.
- ^ A b Richard Waddington: La guerre de Sept Ans - Histoire diplomatique et militaire. Volume 4, Paris 1907, p. 215.
- ↑ a b c d Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 267.
- ^ A b Richard Waddington: La guerre de Sept Ans - Histoire diplomatique et militaire. Volume 4, Paris 1907, p. 226.
- ↑ A summary can be found in: Olaf Groehler: Die Kriege Friedrichs II. Berlin (East), pp. 63–73.
- ↑ See the overview in: Seven Years War. In: Bernhard von Poten (Ed.): Concise dictionary of the entire military sciences. Volume 8, Leipzig and Bielefeld 1880, pp. 416-418 and 421 f.
- ↑ Lee Kennett: The French Armies in the Seven Years' War. Durham 1967, p. 18.
- ↑ Hans von Geisau: Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760. Paderborn 1961, p. 15 f.
- ↑ Hans von Geisau: Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760. Paderborn 1961, p. 17 f.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 260 f.
- ↑ a b War History Department: The Seven Years War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 261 f.
- ↑ Grand General Staff: History of the Seven Years' War in a series of lectures. Part 4, Berlin 1834, p. 386 f fn.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 263.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 264.
- ^ Richard Waddington: La guerre de Sept Ans - Histoire diplomatique et militaire. Volume 4, Paris 1907, p. 216 f.
- ↑ See Dictionnaire De La Noblesse .
- ↑ a b War History Department: The Seven Years War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 265.
- ^ JW Fortescue: A History of the British Army. Volume 2, London 1910, p. 518 f.
- ↑ a b War History Department: The Seven Years War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 266.
- ^ JW Fortescue: A History of the British Army. Volume 2, London 1910, p. 519.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 266 f.
- ↑ Hans von Geisau: Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760. Paderborn 1961, p. 55.
- ^ Georg Friedrich von Tempelhof: History of the Seven Years' War in Germany between the King of Prussia and the Empress Queen with her allies. Volume 4, Berlin 1789, p. 119.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 267 f.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 268.
- ^ Joseph Schüngel: Warburg in the Seven Years' War. In: J. Hense (Ed.): Annual report on the high school in Warburg. Warburg 1887, pp. 3-8.
- ^ Joseph Schüngel: Warburg in the Seven Years' War. In: J. Hense (Ed.): Annual report on the high school in Warburg. Warburg 1887, p. 9.
- ^ A b c Joseph Schüngel: Warburg in the Seven Years' War. In: J. Hense (Ed.): Annual report on the high school in Warburg. Warburg 1887, p. 10.
- ^ Joseph Schüngel: Warburg in the Seven Years' War. In: J. Hense (Ed.): Annual report on the high school in Warburg. Warburg 1887, p. 9 footnote 2.
- ^ JW Fortescue: A History of the British Army. Volume 2, London 1910, p. 521.
- ^ Thomas Carlyle: History of Friedrich II of Prussia. Volume 19/20, BiblioBazaar, 2007, p. 291 f.
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 268 f.
- ^ Richard Waddington: La guerre de Sept Ans - Histoire diplomatique et militaire. Volume 4, Paris 1899, p. 228.
- ↑ Walther Hillenkamp: 200 Years Battle of Warburg July 31, 1760 - July 31, 1960. In: Hans von Geisau (Hrsg.): Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760. Paderborn 1961, p. 19th
- ^ Department of War History: The Seven Years' War. Volume 12, Berlin 1914, p. 266 f.
- ↑ Hans von Geisau: Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760. Paderborn 1961, p. 54 fn.2.
- ↑ Hans von Geisau: Commemorative publication on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Warburg on July 31, 1760. Paderborn 1961, p. 57.
- ↑ See screenplay "Barry Lyndon" .
- ↑ Christoph Kühne, Michael Müller: Battle on Heinberg near Ossendorf - The war and the country - Historical-archaeological studies on the battle near Warburg of 1760. (PDF) In: Ossendorfer Schriftenreihe No. 12 Battle on Heinberg near Ossendorf. Retrieved September 10, 2010 .
- ↑ nw-news.de (August 2, 2010): At 5 p.m. the French were defeated . (Last accessed: September 1, 2010)
Coordinates: 51 ° 29 ′ 50.5 ″ N , 9 ° 7 ′ 44.2 ″ E
