Sexuality in Israel

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The transsexual Dana International (center) won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998

Dealing with sexuality in Israel has some special characteristics and cultural characteristics.

Conflict and finding compromises in the political system of Israel in the area of ​​tension between secular or religious Zionists , secular or orthodox Judaism and the Arab minorities play an important role in daily life as well as in sexual-political issues.

Specific Israeli cultural, political and historical aspects influence erotic and pornographic media and cultural production. In Israel, pornography can be produced and consumed legally. Tel Aviv was a regional center of nightlife, including prostitution , even before Israel was founded .

Israel is a small immigration country in terms of area . Waves of immigration , most recently from Russian and Ethiopian Jews in the 1990s, also pose challenges in terms of medical care, education and cultural integration. Due to the history of persecution of Judaism and the threat situation in Israel, children and families are of central cultural importance there to have (cf. Gen 9.1  EU ). The country has a special regional position in reproductive medicine and sex science .

Cultural imprint

Illustrated Ketubba

In Western culture , the differences between Christian and Jewish understandings of sexuality are often underestimated. Judaism in the diaspora (see Jewish culture ) is also much more adapted to the majority society than in a predominantly Jewish environment (see Israeli culture ). In addition, a number of theoretical approaches to understanding sexual characteristics and gender issues (IES, status 1994) are tailored to the English-speaking world.

The relationship between God and the chosen people of Israel described in the Torah was already explicitly interpreted erotically in the medieval poetry of the Sephardi before their exile . This was by no means interpreted as sinful. The same applies to all sections of the Tanakh , as for the collection of love songs in the Song of Songs ( Hebrew שיר השירים:; Shir ha-shirim ). Erwin J. Haeberle confirms this assessment. Sexuality is regarded as a normal part of a healthy life, also in the Ketubba , the Jewish marriage contract, as a conjugal duty (obligation of the man, right of the woman as one of three rights that the Ketubba regulates). It was and is considered a mitzvah to enjoy it. Young couples were entitled to an extended honeymoon ( 5 Mos 24.5, LUT  EU ). On the other hand, men and women should not show themselves naked if possible. A honeymoon is unknown in Jewish tradition.

The German-American sex therapist and publicist Ruth Westheimer sees a generally friendly and open attitude towards sexual issues in Jewish culture. For Jews, sex is never a sin or something that cannot be talked about. Even Orthodox Judaism knows neither original sin nor celibacy , but there sex life is strictly regulated, premarital and extramarital sexuality are frowned upon. Carey Walsh emphasizes the role and praise of female pleasure in the Hebrew Bible.

Semitic languages such as Hebrew and Arabic consistently differentiate between male and female in nouns, adjectives and most verb forms , which is a clear contrast to the less gender-specific inflection of English. In addition, something can be recognized in Hebrew , to have sexual intercourse and to know something to derive from one and the same word stem. The Lutheran Bible translation takes this on with the use of the word recognize and (witness) . In ancient Israel, oath services were performed with the hand on the hips (the genitals, those of the oath-taker), which thus had a great obligation. For example, Gen 24 EU , where Abraham makes his servant (presumably Eliezer, Gen 15.2 EU ) swear on his hips to find a godly wife for his son Isaac . The Romans, on the other hand, swore by the testis (their own) testicles, the affinity of words between witnesses, testify and procreation has a similar connection.

The covenant of God with Israel as such is also connected with (male) circumcision . According to Prodi, an innovative element is the integration of the God of the Jews into his oath to covenant with Israel, while in other ancient cultures the gods only act as witnesses and avengers (cf. Erinyes ) of the oath. The biblical concept of covenant are the two biblical keywordsברית( Hebrew berīt ) and διαθήκη ( Greek diathēkē ) and includes the meanings of a solemn and mutual alliance, contract or oath on the same level, otherwise diathēkē stands for testament.

Daniel Boyarin clearly distinguishes Pauline Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism from the rabbinical tradition. He notes differences to the Greek-Hellenistic tradition of a spiritual philosophy that separates body and soul, on the other hand Judaism is fleshly and physically oriented and in that sense current and fruitful.

Political Aspects

Domestic conflicts and differences

Gender-segregated beach in Ashkelon

The birth rates in Israel are very much dependent on the respective group affiliation. The total fertility rate , which expresses the number of children a woman has in the course of her life, fell among Jews overall between 1950 and 1990 from 3.6 to 2.7 and is therefore still comparatively high. For the Israeli Arabs and Druze there was a significantly more pronounced drop in birth rates, which fell from 8.2 to 4.8 and from 7.2 to 3.1, respectively. The numbers are still significantly higher for ultra-Orthodox and rose from 6 to slightly below 8 in the 1980s to 1990s. The politically relevant conflict between the secular Zionists and Orthodox Judaism thus also has a demographic aspect.

Historically, it also has erotic connotations based on the person of the poet Jacob Israël de Haan . De Haan came to Jerusalem in 1919, initially a fanatical Zionist, he soon found favor with the Orthodox camp and secretly with Arab rascals. He spoke out against a violent land grab. De Haan was murdered by the Hagana ( Avraham Tehomi ) for political reasons. He is still a figure of identification for some haredim , who tend to deny his pedophile and homosexual tendencies. In 2009, during the shooting of Chaim Tabakman's film “ You shall not love ” about the unhappy love of two charedim in Mea Shearim , protests and sometimes violent disputes occurred. The nomination of Dana International (born as Yaron Cohen, see Kohanim ) for the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 attracted international attention and met with great opposition from Orthodox Jews and Israelis. Her victory in the competition was a significant success for the local LGBT community and made it known internationally.

Role of military service

Brigadier General Gila Kalifi-Amir , the IDF Women's Representative, during shooting training

Service in the Israeli armed forces is compulsory for men and women and has great influence as a contact forum as well as an initiation rite . For a long time, with very few exceptions, higher officer ranks were in fact reserved for men, who thus had easier access to civil networks and careers. The gender-specific distribution of roles in Israel was more traditional than in Western Europe, for example, because of the important role of the military in social life. With the caracal battalion , the first combat unit was set up in 2000, in which women appear in the majority. Orna Barbivai was the first major general in 2011 to become head of the personnel department, Gila Kalifi-Amir as brigadier general women's representative. Under the heading Project Mahut (locally in Tzrifin in Gush Dan ), she deals with cases of sexual harassment, unwanted pregnancies and domestic violence in the army.

The Israeli military, women in uniforms and their confrontation with the Arabs and their worlds are important role stereotypes in Israeli pornography alongside the tension between the religious and the secular.

Division of Labor in Israeli Politics

The religious groups and minorities and their parties have a special position in the areas of family, professional law and cultural issues, which also has an impact on Israeli law . The classic power politics and external representation is left to the conservative or social democratic people's parties anchored in secular Judaism. In this sense, in the classic power portfolio, secondary ministries such as family, health and the registry administration are strongly influenced by the chief rabbinate, which is occupied by two chief rabbis ( Hebrew הרבנות הראשית לישראל) and the associated Batei Din , the Rabinat courts. In addition, the enforcement of halachic requirements, for example to observe the Sabbath , is heavily dependent on the majorities at the regional administrative level. Israel still has no civil marriage ; Demands to introduce these come mostly from the left political spectrum, for example from the Knesset member Merav Michaeli .

Non-Jewish minorities

Arab population map, 2000

In Israel there are different social groups with their own strong cultural, religious, ideological and / or ethnic identity. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel is now less of a melting pot and more of a patchwork of different population groups who live together within the framework of the democratic state.

The Israeli diplomat Ishmael Khaldi , an Arab Israeli, is of the opinion that the Israeli society is by no means perfect, but that there are minorities (ethnically next to about 20% Arab Israelis and 4% other groups such as Baha'i and Circassians and others) there better than any other country in the Middle East . He writes: “I am a proud Israeli, like many other non-Jewish Israelis; B. Druze, Baha'i , Bedouin, Christian and Muslim living in one of the most culturally diverse societies and the only true democracy in the Middle East. Like America, Israeli society is far from perfect, but we should be honest. By every conceivable measure, be it educational opportunities, economic development, the situation of women and homosexuals, freedom of speech and assembly or representation in parliament, the minorities in Israel are far better off than in any other country in the Middle East. " ( Ishmael Khaldi )

Role of immigration

Pnina Tamano-Schata, first Beta Israel in the Knesset

Israel is a small immigration state and has experienced several waves of immigration before and since it was founded (see, inter alia, Aliyah ). The mixing and the ethos in the sense of a melting pot is still important. The Zionist ideal promotes the willingness to immigrate to Israel, to defend oneself against the image of the “defenseless Jew” and to enjoy life as much as possible due to the permanent state of war and everyday threats. According to Ronie Parciack, Israeli society is not rooted in a centuries-old tradition of government, but rather has a “socialist and, in practice, militaristic character that offers a lot of leeway”.

The integration of various waves of immigration since the early 1950s has had a significant impact on sexual behavior, health issues, and political influences on gender issues. The Israeli national feeling includes a belief in continuity and unity of the nation as well as the aspect of bringing an ancient culture back to life. A sense of community induced by dangers and threats from outside also plays a role here. Ethnic peculiarities of the individual groups are increasingly viewed as valuable and worth preserving. The still increased interest in genealogy can already be found in the written tradition of the biblical lineages and against the background of the history of persecution and expulsion of the various groups.

Founding of the state

In a consideration of sexuality and National Socialism, Dagmar Herzog describes the extremely high birth rate (around 38 in 1948!) Among Jewish displaced persons in post-war Germany, most of whom later emigrated to Israel. According to Herzog, having children was a multiple form of restoration for Holocaust survivors, for oneself, for the Jewish community and for reassurance of one's own physicality. Marriages and births were an expression of the will to live and the hope for a better future. This continued into early Israeli history. Holocaust survivors tried to find missing family members or to preserve the memory of the lost. This led to the establishment of various genealogical institutions, such as the Search Bureau for Missing Relatives in Jerusalem and, last but not least, the creation of the central database of the names of the Holocaust victims in the Yad Vashem memorial . The corresponding narrative is declining in importance due to the dwindling importance of the Holocaust as a unifying national myth and the arrival of new types of immigrants.

Stalagim

The Israeli documentary Pornography and Holocaust by director Ari Libsker deals with a special phenomenon of the early 1960s in the context of the trial of Adolf Eichmann . The so-called Stalagim Groschenhefte ( Hebrew סטאלגים), a mixture of trivial war novels and pornography in the sense of Nazi ploitation were commercial hits that were very popular with Israeli young people and created a real genre. Alongside the Eichmann trial, they became the first source of information for many Israeli young people about the Holocaust , which was a very taboo subject in the early days of the State of Israel.

According to Laura Constanze Heilmann, the juxtaposition of love and Nazi symbols is one of the reasons for the success of the Stalagim and is also occasionally discussed in the German view of the Holocaust, according to Dagmar Herzog . She also played a role in Yehiel Feiner's literary work .

Russian immigrants

After 1989, almost a million immigrants came from the former Soviet Union, who became politically important with the Jisra'el Beitenu . Human trafficking and prostitution are particularly virulent in this group; other problems are a lower number of children, many single parents, otherwise little-known alcohol problems and a higher number of abortions.

Beta Israel

From the end of the 1980s to the 1990s, the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) came, who caused particular integration problems due to their specific customs. In one weekend in 1991 alone, 15,000 airlifted from Ethiopia. Problems for this minority of around 150,000 people range from traditional medical practices to genital mutilation , ritual isolation of women during menstruation and the increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and AIDS. There are still strong prejudices against the Jews from East Africa. There are two members of the Beta Israel, Pnina Tamano-Schata and Shimon Solomon, in the liberal Yesh Atid in the Knesset. Shortly after her election, Tamano-Schata took over the chairmanship of a Knesset commission to investigate allegations that a few Ethiopian-Israeli women had been treated with three-month injections and long-term contraceptives by the authorities without their knowledge or adequate information .

Sex research and medicine

Israel now has the highest density of reproductive medicine clinics in the world, and genetic tests, artificial insemination, embryonic stem cell research and the open discussion of sexual medicine issues are by no means taboo, stem cell research is an international leader. The birth rate is one of the highest in the western world, especially in the secular majority society. The reasons given for this are both the science-friendly tradition of Zionism and the country's political threat. In the field of sexology , Israel is important worldwide, around 130 full-time researchers are active in the field and a large number of studies are carried out in the country itself or with the participation of Israeli researchers. The Israeli Moshe Mock is Secretary General and Treasurer of the European Federation of Sexology EFS. Israel lends itself to studies on population genetics because of its long Jewish diaspora and its history of immigration and persecution . These also have intense political connotations, for example the recognition of immigrants. Nadja Abu El-Haj, in the spirit of Morton White, addresses a political epistemology of the search for the origins of Israel and the Jews, which is pursued with genetic methods, among other things. The subject is also controversial among the various Zionist currents.

Educational issues

Doctors are expressly authorized to allow minors to have an abortion without parental consent and to give them access to contraceptives. Education programs and sex education have been promoted widely in state schools since the 1970s, particularly along the lines of the American model. Modified curricula can be found in the national religious field . Little is known about the ultra-orthodox . In 2013, an American educational book for Orthodox Jews was supposedly translated into Hebrew for the first time. The socialist youth organization Hashomer Hatzair had approaches to sex education as early as the 1920s, in which young people of both sexes camped together, but a high level of self-control and sublimation of gender and other behaviors (alcohol, tobacco consumption) was required.

A fundamental study of sexual behavior in Israel was done in 1970 that pioneered sex education, curricula, and other research. During that time, due to the high level of juvenile delinquency among Jewish immigrants from the Middle East and the difficult social situation of large families, more attention was paid to sex education.

The Israeli Family Planning Association was founded in 1966 and is part of the International Planned Parenthood Federation . In 1991 a further study on the sexuality of adolescents, which had already been approved, was canceled by the then-appointed Orthodox Minister of Education under Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir . Even after the change of government in 1992, the study was not continued after sometimes tough negotiations.

Sexual education takes place through social media and websites, among other things. The sex therapist Tzachi Ben Zion became known for his video lectures on sexual education and is now in action as a stand-up comedian , his shows under the title "Ohel, shtiya, gever, isha" (analogous to Eat Drink Man Woman ) have become known across Israel.

prostitution

Red light bar in an Israeli city

After the First World War there was already prostitution in Tel Aviv , Haifa and Ramla , the brothels were owned by both Jews and Arabs. British soldiers expanded the customer base towards World War II, and Tel Aviv was considered the center of prostitution in the Middle East by the 1930s and 1940s. The 2010 comedy film Zohi Sdom ( Hebrew זוהי סדום) describes a fictional origin of today's Tel Aviv from the biblical Sodom and with half a million viewers is one of the most successful Israeli films ever.

In 1949 (female) prostitution was legalized under the Prostitution and Abomination Act ; homosexual prostitution was not legalized until 1954. In 1962, “prostitution under one roof” was banned. Regardless of this, prostitution in brothels and middle-class apartments continued to increase and was not widely persecuted until the 1970s. Prostitutes are typically introduced through Egypt. Approaches to legalization failed due to a coalition of the women's movement and orthodoxy.

In the 1990s there was a sharp increase in human trafficking , which was also linked to the massive immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union. Estimates of the number of prostitutes run up to ten thousand. Sales in the sex industry are estimated at up to $ 2 billion annually. Only a few hundred cases actually go to court, and systematic prosecution has only been established for a few years. With a total population of around 8 million people, tourists and travelers are a major contributor to the sex industry.

Entertainment and pop culture

Cultural scene and industry

Night scene in Tel Aviv

Israel has an important music and youth scene that is also interesting for tourists. Numerous advertising campaigns for Israeli tourism advertise the open treatment of sexuality, which has led to considerable conflicts in the meantime.

Tel-Aviv is a nationally important center for nightlife and the LGBT scene. Among others, the feature published in 2012 by French filmmaker Yolande Zauberman Would You Have Sex with an Arab? thematized the important club and party life like the open handling of different forms of sexuality. The film was shown at the 2011 Venice Film Festival and is dedicated to the murdered Israeli theater maker Juliano Mer-Khamis .

With the Erotic Museum there, Eilat has the only facility of its kind in Israel and in the entire Middle East . It took until 2013 to establish a local edition of Playboy . With Blazer (magazine) there is a long-established regional competition, on the other hand, relevant internet offers are more widespread than print. Personals and nudity are and have not been taboo in Israeli mainstream media.

The youth scene is part of and purchaser of the cultural production that mainly takes place in and around Tel Aviv . It contributes to the attractiveness and the nimbus of the start-up nation Israel.

In 1964, the first naked female breast was shown on a cinema screen in Israel, parallel to “ Das Schweigen ”, but much later than the nude scenes that were scandalized in Germany around 1950 in “ Sünderin ”. Well-known in Germany are German-Israeli youth films such as " Eis am Stiel ", due to the success of which a film series of the same name followed. These are now considered the prototype of coming-of-age teenage clothes. In the German youth film of the 1970s, they showed an astonishingly open approach to sexual issues, including sexually transmitted diseases .

Movie

Film industry

The formerly provincial Israeli film industry has been recognized worldwide since the early 2000s. The German-Israeli fictional film “ Liebesleben ” ( Hebrew חיי אהבה) from 2007 (director: Maria Schrader ) received several regional film awards and is based on the bestseller of the same name by Zeruya Shalev .

At the same time, a veritable porn film industry has also developed, which was the subject of several documentaries and scene reports at the 2nd International Porn Film Festival Berlin at the end of October 2007.

Porn and erotic film

According to a lecture given by Liad Kantorowicz in Berlin in 2007, there has only been a regular porn industry in Israel since 2002, essentially five companies that produced such films. Before that, the business was pretty down-to-earth and some films were shot in the private homes of the producers / directors. The attraction of pornography in the small country consists not least of all in the curiosity whether you possibly recognize someone.

Four areas of social tension are “typical issues” in the environment, the Israeli military, the relationship with the Palestinians, Jewish minorities and finally the relationship between the religious and the secular.

A film example is Stranded at the Military Base , in which the actors in and without uniforms loosen up everyday military life with sex scenes. Depiction of Arabs in Israeli porn is very popular. Due to the difficulty of finding real Palestinian actors who are willing to act in the given roles, Arabs in films with titles like Tunisian Sandwich , The Horny Muezzin or Shaved Arab Pussies are mostly played by Israelis. Similar problems arose in Adam Sandler's adult comedy Don't Mess With The Mess . The film revolves around a war-weary elite soldier who is building a full-service hairdressing salon in New York and solving the Middle East conflict at the local level. Porn that portrays ultra-Orthodox Jews is also mimed from outside . Their clothes and costume have a veritable fetish character . Biblical porn with titles like Sodom and Gomorrah are also popular .

Michael Lucas on the set of Men of Israel

Israeli porn films do not shy away from addressing socially irritating topics, the agent film parody Code name - Deep Investigation addresses the seduction and kidnapping of the Israeli nuclear engineer and whistleblower Mordechai Vanunu with the same cast as Stranded at the Military Base .

Amos Gutman and Eytan Fox are well-known representatives of gay pornography, the films like Drifting (1982), Amazing Grace (1992), Yossi & Jagger or The Bubble - Eine Liebe in Tel Aviv ( Hebrew הבועה Ha-Buah ) staged. In the film Men of Israel, shot in 2009, the director Michael Lucas intended a powerful depiction of modern and cosmopolitan Israel and its tourist offers, which was the subject of American Newsweek , among other things . The advertisement with the revealing and tolerant handling of homosexuality in Israel in comparison to the Arab neighbors brought him and others the accusation of so-called pinkwashing (analogous to greenwashing ).

Regardless of this, porn offers from Israel are in great demand among the Arab neighbors. Operators have inquiries and up to 10% customers from various Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia , Tunisia , Jordan and the Palestinian Territories, some of which request under proxy in order to circumvent the local censorship . Some of the websites also offer services in Arabic. Nir Shahar, manager of the Ratuv (“moist”) website , describes the offer as typically Israeli: it is about female soldiers, Mossad agents and female police officers. Code name: Deep investigation is the most popular clip among Arabs.

Literary stereotypes

Gottex swimsuits have been an Israeli export
hit since 1956

David Baile used American literature to examine reservations and prejudices against American Jews and Israelis. American Jews, like Woody Allen or Philip Roth's Portnoy, are often characterized as sympathetic, shy, neurotic Schmock . The fictional character Ari Ben Kanaan , based on the person of Jossi Harel , hero of the bestseller Exodus by Leon Uris , embodies the tough Jew , a virile and energetic Israeli, who fills the whole pile of popular Jewish-American novels.

For the former Mandate Palestine, however, painters such as Reuven Rubin or Nahum Gutman attributed an erotic quality to both Israeli and Arab Orientals in the 1920s.

The cultural scientist Nitsa Ben-Ari sees the role model of the rather puritanical, peasant Sabra as a self-censorship in Israeli literary production that suppressed the erotic aspect.

literature

  • Ronny A. Shtarkshall, Minah Zemach: Israel In: Robert T. Francoeur (Ed.): The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality Vol. IV, Bloomsbury Publishing , New York a. a. 2001, ISBN 0-8264-1274-2 .
  • David Biale: Eros and the Jews: From Biblical Israel to Contemporary America David Biale. Basic Books, New York 1992, ISBN 0-465-02033-X .
  • Dagmar Herzog : How Jewish is German Sexuality? Sex and Antisemitism in the Third Reich. In: Neil Gregor (Ed.): German History from the Margins. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington 2006, ISBN 0-253-34743-2 , pp. 185-2003.
  • David M. Carr: The Erotic Word: Sexuality, Spirituality, and the Bible. Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515652-8 .
  • Erwin J. Haeberle : The sexuality of humans. Manual and atlas. 2nd expanded edition, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-11-010694-9 .

Web links

Commons : Sexuality in Israel  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files

swell

  1. a b c Only as a woman. In: Kulturspiegel. 5/1998 (online)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k Israel's sex films Adam and Eve do it with a condom Uniforms, orthodox and lascivious Arabs: Israel's sex films set their own accents, November 22, 2007 - by Ingo Way, Jüdische Allgemeine
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Ronny A. Shtarkshall, Minah Zemach: Israel In: Robert T. Francoeur (Ed.): The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality Vol. I-IV, 1997-2001.
  4. Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul, The Gazelle: Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul Raymond P Scheindlin, Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 36.
  5. David M. Carr: The Erotic Word: Sexuality, Spirituality, and the Bible. Oxford University Press, 2002, see the introduction on p. 4 ff.
  6. a b c d e 10.1.1 Sexuality and religion in the online atlas Die Sexualität des Menschen. Manual and atlas.
  7. Sexuality and Spirituality in Judaism: Don't forget G ‐ d. Interview with Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi by Amy Edelstein, Hagalil, November 23, 2001.
  8. a b March 4, 1996: Books Seduced Mind, Henryk M. Broder, Der Spiegel, review of Ruth Westheimer and Jonathan Mark: "Heavenly Lust - Love and Sex in Jewish Culture". Translated from the English by Angelika Schweikhart. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main
  9. Suppression of the erotic in modern Hebrew literature Nitsah Ben-Ari, University of Ottawa Press, March 17, 2006, pp. 103ff.
  10. Exquisite Desire: Religion, the Erotic, and the Song of Songs Carey Walsh, Fortress Press, 2000.
  11. Paolo Prodi: The oath in the European constitutional history . (PDF) Schriften des Historisches Kolleg, Munich 1992, No. 33. S. 9 The background was a lecture given in 1991 at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
  12. ^ Daniel Boyarin: Carnal Israel: Reading Sex in Talmudic Culture . University of California Press, 1995, Introduction, pp. 5 ff.
  13. Ruth Halperin-Kaddari: Women in Israel: A State of Their Own . University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 78
  14. ^ A b c Jacob Israel de Haan : sexology, poetry, politics, contribution to Sexuality at the Fin de Siècle: The Makings of a "Central Problem" conference at the Center for the History of European Discourses, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia 2005 , by Gert Hekma
  15. Daniela Horvath: Instructions on Sexual Unhappiness , Stern from April 28, 2008.
  16. ^ Women's Law IDF February 22, 2011, by Rotem Caro Weizman
  17. Chief Rabbinate of Israel Law, 5740 (1980) ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.israellawresourcecenter.org
  18. a b Caroline Linton: Merav Michaeli: The Knesset's Feminist Fighter ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at: The Daily Beast , April 13, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thedailybeast.com
  19. imSOCIETY: Minority Communities , website of the Israeli Foreign Ministry . October 1, 2006, accessed December 19, 2007.
  20. Ishmael Khaldi. Lost in the Blur of Slogans , San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2009.
  21. a b c Gisela Dachs: Israel in short. First edition: Bpb, Bonn January 2010, ISBN 978-3-8389-7024-0 .
  22. a b Genealogy. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 7. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. pp. 428-438. Jacob Liver: Israel Moses Ta-Shma, Sara Schafler and Efraim Zadoff
  23. ^ Sara Schafler: Jewish Genealogy . Encyclopaedia Judaica year book, 1983/5, pp. 68-69
  24. a b Dagmar Herzog, Sexuality and German Fascism (New York, Oxford: Berghahn 2005), ISBN 1-57181-551-1 , p. 308.
  25. Kibuz Nili: The kibbutz on the Streicher farm Jewish life on the estate of the NSDAP Gauleiter , report from Hagalil to G. Tobias, Temporary home in the land of the perpetrators - Jewish DP camps in Franconia 1945-1949 " ISBN 3-9806636 -3-9 .
  26. ^ Die Welt, December 10, 2010: Israel's Post-Traumatic Pornography Syndrome. Sexualization of horror: The film "Pornography and Holocaust" explains the career of the bizarre "Stalags" comics in Israel. From Peter Praschl
  27. On the reception of German history and culture in Israeli visual art, Laura Constanze Heilmann, Herbert Utz Verlag, 2012 - page 257
  28. Sex After Fascism: Memory And Morality In Twentieth-century Germany , Dagmar Herzog , Princeton University Press, 2005, see Introduction
  29. Israel News Penina Tamnu-Shata, blazing a new path ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 29, 2013 Jewish Tribune , by Nir Cohen @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jewishtribune.ca
  30. March 4, 2013 Ethiopian Times Israel to investigate contraceptives to Ethiopia women
  31. Israel admits Ethiopian women were given birth control shots Talila Nesher, Haaretz, January 27, 2013.
  32. Ethiopian-Israelis Make Waves in New Homeland Leigh Cuen WeNews June 6, 2013.
  33. ^ Bioskop Doing it the Israeli way. In Israel, genetic tests, artificial insemination and embryonic stem cell research are a matter of course, from: BIOSKOP No. 33, March 2006, pp. 14 + 15, by Martina Keller
  34. Stem cell tourism prepares for take-off, Haaretz
  35. 60 years of Israel: The land of the Israel family has seen no decline in the birth rate - thanks to its Jewish tradition, the national self-assertion and modern reproductive technology, Die Zeit, by Gisela Dachs, April 28, 2008.
  36. Moshe Mock at EFS (PDF; 58 kB)
  37. ^ Harry Ostrer: Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press, 2012.
  38. ^ Nadia Abu El-Haj: The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology. University of Chicago Press, 2012.
  39. Raphael Falk: 'Zionut Vehabiologia Shel Hayehudim. Resling, Tel Aviv 2006 Review under Zionism and the Biology of the Jews, Raphael Falk at Zionism & Israel Center zionism-israel.com
  40. Ynetnews, according to Associated Press, May 21, 2013, 2:50 pm Sex ed book in Hebrew for Israel's haredim Co-author says translation of 'Newlywed's Guide to Physical Intimacy' meant to offer useful information to ultra-Orthodox couples before their wedding night , during their relationship leading up to that.
  41. ILSSM website of the Israeli Society for Sexual Medicine ( Memento of the original from March 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sexual-health.co.il
  42. It stands to reason Psychiatrist and sexologist Tzachi Ben Zion is taking the stage by storm with his stand-up routine, replete with bathroom humor and imitations of women having orgasms. Haaretz Limor Gal, November 23, 2007.
  43. a b c Exporting Israeli Prostitutes The state's first convicted female pimp calls herself a pioneer as the Knesset considers outlawing prostitution Tablet, by Tal Miller, December 10, 2012.
  44. Abramovich, Yuval: The Malik of Laughter . Israel HaYom . October 8, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  45. Delilah Amir and Menachem Amir. The politics of prostitution and trafficking of women in Israel, in Outshoorn J (ed.) The Politics of Prostitution: Women's movements, democratic states and the globalization of sex commerce. Cambridge UP 2004.
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  48. ^ Rochelle L. Dalla, Lynda Baker, John D. DeFrain, Celia Williamson: Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Oceania. Baker Lexington Books, Lanham April 1, 2011, pp. 200 ff.
  49. Ruth Halperin-Kaddari: Women in Israel A State of Their Own . University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 209.
  50. Videos of the Size doesn't matter campaign
  51. Sex tourism to Israel? Knesset members fume at "porn ads" TheMarker, June 20, 2007 Haaretz
  52. Franziska Knupper: Yolande Zauberman - Director of "Would you have sex with at Arab?" . Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 19, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nisimazine.eu
  53. ^ Greg Tepper: Tel Aviv reinvented as gay hotspot . Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  54. Playboy Bunnies in the Holy Land , Oy vey, some remark, as the men's magazine launches an Israel version. The Atlantic, Abra Cohen, May 22, 2013.
  55. Ralf Schenk: "Pornography & Holocaust" a film about the eroticization of a taboo in Israel Colonel Schulze's bitch . In: Berliner Zeitung , December 30, 2010.
  56. Shahar Smooha, Dea Hadar: Home-grown porn . Haaretz, September 25, 2001
  57. Gilad Halpern: 'Shampoo' meets 'Munich': New Adam Sandler film stars Mossad hit man turned hairdresser . In: Haaretz , May 25, 2008. 
  58. John Podhoretz : Pushtak to Shove: Adam Sandler attacks the Middle East . In: The Weekly Standard . 13, No. 38, June 16, 2008.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / theweeklystandard.com  
  59. David Graham: Gay-Porn Mogul Hopes to Arouse Interest in Israel . In: Newsweek , September 23, 2009.
  60. Michael Kaminer: Pornographic Stimulus Plan . In: The Forward , September 16, 2009.
  61. a b Arabs surf Israeli porn sites. Owners of Israeli sex sites report high percentage of entries from Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The hit: Clips starring female soldiers and Mossad women. on: ynetnews.com , August 22, 2007, Israel Culture
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  63. ^ Dalia Manor: Art In Zion: The Genesis Of Modern National Art in Jewish Palestine. Routledge, 2005, p. 156.
  64. ^ Nitsa Ben-Ari: Suppression of the Erotic in Modern Hebrew Literature. 2006. (English at Ottawa University Press, Hebrew at TAU ​​Press).