Spathiphyllum
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Spathiphyllum , or German sheaths leaf , leaf flag , strip or peace lily is a plant genus that the family of the arum family belongs (Araceae). It comprises 50–60 species , which occur mainly in tropical America , but also on the western edge of the Pacific , from the Philippines to the Solomon Islands . Some species arekeptas indoor plants because of their decorative leaves, others because of the long-lasting inflorescences .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Spathiphyllum species are 20–120 cm high, bare, perennial herbaceous plants . They have a creeping rhizome with short internodes , some of which are visible on the surface of the soil, and do not have a milky sap . The leaves are two-lined on the rhizome. The roots break through the base of the petioles . The lower leaves are very narrow, triangular-lanceolate, have two keels underneath and often reach more than ⅔ the length of the stem of the leaves . The leaf stalks are about as long or slightly longer than the leaf blades . They are usually round at the top and winged in the lower part as a leaf sheath . In some species, for example Spathiphyllum wendlandii , this leaf sheath extends to the base of the leaf. At their upper end, the petioles have a thickening (geniculum) up to 5 cm long, which serves as a joint if necessary. The simple, undivided, entire, slightly wavy leaf blades are upright or curved slightly outward. They are broadly elliptical to elongated, lanceolate or traffic part-lanceolate, are pointed at the front and have a narrow, pointed to blunt or almost rounded base. The top is usually shiny, the underside paler in color. The fairly broad, triangular to crescent-shaped central rib is flattened on the top and protrudes clearly on the underside. The few to numerous, approximately parallel side nerves of the first order reach the edge of the spread with their ends bent towards the tip of the leaf. In between there are parallel weaker side nerves, usually one secondary and two tertiary.
Generative characteristics
The solitary piston-like inflorescence stands at the end of an upright, shaft-shaped, at its end articulated peduncle , which is about as long or longer than the leaves. A special bract , the spathe, is located just below the flower bulb . This is initially curled up around the inflorescence and later spreads to a cap-shaped or flat, upright or curved back shape. The spathe is wide open in almost all species during the flowering period, only in the western Pacific species Spathiphyllum solomonense and Spathiphyllum worsei does it surround the flower bulb. It is lanceolate to elliptical or obverse-shaped, more rarely traffic-lanceolate and pointed at the front. At the pointed to blunt or rounded base it has no tubular section and sometimes runs down considerably on the peduncle , especially in the Spathiphyllum section . The spathe is white to yellowish at flowering time, often with green veins, or green overall. The spathe remains after flowering and is green in color at the time of fruiting. The upright, cylindrical, uniformly decorated with hermaphrodite flowers bulb is shorter than the spathe. It is stalked in the spathe. This stalk is fused with the spathe in its entire length or only partially, in the latter case the free section is up to 4 cm long.
The radially symmetrical flowers have a green or white inflorescence , which mostly consists of 4–6 (–7) free or at the base fused tepals . These have a thickened and often truncated tip, are curved inward, cover each other like roof tiles and enlarge with age. In some species, the flower shell is fused into a 4–6-sided, fleshy, clipped cup. There are 4–6 free stamens in front of the tepals. The broad, flattened, elongated stamens elongate with age. The yellow or whitish anthers are immobile and basi- dorsifix, that is, near their base, but against the back, attached to the filament. Your connective is narrow. The anthers consist of two elongated-ellipsoidal to egg-shaped counters, are about as wide as they are long, with almost parallel sides, and open lengthways and outwards, i.e. with the opening facing away from the center of the flower. The ellipsoidal to oblong-ellipsoidal pollen grains have no apertures . The egg-shaped, bottle-shaped, approximately cylindrical or obverse-shaped pistil is usually white at flowering time and later turns green. Three carpels are an ovary deformed, the two, four, six or eight ovules contains. One to careful, green berries are formed.
Chromosomes
The two species examined so far, i.e. Spathiphyllum cannifolium and Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum , agree with one another with regard to the number of chromosomes . Either a haploid chromosome set with n = 15 or a diploid with 2n = 30 was found.
distribution
The genus includes around 50 species, most of which are found in the Central and South American tropics. The distribution area extends from Mexico in the north to Peru and Brazil in the south. However, natural occurrences are absent in the Greater Antilles and only exist in Trinidad in the Lesser Antilles . Besides missing Spathiphyllum with the exception of a small area spread Spathiphyllum grazielae almost entirely in the area of Atlantic Forest on the east coast of Brazil. Within their area there are also gaps in the high mountains of the northern Andes as well as in regions where dry forests and savannas predominate, for example on the Pacific coast of northern Central America, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia and in the llanos of the Orinoco lowlands. Only three species occur outside of America on the islands on the western edge of the Pacific. This gappy sub-area extends from the Philippines and Palau , via northeast Sulawesi and the Moluccas to New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands .
The most species-rich country is Colombia, where Cardona (2004) has identified 18 species and suggests the occurrence of nine more species. In view of its large area, Brazil is comparatively poor in species with ten native species. With eight species in the last crop cultivation so far, for example, Costa Rica , which is much smaller in area, is almost as rich in species.
Since several species are cultivated as ornamental plants, there are also overgrown occurrences of these outside of their natural range. Spathiphyllum wallisii is only known from culture and from such overgrown occurrences.
Taxonomy
The genus Spathiphyllum was first described by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott in 1832 . Schott listed only two names, namely Spathiphyllum lancaefolium (Jacq.) Schott , the type species that had been described as Dracontium lanceaefolium by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin as early as 1791 , and Spathiphyllum sagittaefolium Schott , a noun nudum . In 1853 Schott gave the genus its current description in his work Aroideae by moving Spathiphyllum sagittaefolium to the newly created genus Urospatha Schott and the two genera Hydnostachyon Liebm described a few years earlier . and Massovia K. Koch as synonyms for Spathiphyllum . Spathiphyllopsis Teijsm. & Binn. and Amomophyllum Engl. are further synonyms.
etymology
The first part of the name Spathiphyllum is the Latin word spatha or the ancient Greek σπάθη ( spáthē ). It originally referred to a mostly handled tool with a flat blade, for example a rudder blade, a spatula or a sword , and here refers to the spathe . The second part of the name, also ancient Greek φύλλον ( phýllon ) means leaf . The name refers to the fact that in this genus the spathe differs less strongly from deciduous leaves than is usually the case with arum plants.
species
The genus Spathiphyllum currently comprises around 50 species. For Colombia the existence of about nine other, so far undescribed species is known.
| Scientific name | distribution | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Spathiphyllum abelianum A.Rojas & JMChaves | Costa Rica and Panama | Was first described in 2011 |
| Spathiphyllum atrovirens Schott | Costa Rica | |
| Spathiphyllum barbourii Croat | Northern Peru, Ecuador | |
| Spathiphyllum bariense G.S.Bunting | Venezuela ( Amazon ) | |
| Spathiphyllum blandum Schott | Southeast Mexico to Nicaragua , Panama | |
| Spathiphyllum brent-berlinii Croat | Northern Peru, Ecuador | |
| Spathiphyllum brevirostre (Liebm.) Schott | Southeast Mexico, Belize | |
| Spathiphyllum buntingianum Croat | Northern Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum cannifolium ( Dryand. Ex Sims ) Schott | Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana , Northern Brazil, Ecuador, Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum (Liebm.) Engl. | Southeast Mexico to El Salvador | |
| Spathiphyllum commutatum Schott | Philippines, Palau, Indonesia (Sulawesi, Moluccas), Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands | |
| Spathiphyllum cuspidatum Schott | Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname , Northern Brazil | |
| Spathiphyllum diazii Croat | Northern Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum dressleri Croat & F.Cardona | Panama, Western Colombia | |
| Spathiphyllum floribundum ( Linden & André ) NEBr. | Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum friedrichsthalii Schott | Southeast Mexico, El Salvador to Ecuador | |
| Spathiphyllum fulvovirens Schott | Nicaragua to Colombia | |
| Spathiphyllum gardneri Schott | Brazil | |
| Spathiphyllum gracile G.S.Bunting | Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum grandifolium Engl. | Colombia, Ecuador | |
| Spathiphyllum grazielae L.B.Sm. | Brazil ( São Paulo ) | |
| Spathiphyllum humboldtii Schott | Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana , Ecuador, Peru, Northern Brazil | |
| Spathiphyllum jejunum G.S.Bunting | Venezuela (Amazon) | |
| Spathiphyllum juninense K. Krause | Ecuador, Peru, Western Brazil, Colombia (unsure) | |
| Spathiphyllum kalbreyeri G.S.Bunting | Panama, Colombia | |
| Spathiphyllum kochii Engl. & K.Krause | Venezuela, Colombia (unsure) | |
| Spathiphyllum laeve Engl. | El Salvador, Nicaragua to Ecuador, Coconut Island | |
| Spathiphyllum lanceifolium ( Jacq. ) Schott | Colombia, Venezuela | |
| Spathiphyllum lechlerianum Schott | Peru, Colombia (unsure) | |
| Spathiphyllum maguirei G.S.Bunting | Guyana, northwestern Brazil | perhaps with Spathiphyllum cuspidatum identical |
| Spathiphyllum matudae G.S.Bunting | Southeast Mexico to Honduras , Costa Rica, Panama | |
| Spathiphyllum mawarinumae G.S.Bunting | Venezuela (Amazon) | |
| Spathiphyllum minus G.S.Bunting | Colombia, Ecuador, Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum monachinoi G.S.Bunting | Venezuela ( Bolívar , Amazon) | 2 varieties |
| Spathiphyllum montanum ( RABaker ) Grayum | Costa Rica, Panama | |
| Spathiphyllum neblinae G.S.Bunting | Venezuela (Amazon), Northern Brazil | |
| Spathiphyllum ortgiesii rule | southeastern Mexico, Honduras | |
| Spathiphyllum patinii ( R.Hogg ) NEBr. | Panama, Colombia ( Antioquia ) | |
| Spathiphyllum patulinervum G.S.Bunting | Ecuador, Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum perezii G.S.Bunting | Colombia, northwestern Venezuela | |
| Spathiphyllum phryniifolium Schott | Southeast Mexico to Colombia | |
| Spathiphyllum pygmaeum Bogner | Ecuador | |
| Spathiphyllum quindiuense Engl. | Panama, Colombia, Peru | |
| Spathiphyllum schlechteri (Engl. & K. Krause) Nicolson | eastern New Guinea | |
| Spathiphyllum schomburgkii Schott | Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Northern Brazil | |
| Spathiphyllum silvicola R.A. Baker | Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia | |
| Spathiphyllum solomonense Nicolson | Solomon Islands | |
| Spathiphyllum tenerum Engl. | Colombia, Peru, Northern Brazil | |
| Spathiphyllum uspanapaense Matuda | eastern Mexico ( Veracruz ) | |
| Spathiphyllum wallisii rule | natural occurrence: Colombia, Venezuela | |
| Spathiphyllum wendlandii Schott | southeastern Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica to western Columbia |
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health
Spathiphyllum as a houseplant is considered to purify indoor air. The Spathiphyllum 'Mauna Loa' in particular purifies the air from benzene , formaldehyde , trichlorethylene , xylenes , toluene and ammonia . There are reports that Spathiphyllum is poisonous. There are also cases in which Spathiphyllum has caused severe allergies or the pollen has an allergic potential.
annotation
- ↑ Nicolson (1968) was certain in this regard - whether the spathe encloses the inflorescence - only with Spathiphyllum solomonense . Since he only knew Spathiphyllum worsei from herbarium specimens , where the assessment of this characteristic is difficult, he has left doubts about this species.
swell
- GS Bunting: A revision of Spathiphyllum (Araceae). In: Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 10 (3), 1960, pp. 1-53.
- F. Cardona: Synopsis of the genus Spathiphyllum (Araceae) in Colombia. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 91, 2004, pp. 448-456. (on-line)
- MH Grayum: Araceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. II: Gimnospermas y Monocotiledóneas (Agavaceae – Musaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-22-9 , pp. 59-200. On-line
Individual evidence
- ^ DH Nicolson: The genus Spathiphyllum in the east Malesian and west Pacific islands (Araceae). In: Blumea. 16, 1968, pp. 119-121.
- ^ Spathiphyllum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e F. Cardona: Synopsis of the genus Spathiphyllum (Araceae) in Colombia. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 91, 2004, pp. 448-456. (on-line)
- ↑ a b c d e f M. AN Coelho: Spathiphyllum. In: Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, August 30, 2011, accessed June 1, 2014 (Portuguese).
- ^ MH Grayum: Araceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. II: Gimnospermas y Monocotiledóneas (Agavaceae – Musaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-22-9 , p. 175. (online)
- ↑ GS Bunting: A revision of Spathiphyllum (Araceae). In: Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 10 (3), 1960, p. 40.
- ↑ HW Schott, S. Endlicher: Meletemata Botanica. Vienna 1832, p. 22. (online)
- ^ Spathiphyllum . In: ER Farr, G. Zijlstra (Ed.): Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum) . Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 1996 ( si.edu [accessed June 1, 2014]).
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 599.
- ↑ a b c d e f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Spathiphyllum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 17, 2018.
- ^ Spathiphyllum , Subsidiary Taxa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Spathiphyllum blandum , Herbarium evidence at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum , Herbarium documents at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Spathiphyllum laeve , Herbarium specimens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Spathiphyllum matudae , Herbarium evidence at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Spathiphyllum wendlandii , Herbarium documents at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 1, 2014.
- ↑ Article: Need an Air Freshener? Try plants
- ↑ Pottorff, L. Plants "Clean" Air Inside Our Homes. Colorado State University & Denver County Extension Master Gardener. 2010.
- ^ Wolverton, BC (1996) How to Grow Fresh Air . New York: Penguin Books.
- ^ Wolverton, BC and JD Wolverton. (1993). Plants and soil microorganisms: removal of formaldehyde, xylene, and ammonia from the indoor environment. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 38 (2), 11-15.
- ↑ GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium on the toxicity of single leaf (Spathiphyllum wallisii)
- ↑ Case of an allergy to Spathiphyllum ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ YD Cahen, M. Lundberg, B. Wuthrich: Indoor allergy to spathe flower (Spathiphyllum floribundum). In: Allergy. 52, 1997, p. 114, doi : 10.1111 / j.1398-9995.1997.tb02558.x .
Web links
- Spathiphyllum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 1, 2014.