Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete

Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete
Table Mountain in Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete
Coordinates: 0 ° 59 ′ 19 ″  N , 72 ° 34 ′ 35 ″  W.
Location:	Guaviare , Colombia
Next city:	San José del Guaviare
Surface:	42,681 km²
Founding:	1989
Address:	Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete

The Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete is a Colombian national park founded in 1989 . It extends at the equator in the area of ​​the two departments Caquetá and Guaviare . With an area of ​​42,681 km² (larger than the Netherlands ) it is the largest tropical national park in  the world. It is recognized by UNESCO as a world heritage site .

The climate is tropical with an average temperature of 24 ° C. The park is named after the Serranía de Chiribiquete table mountain landscape , which characterizes the park. Its highest point is 1000 m above sea level. Prehistoric residents have left thousands of rock carvings that make the park one of the most important sites of its kind on the American continent.

history

The national park was established in 1989. In order to better protect the unique natural monuments and cultural sites, the national park was included in the national list of proposals for UNESCO World Heritage in 2012 and declared a combined world natural and world cultural heritage on July 1, 2018.

In August 2013, the area of ​​the 12,990 km² national park was more than doubled. It grew from 14,834 km² to 27,824 km². On July 2nd, 2018, there was a second, almost identical extension with 14,867 km² to become the largest tropical national park in the world with 42,681 km².

geography

Map of the park

The national park is located in the westernmost part of the Guiana Mountains at the transition from the Llanos to the Amazon region. It extends at the equator between 74 ° and 71 ° 30 'west longitude and 0 ° 20' south and 1 ° 42 'north latitude . Its height profile ranges from 200 m to a height of 1000 m above sea level. It was already the largest Colombian national park when it was set up.

The eponymous mountain formation, Serranía de Chiribiquete , is part of the Guiana Mountains and consists of several tepuis . The mountain massifs of the Serranía de Chiribiquete are divided into the Macizo Norte , the Macizo Central and the Mesas de Iguaje . Sometimes the Serranía extends beyond the boundaries of the park. The Macizo Norte is located in the northern part of the park in the Guaviare department and is home to some of the highest table mountains. Here they reach a height of around 800 meters. The formation also includes the Cerro de Chiribiquete mountain , which lies between the Macayá (also called Tunia) and Ajajú rivers . South of the Ajajú and Apaporis rivers , entirely in the Caquetá department, is Macizo Central . To the south, there is the San Jorge - Mesay - Yari - river system limited. The mountains are a little lower here, reaching between 350 meters and 600 meters. After all, the Mesas de Iguaje are located in the southeast of the park . The smallest table mountains are here at up to 400 meters.

Hydrography

Hydrographically, the region is part of the Amazon. The park area is dominated by two river systems that flow into the Caquetá . While the waters of the Macizo Norte and parts of Macizo Central flow into the Macayá-Ajajú-Apaporis river system, the waters of the rest of the park area reach the San Jorge-Mesay-Yarí river system. Due to the composition of the soil, all rivers in the area are black water rivers .

The Macayá River has its source near the city of San Vicente del Caguán . It grazes the park in the north along the slopes of the Macizo Norte , whose waters it absorbs, and finally joins the Ajajú to form Apaporis. Together with the Macayá, the Apaporis defines the north and east borders of the park after the 2013 expansion. The source of the Ajajú is in the east of the savannah landscape of Sabanas del Yarí . It flows through the park from west to east and, before the expansion, partially delimited the park to the north. The source of the Yarí is also located in the Sabanas del Yarí. This meets the westernmost foothills of the park and flows through it towards the southeast; he takes up the Caño de los Huitotos and the western border river Tajisa . Before the Yarí flows into the Caquetá just outside the park area, it takes up the mesay that flows almost parallel in the park area. The watershed between the two rivers and its straight extension form the middle third of the southern park boundary. Another third runs along the watershed between the Luisa and the Cuemaní . The eastern third of the border is defined on the one hand by the Yavillari and on the other by the respective watersheds of the Apaporis and the Mesay with the Mirití - Paraná system. The mesay itself rises between the Macizo Central and the Mesas de Iguaje . Shortly before the mouth of the Mesay in Yari flowing Cuñaré in Mesay. The origin of the Cuñaré lies in the central valley of the Mazico Norte . On its way, along with many smaller rivers, it takes in the San Jorge, which itself rises in Mazico Central . The latter mainly collects the waters of the eastern slopes of this massif. Another powerful river in the park area is the Amú . In the northern part of the park, in addition to the Ajajú, some unnamed rivers serve to limit the park.

Geology and geomorphology

In addition to lower table mountains that are flattened towards the west, the park is characterized by table mountains up to 800 m high with clearly defined, steep flanks. While the flatter mountains are mainly located in the area of ​​the middle reaches of the Mesay and in the area of ​​the Angostura rapids of the Caquetá, the high table mountains are scattered over the entire Colombian Amazon region. The tepuis are concentrated in the upper reaches of the Apaporis and in the middle reaches of the Yarí and Caquetá. The Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of the Tepuis are crystalline , especially in the dense core ; further out, where erosion has already contributed to the structure of Table Mountain, they are made of sandstone . Pseudo-karst structures have a strong influence on their appearance, for example through tower-like structures made of hard-to-dissolve rocks that tower up into the sky on some of the table mountains. Another noticeable feature of the park's rock formations is a glossy, lacquer-like, black or coffee-brown coating that is present in many places. It consists of iron - oxide - and - hydroxide compounds and from the corresponding magnesium compounds.

Other flat or slightly wavy and sloping parts of the terrain are covered with fine white sand, some of which is also found on the tepuis. This type of terrain predominates on the upper reaches of the Mesay, in sections of the Yarí lower reaches and parts of the upper reaches of the San Jorge and between the Macayá and Ajajú. This last type of terrain in particular suggests that the area originally had a desert-like character.

The cracks in the river beds are particularly important for the flora of the park .

Depiction of the Araracuara rapids in the travelogue of Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius . The Ordovician fold partially forms the rock formation on the left.

Tectonically , the area is structured as follows: one of the earliest events that still characterize the landscape today was a fold in the Ordovician , which forms some hills between the Apaporis and the Mesay and forms part of the western side of the Araracuara rapids bed. The area of ​​this fold is known as the Araracuara area, to which the park is geologically counted. Later in the Mesozoic , faults arose with trenches and clumps running in a north-south direction . It was not until the early Tertiary that the terrain rose by up to a kilometer, thus making table mountains possible. Since then, the area has mainly been shaped by erosion; individual geological events had comparatively only minor effects on the landscape.

climate

Climate diagram of a high ( 760  m ) northern point in the park

Climate diagram of a low-lying ( 190  m ) southern point in the park

The park area has a tropical climate with around 4500 mm of precipitation annually with mostly cloudy skies. The least precipitation falls between December and February, most between April and July. The annual average temperature is 24 ° C with sometimes strong daily fluctuations. In the dry months in particular, it gets around 32 ° C during the day, while the thermometer drops to around 20 ° C at night. The temperature difference between the deep parking zones, in which it can be up to 35 ° C, and the high parking zones on the Tepuis, where it can be up to 2 ° C, is very high. The air humidity averages 40% during the day, but increases to 100% at night.

Bioecology

Both the flora and the fauna of the tropical rainforests , the savannahs, on the walls of the mountains and in the crevices of the rocks in the river beds of the park have so far only been researched incompletely. In particular, the surfaces of some table mountains are still completely unexplored. The high number of species in the small areas that have been explored so far indicates an enormous biodiversity . It is assumed that almost 75% of the plant species in the entire Colombian Amazon and Guiana region also occur in the park area.

vegetation

The botanical research in the Colombian Guayana Highlands began in 1820 with Carl von Martius , who pushed forward but not to de into the territory of Sierra Chiribiquete. Richard Evans Schultes conducted research for the first time in the park area together with Everett L. Vinton, Carl O. Grassl and Gabriel Gutierrez in 1943 and 1944 for the Rubber Development Corporation . He was looking for rubber , which is obtained from the Balata tree ( Manilkara bidentata ), which is common in the region . Although many species were described by these expeditions and those in the years that followed, botanical research only gained significant momentum with the establishment of the national park. As early as 1998, 549 plant species were known, belonging to 315 different genera , which in turn belong to 107 different families . Eleven species were considered endemic in the park and 167 as endemic in Guyana. Overall, the flora of the park is closely related to that of the Araracuara Mountains and the Mesa de la Lindosa . Large parts of the vegetation can be assigned to either forests or savannahs.

Woods

There are mainly four different forest vegetation zones in the park area: lowland rainforests, gallery forests , bonnetia forests and forests on soils that arose on sediment bodies. The most common tree species in the park area include Pourouma cecropiaefolia , Qualea paraensis , Inga acrocephala , Iryanthera laevis , Hevea guianensis and Psedolmedia laevis .

Lowland rainforests cover almost all parts of the park parts not near the mountains. Depending on whether they are exposed to periodic flooding near a river or in dry regions, their species spectrum is composed differently. Mauritiella aculeata dominates in flooded forest regions ; In arid regions the range of species increases and the forest becomes thicker and higher overall. Frequently there are representatives of the families Vochysiaceae , legumes (Leguminosae), red family (Rubiaceae) and laurel family (Lauraceae).

Like the flooded lowland rainforests, gallery forests line the rivers in the park. Gallery forests are not flooded, however, and on the side facing away from the river, there is a dry lowland rainforest or a Bonnetia forest. The trees Ormosia macrophylla , Dimorphandra pennigera , Pagamea coriaceaea , Licania species, Cyrilla racemiflora , Clusia columnaris , Cybianthus fulvopuverulentis , Protium haptaphyllum and Hevea nitida are often found in the gallery forests .

In addition to the eponymous Bonnetia martiana , the Senefelderopsis chirbiquetensis also dominates in Bonnetia forests . The soil here is usually particularly thin, so that the stony subsoil comes to light; at the same time there is a lot of light available because the leaf cover is not very dense. The daisy family Gongylolepis martiana very often makes use of this.

Forests, the soil of which is usually several decimetres thick sediment layers, are often found on the flatter slopes at the foot of the table mountains. Depending on whether it is a drier area with lots of white sand or a terrain through which water flows, the characteristics are different and different types of flora dominate. In the first case, the trees reach around 10-15 meters and are very dense. The most common species in dry areas is the balsam tree Protium heptaphyllum . In the second case, the biodiversity increases significantly and representatives of the genera Ocotea , Remijia , Micrandra and Schefflera grow .

Savannahs

Savannas characterize the landscape , especially in the higher regions of the park. The subsoil in these zones is predominantly stony and the majority of the plants are anchored in crevices in the rock. Depending on the dominant species spectrum, several savannah vegetation types are distinguished in the park. Croton and Bonnetia savannas are dominated by either Croton species or Bonnetia martiana , depending on the nature of the soil . The more soil that is left on the stony subsoil, the more the balance tends towards Bonnetia martiana . A second type of savannah is shaped almost exclusively by Vellozia phantasmagoria communities. Croton species mix in the places where there is still enough soil . In the transition zones between rock and ground-covered zones there are also Lagenocarpus pendulus , Diacidia parvifolia and Aechmea chantinii . In the third type, communities of Navia garcia-barrigae predominate. This type occurs particularly on steeply sloping slopes, the subsoil of which consists only of bare rock. According to the inhospitable conditions, the range of species is further restricted here.

Other zones

Due to the special geology in the national park, there are other special vegetation zones. The steep slopes of the Table Mountains, for example, are a very unusual habitat, where Navia species and Croton suavis often grow. Xyris and Lentibulariaceae species, on the other hand, prefer ponds and other areas that are temporarily under water, which result from excavations in the rocks. Special vegetation has also developed in areas that are permanently under water, such as rivers. Especially when the course of the river is shallower than 30 cm and has a rocky bottom, Utricularia neottioides , for example, settles .

fauna

Each of these vegetation zones offers a habitat for different species. Due to the difficult accessibility, only a few animal groups or a few regions have so far been researched in more detail. The area around the research station Puerto Abeja , which is roughly close to the equator on the mesay in a savannah, has been researched best .

One of the main areas of research is the birds , whose species spectrum has been researched in many places in the park. At least 355 species of birds from 47 families and 18 different orders have been recorded in the park area; for example the endemic hummingbird species Chiribiquete emerald hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon olivaresi ) , which only occurs in the Chiribiquete area . A further nine species have only been found very rarely in Colombia, except in the park area: the discus elf ( Discosura longicauda ), Ord's slacker ( Notharchus ordii ), the wave- bellied tree climber ( Hylexetastes stresemanni ), the palm climber ( Berlepschia rikeri ), Hylophylax punctulata , Elaenia cristata , Attila citriniventris , the gray organist ( Euphonia plumbea ) and Dolospingus fringilloides .

The bats are also considered well researched . So far 48 bat species are known. By far the largest number of species belong to the leaf noses (Phyllostomidae). Slightly less than half of the bat species feed on insects or fruits ; other species feed on pollen and nectar , blood or meat . While the species specialized in insects and fruits occur in all vegetation zones of the park, the species specialized in other food sources only occur in selected vegetation zones of the park. Overall, the greatest diversity was found in the savannahs and the least in the partially flooded forest areas. The most commonly recorded species include: Anoura geoffroyi , Carollia brevicauda , Rhinophylla pumillio and Artibeus jamaicensis .

In the class of mammals besides bats, among others, seven are primate species detected. One of the few nocturnal monkey species stands out, the Spix night monkey . Three types of otters , eight rodents and four types of cats are also known. Of the latter, the jaguar occupies a special position as a cultic animal of the first inhabitants of the region. In the rivers, the dolphin species Sotalia fluviatilis and the river dolphin species Amazon dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) should be emphasized.

In the mesay around the research station Puerto Abeja alone, the dolphins are joined by 79 species of fish from 16 families and four orders. Tetra (Characiformes) predominate with around 80% ; catfish (Siluriformes), cichlids (Cichlidae) and freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) follow . The exact abundance of the individual species has not yet been conclusively researched. The most common individual species Brycon falcatus , Triportheus elongatus , Triportheus albus and Pimelodus blochii are schooling fish , which means that they can falsify the measured abundance in the case of spot checks.

The insects probably have the highest biodiversity , although research is still very poorly researched. So far 72 beetle species , 313 butterflies , 261 ant species , 43 mosquito species and seven new dragonfly species have been found.

Cultural meaning

The settlement or the cultural significance of the area can be proven on the basis of finds, in some cases up to the end of the Pleistocene .

Rock carvings in the national park

Over 20,000 rock carvings in more than 80 places testify to human presence up to 19,000 years ago. This makes the area one of the richest in images in America . Most of the time, the drawings can be found in poorly accessible, higher-lying small caves of shallow depth. They occur more frequently along alleged earlier routes, such as those given by natural canyons . Among the mostly monochrome drawings there is a kind of primer that some researchers suspect may have come from older drawings. Stylistically, the drawings are partly naturalistic , partly semi-naturalistic and partly pictogram-like or ideogram-like . The styles were mostly used for specific situations. Individual scenes are usually depicted naturalistically.

Thematically, the drawings can be divided as follows: the first group consists of animal forms , which were mostly drawn in a naturalistic or semi-naturalistic way. A quarter shows jaguars; Game , such as deer and elk , is also very common with 17% . Other animals shown are capybaras , porcupines , snakes , birds, monkeys and insects. The second group consists of human-like representations, which are mostly semi-naturalistic to schematic. Frequent motifs here are hunting, dancing and eating scenes. A third group consists of botanical pictures, which are almost exclusively limited to palm trees . You can see both the use of the palm as a frond and its development process from seed to plant. Here again the naturalistic and semi-naturalistic styles predominate. Another group are ideographic representations. Examples of this are hands and feet, but also animal innards.

The exact history of settlement from the creators of the rock carvings to the present day has not been conclusively clarified. The next safe point is known that in more recent history the area of ​​the Karijona was in the park area. In addition to the Yukos they are considered the single for Carib - language family belonging to ethnic groups in the area of Colombia. The many different common names for the ethnic group led to confusion and incorrect attributions. Nevertheless, the etymology of the toponyms and other indications suggest that other ethnic groups from the circle of the Tucano languages , Arawak languages and the Uitoto used the place as a mythological center. Some of these ethnic groups probably came from Brazil , Ecuador, and Peru . In the cult of Karijona, God lives in one of the caves at the foot of the Table Mountains. According to various approaches, the name of the area itself, Chiribiquete , comes either from the Karijona language and means "seaweed to make salt" or it refers to a Uitoto personality.

When the supposedly first whites, in the person of the missionaries around Francisco Requena , reached the area in 1782, they reported more than 15,000 Karijona. At that time, these populated especially the banks of the Cunaré, Mesay, Amú and Yarí. With the rubber boom, most of the indigenous people have been killed, displaced or enslaved. It is certain that no Karijona lived in the original territory by 1932 at the latest. Today some returned Karijona or other indigenous peoples and farmers still live in the area of ​​the park. Their settlements belong to Calamar , Miraflores and Solano . There are indications that some groups of Karijona, Murui and Urumi still live in the park area, who have had no contact with modern civilization to this day .

Goals, measures and use

By designating the national park, both the ecosystem and the cultural sites are to be protected and preserved for the future. In the most recent enlargement resolution of August 2013, these overarching goals were summarized in six core goals:

1. Protection of the ecosystem as westlichster part of the biogeographic region of the highlands of Guiana in order and both endemic as endangered species the natural transition from the Andes - in the Amazon biome to get
2. Damping effect on climate change through the hydrological regulation of the Tunia, Apaporis, Yarí and Caquetá rivers
3. Regional climate regulation and maintenance of the adaptability of the ecosystem to global climate changes through the rainforests
4. Preservation of cultural sites such as the petroglyphs
5. Protection of indigenous people who have had no or only minimal contact with modern civilization
6. Maintaining the efficiency of the ecosystem for the people living in the area

In order to achieve these core objectives, a management plan was adopted in 2007 that defines various measures. This starts at different levels. On the one hand, for example, ecological education is being promoted in the region in order to improve awareness and understanding of the park. On the other hand, the exploration of the park is promoted. In addition, it was divided into a historical and inviolable zone. The historical zone includes all areas where rock carvings and other archaeological evidence have been found. All other areas are added to the inviolable zone. To further improve the protection status, the area was added to the Colombian tentative list in 2012. This was one of the first steps on the way to becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Since only research stays are permitted in the park, there is no tourist infrastructure. Access is only possible by boat across the Río Caquetá, from there on foot, or by private plane.

Web links

Commons : Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

• Official website of the national park
• Colombia. Largest tropical national park created on July 3, 2018 on tagesschau.de

Individual evidence

1. ↑ WORLD: Colombia creates the largest tropical forest national park in the world . In: THE WORLD . July 2, 2018 ( welt.de [accessed July 3, 2018]).
2. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Chiribiquete National Park - “The Maloca of the Jaguar”. Retrieved June 23, 2019 . 
3. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Center: Four sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. Retrieved July 3, 2018 . 
4. ↑ El Espectador: Además de declararlo Patrimonio, amplían el Chiribiquete al tamaño de Dinamarca. Retrieved July 4, 2018 (Spanish).  In this and other Colombian sources there is a calculation error of 10 km² in the addition of the second extension, either in the sum or in a summand
5. ^ Resolution No. 120 of September 21, 1989 of the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture. ( online at parquesnacionales.gov.co ( memento of the original from September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note .; PDF; 70 kB) 
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Carlos Castaño Uribe: Sierras y Serranías de Colombia . I / M Editores, Cali 1999, ISBN 958-96749-1-7 ( online at: imeditores.com ).
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Carolina Jaramillo Seligmann (Ed.): Colombia Parques Naturales . Villegas Editores, Bogotá 2006, ISBN 958-8156-88-2 , p. 447 .
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Javier Estrada, Javier Fuertes: Estudios botanicos en la Guayana colombiana: 4. Notas sobre la vegetacion y la flora de la Sierra de Chiribiquete . In: Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales . tape 18 , no. 71 , 1993, p. 483-497 ( online at: accefyn.org.co (PDF; 1.4 MB)). online at: accefyn.org.co ( memento of the original from September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ ^{a b c d} Javier Baena Preysler u. a .: Pinturas rupestres y ocupación humana en la Sierra del Chiribiquete . In: Revista de Arqueología . tape 180 , 1996, pp. 14-23 .
10. ↑ ^{a b c} Resolution No. 1038 of August 21, 2013 of the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. ( online at parquesnacionales.gov.co ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note .; PDF; 1.4 MB) 
11. ^ ^{A b} Rocio Cortés, Pilar Franco, J. Orlando Rangel: La flora vascular de la Sierra de Chiribiquete, Colombia . In: Caldasia . tape 20 , no. 2 , 1998, p. 103–141 ( online at: digital.unal.edu.co ). online at: digital.unal.edu.co ( memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ↑ ^{a b c d} JG Vergara: Estudios geológicos de la Sierra de Chiribiquete y zonas aledañas. Parque Nacional Natural Chiribiquete . In: Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales . tape 19 , no. 73 , 1994, pp. 275–286 ( online at: accefyn.org.co (PDF; 3.5 MB)). online at: accefyn.org.co ( memento of the original from September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 10, 2013 ; Retrieved September 8, 2013 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
14. ^ R. Cortés, P. Franco: Análisis panbiogeográfico de la flora de Chiribiquete, Colombia . In: Caldasia . tape 19 , no. 3 , 1997, p. 465–478 ( online at: digital.unal.edu.co ). online at: digital.unal.edu.co ( memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
15. ^ Richard Evans Schultes: Glimpses of the little known Apaporis River in Colombia . In: Chronica botanica . tape 9 , no. 2-3 , 1945, pp. 123-127 .
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Roberto Franco: Los carijonas de Chiribiquete . 1st edition. Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Bogotá 2002, ISBN 958-33-4458-3 .
17. ↑ ^{a b} Mauricio Álvarez u. a .: Aves del Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete, Amazonia-Provincia de la Guyana, Colombia . In: Biota Colombiana . tape 4 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 49–63 ( online at: repository.humboldt.org.co [PDF]).
18. ↑ ^{a b} O. Montenegro, M. Romero: Murciélagos del sector sur de la Serrania de Chiribiquete, Caquetá, Colombia . In: Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales . 23 (Suplemento Especial), 1999, p. 641–649 ( online at: accefyn.org.co (PDF; 2.5 MB)). online at: accefyn.org.co ( memento of the original from September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
19. ^ Burton K. Lim, Mark D. Engstrom, José Ochoa G .: Preliminary checklist of the mammals of the Guiana Shield. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 2004. ( online at botany.si.edu )
20. ^ Ivonne Bejarano, María del Pilar Blanco, José Iván Mojica: La Comunidad Íctica del Río Mesay durante el Periodo de Aguas Altas (CAQUETA, AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA) . In: Caldasia . tape 28 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 359–370 ( online at: ciencias.unal.edu.co (PDF; 471 kB)). online at: ciencias.unal.edu.co ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
21. ↑ JA Molina u. a .: Fauna de insectos hematófagos del sur del Parque Natural Nacional Chiribiquete, Caquetá, Colombia . In: Biomédica . tape 20 , no. 4 , 2000, pp. 314-326 ( online at: revistabiomedica.org ).
22. ↑ [1]
23. ↑ ^{a b c} Permanent Delagation of Colombia to UNESCO: Chiribiquete National Park. Retrieved September 28, 2013 .  
24. ^ Carlos Castaño-Uribe, Thomas Van der Hammen (ed.): Arqueología de Visiones y Alucinaciones del Cosmos Felino y Chamanístico de Chiribiquete . Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Bogotá 2006, ISBN 958-97802-3-7 , p. 230 .
25. ↑ ^{a b} Resolution No. 34 of January 26, 2007 by the Colombian Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development. ( online at parquesnacionales.gov.co ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note .; PDF; 1.4 MB)