Total reserve Mount Nimba

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Total reserve Mount Nimba
UNESCO world heritage UNESCO World Heritage Emblem
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve-108450.jpg
National territory: Ivory CoastIvory Coast Ivory Coast Guinea
Guinea-aGuinea 
Type: nature
Criteria : (ix) (x)
Surface: 18,000 ha
Reference No .: 155bis
UNESCO region : Africa
History of enrollment
Enrollment: 1981  ( session 5 )
Extension: 1982
Red list : since 1992
Map of Guinea with drawn Mont Nimba

The total reserve Berg Nimba (French: Réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba or La Réserve Naturelle Intégrale des Monts Nimba; English Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve ) is located in the triangle of Guinea , Liberia and the Ivory Coast in the Nimbabergen around Mont Richard-Molard and is about 17,740 hectares. The vegetation consists of primary rainforest of high grass areas and savannas . In addition to the endangered pygmy hippopotamus , many species of monkeys , buffalo and duiker can also be found here. There should also be some elephant herds . In 1981 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, although it has no fixed borders and does not have the status of a national park . It has been on the Red List of World Heritage in Danger since 1992 .

Conservation value

Overgrown by dense high-lying Guinean forest, this area is part of one of the richest and most endangered ecosystems in the world. The mountain is of great topographical diversity and of geological and biological interest with its diversity of habitats due to the interplay of forest and grassland, the differences in substrates, altitude, the microclimate and the resulting types of vegetation. It has a particularly rich flora and fauna with endemic species and is known as the Center of Plant Diversity . The park is located within a Conservation Hotspot designated by the CI , an Endemic Bird Area, and is one of the WWF's 200 freshwater ecoregions worldwide.

history

Nature reserve

In 1943, a nature reserve was set up as forêt classée in Ivory Coast , followed a year later by the establishment of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale in Guinea with an area of ​​17,130 ha, which included the Ivorian part. Mining was allowed in this nature reserve. In 1955 it was expanded by 2,160 hectares. It received the status of a biosphere reserve, which also included the Ivorian and Liberian part of Mont Nimba, in 1980. In 1981, the Guinean sector was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List , and in the following year the protected area expanded to include the Ivorian sector 19,290 ha. In 1992 it was put on the Red List of World Heritage in Danger due to the planned iron ore mining and a refugee invasion. In 1993 the size of the nature reserve was reduced to 17,749 hectares in order to exclude 1550 hectares of iron ore deposits, which had been included due to an error in 1981. Currently, the nature reserve in Guinea is 12,540 ha, while the nature reserve in Ivory Coast covers 5200 ha. The Déré Forest with 8920 hectares and the Bossou Hills with 320 hectares have been added to the 21,780 hectare core of the surrounding biosphere reserve. There are also very large buffer and transition zones.

administration

The Center de Gestion de l'Environnement des Monts Nimba (CEGEN) was founded in 1995 to administer the area, replacing direct management with the Ministry of Energy and the Environment . Two meetings between the three countries took place in 2001 and 2002, respectively, in order to improve cooperation across national borders. The park administration expanded in 2005 to the Simandou massif, was renamed CEGENS and moved from nearby Lola to the capital, Conakry . The Ivorian part is administered by the Direction des Parcs Nationaux et Réserves Analogues under the Ministry of Waters and Forests .

Geography and geology

The nature reserve is located 20 km from Lola in Guinea at 7 ° 32'N to 7 ° 44'N and 8 ° 20'W to 8 ° 30'W at an altitude of 450 to 1752 m. The highest point is the Mont Richard-Molard, which belongs to the Mont-Nimba mountain range. This is a 40 km long mountain ridge that leads from southwest to northwest. The northern 3/5 of these are in Guinea and Ivory Coast, while the rest are in Liberia. It is part of a mountain ridge that delimits Liberia and consists of Precambrian bedrock, mostly granite . Its grassy summit rises abruptly 1000 m above an almost flat surrounding glacis . The mountain range is a vivid example of erosion processes . The sharp relief of the mountains, with their grassy peaks, sloping slopes and the flat, open foot of the mountains, is formed by a ridge of iron quartzite that emerges from behind softer metamorphic rocks . Weathering also left a wide area of ​​hard iron quartzite protruding from eroded slate at the foot of the mountains and granite or gneiss . This crust over the entire glacis of the western and northern parts of the foot of the mountains results in very barren soils, usually lithosol ( skeletal soil ) if any. These soil conditions explain the treeless, grassy peaks as well as the savannah zone at 500 to 550 m around the mountains above the height at which dense forest grows. The Nimbaberge have a great topographical diversity with valleys, plateaus , rounded mountain peaks, rocky peaks, precipitous cliffs , waterfalls and bare granite blocks. The entire area is a huge water catchment area and reservoir . In the mountains arise 32 tributaries of the Cavally (or Diougou) and the Ya (also Nuon or Mami river in Liberia), which cut deep, richly forested valleys. The Liberian southern two-fifths of the mountain are exposed and their bauxite and iron ore deposits are extensively exploited. Unfortunately for its conservation, the quartzite that lies beneath the mountain range, particularly beneath the northernmost peaks of Pierré Rechaud and Mont Sempéré, contains an estimated 600 million tons of high quality 66% iron ore bearing rock. Three headwaters of the Diougou, the Zougue, the Zie and the Gouan, arise in the area in which ore can be mined.

climate

Mont Nimba has a subequatorial Montan climate (montane means from the highlands under the subalpine zone), which is subject to various influences. The southern end of the mountain range experiences the southwestern monsoons from the ocean and the northern end dry northwestern harmattan winds from the desert. In addition to seasonal changes, the climate changes with altitude and along the length of the area, including rain shadows , noticeable temperature variations throughout the day and a persistent daily cloud cover above around 950 m contribute to this. The following builds on data from the Liberian sector. The average minimum and maximum temperatures recorded are 14 ° C and 30 ° C and 17 ° C and 23 ° C on the peaks. The mean annual precipitation is around 3000 mm, but varies with the height from around 1750 mm at the foot of the mountains (1430 mm at the northern end) to around 3300 mm on the peaks and it should also be noted that the precipitation is on the sea facing slopes is larger than on the north facing slopes in the rain shadow. The wettest months are usually April to November (May to November on the peaks). There is marked fluctuation, but rainfall is usually heaviest from August to October. January is the driest month with an average rainfall of 20mm. The relative humidity in the morning is 94% to 99%, in the afternoon it drops to 70–80%. A mean minimum of 18% is recorded for January and February, when dry, often heavily dusted winds blow from the desert. During most of the year, except in the dry season, a dense cloud cover develops daily above 850 m and covers half the mountain. Schnell and Adam provide detailed information on the climate.

vegetation

Mont Nimba lies between the tropical forest and the West African savanna zone. It is part of an archipelago of peaks and plateaus, a secluded refuge covered by Guinean montane forest at a higher altitude , which rises steeply above undulating lowland forest plains . It is known as WWF - / IUCN - Center of Plant Diversity mainly for its forests, although its endemic peculiarity is in the montane grassland zone. There are over 2000 species of vascular plants , 16 of which are considered strictly endemic to the region; they were described by Adam. The three main types of vegetation in the area are high-altitude grassland with remnants of highland forest , savannah at the foot of the mountain from 550 to 600 m with gallery forest between 1000 m and 1600 m and primary forest in the foothills between 600 m and 1000 m, all of which have a great variety Have plants. The unique high-altitude grassland or montane savannah occurs naturally and is dominated by Loudetia kagerensis on the peaks. Endemic of are Spleenwort Asplenium schnellii , the black mouth greenhouse Osbeckia porteresii and the heather plant Blaeria nimbana , moreover, also belonging to the legume belonging nimbaensis Dolichos and the spurge -Art Euphorbia depauperata (only on the mountain and in Ethiopia discoverable). Woody plants such as Protea occidentalis, which is endemic to the region, grow on the slopes . The savannah at the foot of the mountain is uneven and varies according to its degree of lateritization and overall development; in some places it is swampy, overlying rocks. It forms the basis of life for a great variety of herbaceous communities. Beyond these savannas, a wide plain is covered with lowland forest. The remains of mining forest are suitable from Myrtaceae - species to be dominated and the highest valleys of the tree fern Cyathula cylindrica or Cyathula mannii . The savannah is broken through by gallery forests that extend in gorges between 1000 m and 1600 m. At around 900 m there is a sudden change to submontane mountain rainforest and above 1000 m Parinari excelsa prevails , and Syzygium montanum and Gaertnera spp. in front. In these cloud forests above 1200 m there are plenty of lianas, epiphytes , ferns , club moss plants , lichens , mushrooms and mosses . Here are 101 orchid species, including endemic, Rhipidoglossum paucifolium , before. Drier, semi- deciduous forests at medium elevations with trees such as Triplochiton scleroxylon , Piptadeniastrum africanum, and Parkia bicolor can be found at the northern end of the mountain range on the slopes more exposed to the drying winds from the desert. They are rarer than rainforests because of agricultural pressures and some of the dry forest species have disappeared from many areas. The dense, moist, predominantly primary lowland forest is located at the foot of the mountain and in lower valleys, especially in the south, between 550 m and 900 m. The predominant species are Lophira alata , Heritiera utilis , Mapania spp., Chlorophora regia , Morus mesozygia and Terminalia ivorensis . Secondary forest can be found where the land has been burned . Downsizing and degradation of the area through mining could also lead to an invasion of alien herbs and a decrease in the number of species that need an undisturbed environment to reproduce.

fauna

Over 500 new animal species have been discovered in the Mont Nimba nature reserve and in the past more than 200 endemic species have been found at the Liberian end of Mont Nimba. 317 vertebrate species of an extraordinarily large variety due to the many habitats formed by the overlapping grasslands and forests and a great variety of microclimatic niches are recorded.

Mammals

Many rare species of rodents and bats can be found in the nature reserve , including the oil palm squirrel Protoxerus stangeri , the white-toothed shrew Crocidura nimbae and Crocidura obscurior ( endangered ), the round-leaf nosed hipposideros marisae (endangered) and the red-toothed squirrel anomalofturus . There are also small populations of primates such as the American American cat ( Cercopithecus diana ) (endangered), the red colobus monkey Piliocolobus badius (endangered), the white-bearded colobus monkey ( Colobus polykomos ), the potto ( Perodicticus potto ), to a lesser extent the Senegal-Galago ( Galago senegalensis ) and the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes verus (endangered; around 300 in 1995), which are direct neighbors of the tool-using population in Bossou. Other mammals include the tree pangolin ( Manis tricuspis ), probably the giant pangolin ( Manis gigantea ) and the long-tailed pangolin ( Manis tetradactyla ), beyond the cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus , the aonyx Aonyx capensis and less micropotamogale Micropotamogale lamottei (high risk) a new genus, which was discovered on the Mont Nimba, the African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ), the civet Viverra civetta , the genet genetta maculata , genetta servalina and the rare genetta johnstoni , the sanguineus Herpestes , the lion ( Panthera leo ) (risk) , the leopard ( Panthera pardus ) and the African golden cat ( Profelis aurata ) (endangered). There are also populations of the rock sliver ( Procavia capensis ) and the tree slipper ( Dendrohyrax dorsalis ); Also the brush ear pig ( Potamochoerus porcus ), the desert warts pig ( phacochoerus aethiopicus ), the bush bracket ( Tragelaphus scriptus ), the Schwarzduckers Cephalophus niger , the Schwarzrückenduckers ( Cephalophus dorsalis ), the Maxwellduckers ( Cephalophus maxwelli ) and the forest buffalo ( Syncerus caffer nanus ). Many of these are prey for the growing number of leopards. The pygmy hippo ( Choeropsis liberiensis ) (endangered) was no longer declared discoverable 1998 by Lamotte for on the mountain, but in 2007 it was at the UNESCO - listed / IUCN report as present.

Birds

The reserve lies within an endemic bird area. Its diverse avifauna reflects the diversity of topographical and climatic conditions. Some rare endemic bird species are found, especially in the different forest types. 72 species have been recorded as resident, but this number is small in relation to the possible occurrence in the reserve. Among other things, these are the almost endemic stalksinger- like Prinia leontica (endangered), the cinnamon pigeon ( Columba larvata ), the red-backed fish owl ( Scotopelia ussheri ) (endangered), the lobed cuckoo shrike ( Campephaga lobata ) (endangered), the white-throated bulbus ( Criniger olivaceus ) (compromised), the yellow-headed Felshüpfer ( Picathartes gymnocephalus ) (compromised), the Marulaschnäpper ( Melaenornis annamarulae ) (compromised), the gray wing Rötel ( Cossypha polioptera ) (compromised), the short-tailed apalis ( Apalis sharpii ) and the Bülbül Bleda eximia (endangered). The birds of the Liberian Nimbaberge were described in detail by Colston & Curry-Lindahl in 1986.

More wildlife

The forests contain more than 10 species of reptiles and amphibians including the West African toad Bufo superciliaris and the frogs Kassina lamottei and Arthroleptis crusculum . The most notable species is the viviparous toad Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis (critically endangered), which occurs in montane grasslands at altitudes between 1200 and 1600 meters and is one of the few tailless, only viviparous amphibians in the world. Half of the population is found in the proposed mining area. Nimbaphrynoides liberiensis (critically endangered), also found on Mont Nimba, shares with it the characteristic of adapting to particularly dry conditions. The Nimba mountain reed frog ( Hyperolius nimbae ) only inhabits the southwestern foot of the mountain in Ivory Coast. First described in 1958, not a single specimen has been sighted since 1967 and it was suspected that it was already extinct until it was rediscovered by an expedition in 2010.

Fish are plentiful with 15 families and 22 genera , especially below 500 m. In addition, 2500 non-vertebrate species are recorded, which are represented in the highlands by snails and many butterfly and insect species of the families Carabidae ( ground beetles ), Gryllidae ( real crickets ), Acrididae ( field locusts ) and Forficulidae ( earwigs ), of which there are over 20 endemic to the massif .

People in the nature reserve

Local human population

There have probably never been any settlements on the mountains that have been partially sheltered from the fear of resident ghosts, but in the lower elevations there is evidence in the vegetation of earlier settlements that have since become overgrown. There are ten nearby existing villages with a few thousand inhabitants, mostly farmers. Since 1991 the population pressure has increased due to the flow of refugees from Liberia. Since the mining industry requires labor, it will attract large numbers of immigrants.

Prehistory and early history

The mountain is of some interest to prehistoric archeology as stone tools and hewn fragments of ammonites have been found under a rock roof at Blandé at the north end.

Visitors and sightseeing opportunities

Tourism is prohibited within the strict nature reserve, but it is allowed in organized groups within the biosphere reserve.

Science and Research

The mountain is one of the best studied areas in Africa. It has been well researched in terms of taxonomy and the geological , botanical and zoological inventories (except for birds) have been completed. A summary of the natural history of the Nimba Mountains in Guinea, Ivory Coast and Liberia was published in 1972, a bibliography and other studies in 1986. Descriptions of previous work on the Liberian Nimba Mountains were published in 1965, 1968 and 1969. The most important single work is probably that of 1971-1983 on flora, while the Guinean and Ivorian parts of the Nimbaberge became known through a number of publications. The most important works deal with geography (1955) and montane vegetation (1952), and a lot has been written about fauna. The government has organized a variety of missions and training consultations together with UNESCO to pinpoint the problems of ecosystem protection. These missions have increased knowledge of the fauna, flora and soil conditions. At the same time, researchers from Guinea's universities and the Institute of Primatology, Kyoto University, were studying the tool-using chimpanzees in nearby Bossou. Over 500 new species have been described or reported, including some mammals such as a new genus of otter shrews, over ten amphibians and reptiles, various fish and arthropods , particularly centipedes and harvestmen, and molluscs . In addition, high grasslands were studied in terms of vegetation and primates and meteorological data were recorded.

There are six patrol stations in the reserve that are used to monitor various environmental parameters. Since 1954, the Bossou Environmental Research Institute (IREB) and the Nimba Scientific Station in Ziela have continued scientific surveys in the area. The Institut Français pour l'Afrique Noire (IFAN) field research station is located on the northern tip of the massif and has a long record of published research. It is currently being reinstated by UNESCO. In Liberia, the Nimba Research Laboratory has been operating under the protection of the IUCN Nimba Research Committee since 1963, with LAMCO (Liberian-American Minerals Company) being a co-founder. Despite all of these individual studies, there is a lack of data for the entire area. The mining company has therefore started detailed mapping with the help of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris and others, climatic monitoring with the Met Office , sociological and economic studies and inventories of flora and fauna. Some international researchers in the fields of biology, ecology , geography, primatology and meteorology are interested in the field. With approved opportunities, scientific research on Mont Nimba could form the basis for a tropical ecology station of international importance.

Maintenance management

The mountain's great biological wealth has been the subject of strict protection since 1944, but the legal justification for this depends less on its nature reserve status than on its designation as a Biosphere Reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 1995 the responsibility for the administration of the area changed from the direct control by the Ministry for Energy and the Environment to the center for the environmental administration of the Mont Nimba, Center de Gestion de l'Environnement des Monts Nimba (CEGEN), since 2005 also responsible as CEGENS for the Simandou massif. This is responsible for all environmental and legal issues, for monitoring water quality, for supplemented land development and socio-economic studies. Although forests and animals are protected by a 1999 presidential resolution, the legal status of the area, the mining enclave and the buffer zones remain unclear. Strict protection, management, fauna sanctuaries and hunting are stipulated for the animals. The Mont Nimba pilot project, funded by UNESCO, UNDP , the World Bank and the Japanese government, created an administrative plan for the biosphere reserve in 1995, but the administrative plan for the World Heritage Site is still missing . The biosphere reserve was enlarged in 1993 to include the Déré forest and the Bossou hills, but the boundaries of these two core zones and the buffer zones are inadequate and a management strategy and operational funds are still needed. Meanwhile, the intention was to mine the large iron ore deposits of the mountain as soon as possible. As early as 1978 there was a 20-volume study of the feasibility of mining high-grade ore under the northern peaks, Pierré Rechaud and Mt.Sempéré, although it was always the intention to use part of the profit for the reintegration of the mining area and the preservation of the reserve to use. From 1989 to 1991, UNDP, UNESCO and the Guinean government studied the effects of open pit mining and agriculture on the area, including research to complete knowledge of its extremely rich ecosystems with measures to monitor and protect them. This was the basis for a 1991 plan for a transition zone of 160,000 ha, which was to encompass the entire Guinean part of the Cavally River basin. The government at the time admitted that it had made a mistake in defining the boundaries at the time of the nomination for the World Heritage Site and that the area proposed for mining was not part of the reserve. She accepted the proposal of an expert delegation to correct the border to ensure the completeness of the nature reserve. Mining was not economically feasible, but a reduction in the size of the World Heritage Site by 4530 hectares was accepted with permission to mine in order to preserve the rest of the property. In 1990 the EURONIMBA consortium, now part of BHP Billiton , began looking for iron ore in the allocated land again, as did the Société des Minerais de Fer de Guinée (SMFG).

In 1999 it was recommended to invest money to protect the nature reserve in front of the proposed adjacent mine. A program supported by GEF , UNDP, UNESCO and FFI , Conservation of the Biodiversity of the Nimba Mountains through Integrated and Participatory Management, was supported on a large scale by sponsors. This project is responsible for environmental and legal issues, monitoring the area's water quality, socio-economic studies and integrated land development. The Company is committed to increasing the region's economic growth in a manner that respects the reserve for the next 25 years while the mine at Pierré Richaud operates. GEF and USAID are backing this to help control water pollution from the mine and stop extracting 50 million tons of high iron ore. Three village surveillance committees have been established to persuade hunters to join the wildlife surveillance efforts. In 2001 and 2002, meetings of the three countries Guinea, Ivory Coast and Liberia to improve cooperation across national borders and to agree on joint management strategies with clear boundaries, relationships with the surrounding communities and fundraising were funded by UNESCO, the Rio Tinto Group and IUCN Netherlands and by Flora & Fauna International, Conservation International and BirdLife International organized with other NGOs . An UNDP / GEF project was set up to provide guidelines for integrated management and to support services for building local capacity, developing an integrated project and establishing a tri-national Mount Nimba Foundation . The Ivory Coast, which is financed independently of the World Bank and EEU, could not join this. But in 2002 Liberia joined the agreement, cross-border cooperation improved, and the WHC pushed the differences between Guinea and Ivory Coast over the Deré-Tiapleu tree line. These issues have not yet been resolved as the Ivorian government has lost control of its territory.

staff

In 2005 there were 25 permanent employees in addition to the director in charge of patrols and surveillance, community development and conservation, but in 2007 there was a move from nearby Lola to Conakry 1000 km away. The number of park attendants is unknown, but not sufficient and their equipment is sparse.

Threats

The main threats to the area are the mine, civil war refugees, poaching , deforestation , fire, encroachment by grazing cattle, inadequate management and funding, and the Ivory Coast's unwillingness to cooperate across national borders. The situation in the buffer zone is worse. In 2002, refugees from the Liberian Civil War poured into Guinea into the World Heritage Site and destabilized the area. From 2002 to 2003 the civil unrest in Ivory Coast led to the suspension of activities in this part of the park, negotiations between the three countries and NGO activities (UNESCO, 2003). The growing population's urge for forest resources resulted in constant poaching ( bushmeat ) and big game hunting, both by residents and refugees from Liberia, the Ivory Coast and Guinea. Habitat degradation, mainly from slash and burn agriculture and other fires started by farmers to gain pasture and logging to gain land, is another serious threat. In the dry season, hundreds of grazing cattle invade the park. Until 2001, linguistic, cultural, administrative and economic differences between the three countries, together with the civil dispute in 2000, prevented any effective cross-border action. The degradation of the buffer and transition zones through encroachments and deforestation continues and the park in Ivory Coast has passed from government control to the hands of the rebels, its infrastructure and equipment have been looted and its maintenance has been suspended. Nevertheless, it is reported that the natural wealth has survived there (UNESCO, 2006). The other main threat is mining. From the 1950s onwards, it caused enormous destruction in the East Nimba and West Nimba National Forests in the Liberian part of the reserve until the ore deposits were exhausted in 1989. The current World Heritage Site excludes both the Liberian part of the mountain, disfigured by previous bauxite mining and heavy poaching, and part of the northern end in Guinea. At the northern end of the mountains roads, wells and mine shafts have been built since 1975, and workshops and municipalities have been set up in the area that was a Strict Nature Reserve in 1944 .

A plan from 1990 intended to mine deposits on the last 300 meters of the hills in the center of the Guinean part. Over 6,000 hectares are affected and 800 hectares at the Pierré-Richaud mine will be destroyed. These cover a mine area of ​​197 ha, which produces an estimated 300 million tons of iron ore with an annual production of 12 million tons of ore and 80 million tons of overburden . Hundreds of square meters of soil have been cleared over large areas and erosion is a concern. The water for several miles is polluted, mostly from ferrous rock debris. CEGEN's institutional structure, administration and resources are insufficient to cope with the necessary surveillance and patrol. It was hoped that the impact on the environment would be reduced by using existing infrastructure in Liberia such as the railway to the deep water port in Buchanan . The companies BHP Billiton and EURONIMBA committed themselves to controlling water pollution and minimizing the presence of mining communities within the park. A study examining the best way to rehabilitate the mining zones as man-made parks was proposed. If the hunt were closely controlled, the two areas could serve as buffer zones for the World Heritage Site . The disturbance could nonetheless trigger an invasion of the reserve by exotic species. These threats resulted in the area being added to the Red List of World Heritage in Danger in 1992. The EURONIMBA consortium, now BHP Billiton, began researching iron ore again within the assigned land. In 2003, they cited that their newly assigned land was ten years away from shipping the ore out of the mine, which would add 30 years to the work. A 14 km approaching road was built in 2005 without consulting CEGEN, and park rangers were withdrawn from the society town. The company promised an indication of the impact of the work on the environment and an inventory of the fauna and flora on their land before mining began.

budget

The Nimba Mountains nature reserve is almost entirely financed by international projects. Between 1982 and 1997 gave World Heritage Fund nearly 350,000 dollars for conservation projects and equipment from. In 2000, an UNDP / GEF project funded by WHF and GEF awarded $ 6 million to a $ 8 million development program for the preservation and preservation of the park (UNESCO, 2001); In 2001, WHF gave $ 30,000 to a biodiversity project (UNESCO, 2002). In 2001/2002 two trinational meetings and reports were funded by the WHC, the Rio Tinto Group and the Dutch IUCN committee. In 2003, WHF gave US $ 30,000 and FFI US $ 10,000 to CEGEN to help mitigate the impact of refugee invasions in Guinea in general and in the Deré Forest. In 2004, FFI awarded US $ 50,000 to promote collaborative management in the biosphere reserve. To support the program Conservation of the Biodiversity of the Nimba Mountains through Integrated and Participatory Management , GEF donated 3,650,000 US dollars, UNDP 1,650,000 US dollars and FFI 200,000 US dollars, a total of 5,500,000 US dollars (UNESCO, 2006). SMFG is expected to contribute $ 500,000 annually to the project as activities in the area have begun to be profitable.

literature

  • Wally and Horst Hagen: The African national parks as habitats for elephants. In: Vitus B. Dröscher : Save the elephants of Africa. Quickly u. Röhring, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-89136-291-9 , p. 214.

further reading

  1. ↑ a b R. Schnell: Vegétation et flore de la région montagneuse du Nimba. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 22, 1952, pp. 1-604.
  2. ↑ a b c J. Adam: Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba. Vols. 1-6. Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 1971-1983, B. 20, pp. 1-527, 22, pp. 529-908.
  3. ^ A b P. Colston, K. Curry-Lindahl: The Birds of Mount Nimba, Liberia. (= Publication No. 982). British Museum (Natural History), London 1986.
  4. ^ K. Curry-Lindahl, J. Harroy: National Parks of the World . Vol. 2, New York 1972.
  5. ^ M. Coe, K. Curry-Lindahl: Ecology of a mountain: first report on Liberian Nimba. In: Oryx. 8, 1965, pp. 177-184.
    K. Curry-Lindahl: Biological investigations of the Nimba Range, Liberia. In: IUCN Bulletin. New Series. 17, 1965, p. 7.
    K. Curry-Lindahl: Activities of the Nimba Research Committee. In: IUCN Bulletin. 2, 1968, p. 1.
    K. Curry-Lindahl: Research and conservation of wildlife in Liberia. In: LAMCO News. 3, 1969, pp. 5-8.
  6. ↑ J. Leclerc, M. Lamotte, J. Richard-Molard, G. Rougerie, P. Porteres: La Réserve Naturelle Intégrale du Mont Nimba. La chaine du Nimba: essai geographique. Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 43, 1955, pp. 1-256.
  7. ^ J. Guibé, M. Lamotte: La réserve intégrale du Mont Nimba, 12. Batraciens. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 53, 1958, pp. 241-273.
    R. Laurent: La réserve intégrale du Mont Nimba, 13. Les rainettes du genre Hyperolius. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 53, 1958, pp. 275-299.
    H. Heim de Balsac: La réserve intégrale du Mont Nimba, 14. Mammiferes, Insectivores. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 53, 1958, pp. 301-337.
    H. Heim de Balsac, M. Lamotte: La réserve intégrale du Mont Nimba, 15. Mammiferes rongeurs (Muscardinides et Murides). In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 53, 1958, pp. 339-357.
    J. Guibé, M. Lamotte: La réserve intégrale du Mont Nimba, 27. Batraciens du genre Phrynobatrachus. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 66, 1963, pp. 601-627.
    V. Aellen: La Réserve Intégrale du Mont Nimba, 29. Chiroptères. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 66, 1963, pp. 629-639.
    F. Angel, J. Guibé, M. Lamotte: La reserve integrale du Mont Nimba, 31st Lézards. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 40, 1954, pp. 371-380.
    F. Angel, J. Guibé, M. Lamotte: La Reserve Integrale du Mont Nimba, 32nd Serpents. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire. 40, 1954, pp. 381-402.
    M. Lamotte: Observations écologiques sur les populations naturelles de Nectophrynoides occidentalis (Fam. Bufonidés). In: Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 93, 1959, pp. 355-413.
    M. Lamotte, F. Xavier: Recherches sur le développement embryonnaire de Nectophrynoides occidentalis Angel, amphibian anoure vivipare. 1. Anns. Embryol. Morphogen. 5, 1972, pp. 315-340.
  8. ↑ M. Lamotte: Problèmes de la Protection et de la Gestion de la Réserve du Nimba. Rapport de mission, Division des sciences écologiques, UNESCO, 1983.
    J. Pascual, F. Soumah, S. Coumbassa, I. Traore, D. Kabala: Rapport de la Mission menée en République de Guinée, 1988. Division des Sciences Écologiques, UNESCO, 1988.
    D. Pascual, F. Soumah, A. Coumbassa, D. Kabala: Rapport de la Mission menée en Guinée, 1989. Division des Sciences Écologiques, UNESCO 1989.
  9. ↑ M. Lamotte: Problèmes de la Protection et de la Gestion de la Réserve du Nimba. Rapport de mission, Division des sciences écologiques, UNESCO, 1983.
  10. ↑ A. Fournier: Quelques données quantitatives sur les formations herbacées d'altitude des monts Nimba (Ouest africain). In: Bulletin du Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle. 4e series 9, section B, Adansonia 2, 1987, pp. 153-166.
    R. Schnell: Les formations herbeuses montagnardes des monts Nimba (Ouest africain). In: Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 4e série, 9 section B, Adansonia. 2, 1987, pp. 137-151.
  11. ^ Y. Sugiyama: Tool-using and -making behavior in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. In: Primates. 20, 1981, pp. 513-524.
    Y. Sugiyama: Population dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, between 1976 and 1983. In: Primates. 25, 1984, pp. 391-400.
    Y. Sugiyama: A ten-year summary of population dynamics for chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. In: P. Heltne, L. Marquardt (Ed.): Understanding Chimpanzees. Chicago Academy of Science, 1990.
    Y. Sugiyama, J. Koman: Social structure and dynamics of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. In: Primates. 20, 1979, pp. 323-339.
    Y. Sugiyama, J. Koman: A preliminary list of chimpanzees alimentation at Bossou, Guinea. In: Primates. 28, 1987, pp. 391-400.
    Y. Sugiyama, J. Koman, W. Sow: Ant-catching wands of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea. In: Folia Primatol. 51, 1988, pp. 56-60.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b IUCN / WWF: Centers of Plant Diversity: a Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. IUCN-WWF Plants Conservation Program / IUCN Threatened Plants Unit, 1988.
  2. ↑ Peter Göbel: The natural heritage of mankind. Landscapes and natural treasures under the protection of UNESCO . Frederking and Thaler, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-89405-512-X , Nimbaberge, p. 54-55 .
  3. ↑ Document 102262 (map of the scope). UNESCO, 1993, p. 1 , accessed April 3, 2011 (French).
  4. ↑ a b c M. Lamotte: The undermining of Mount Nimba. In: Ambio . 12, 1983, pp. 174-179.
  5. ↑ M. Coe: Mammalian ecological studies on Mount Nimba, Liberia. In: Mammalia. 39, 1975, pp. 523-587.
  6. ^ P. Colston, K. Curry-Lindahl: The Birds of Mount Nimba, Liberia. (= Publication No. 982). British Museum (Natural History), London 1986.
  7. ^ F. White: The Vegetation of Africa, a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the UNESCO / AETFAT / UNSO Vegetation map on Africa . UNESCO, Paris 1983.
  8. ^ J. Wilson: The Mount Nimba World Heritage Nomination (1991). Evaluation of Site Characteristics Against the Criteria for Inclusion on the World Heritage List . Report for IUCN, 1991.
  9. ↑ a b A. Lebbie: Guinean Montane Forests (ATO 114) . Draft report to WWF, 2001.
  10. ^ A b M. Lamotte: Problèmes de la Protection et de la Gestion de la Réserve du Nimba . Rapport de mission, Division des sciences écologiques, UNESCO, 1983.
  11. ↑ Curry-Lindahl, pers. Comm. 1987.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f UNESCO / IUCN: Rapport de Mission Conjointe de Suivi Réactif UNESCO / IUCN a la Réserve Naturelle Intégrale des Monts Nimba, République de Guinée . Paris 2007.
  13. ↑ L. Fishpool, M. Evans (Eds.): Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated islands. Priority Sites for Conservation . Pisces, Newbury / BirdLife International, Cambridge UK, 2001.
  14. ^ Richard Black: 'Lost' frogs found after decades. BBC News, Science and Environment, September 22, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
  15. ↑ M. Lamotte (ed.): Le Mont Nimba. Réserve Biosphere et Site du Patrimoine Mondial (Guinée et Côte d'Ivoire) . UNESCO, Paris 1998.
  16. ^ Direction Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique. 1995.
  17. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Mount Nimba (Guinea) World Heritage Site . Mission Report, Paris 1993.
  18. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Report on the 23rd Session of the Committee . Paris 2000.
  19. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Report on the 22nd Session of the Committee . Paris 1999.
  20. ^ M. Toure, J. Suter: Initiating a Tri-national Program for the Integrated Conservation of the Nimba Mountains . Workshop Report of the 1st Trinational Meeting, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea and Liberia, Man, Côte d'Ivoire. Sponsored by Fauna & Flora International, Conservational International and BirdLife International 2001.
    M. Toure, J. Suter: Initiating a Tri-national Program for the Integrated Conservation of the Nimba Mountains . Workshop Report of the 2nd Trinational Meeting, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea and Liberia, N'Zerekore, Guinea. Sponsored by Fauna & Flora International, Conservational International and BirdLife International, 2002.
  21. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Report on the 24th Session of the Committee . Paris 2001.
  22. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Report on the 25th Session of the Committee . Paris 2002.
  23. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Report on the 27th Session of the Committee . Paris 2003.
  24. ↑ a b UNESCO World Heritage Committee: Report on the 30th Session of the Committee . Paris 2006.
  25. ^ S. Droop: Mt. Nimba. A Draft Description of the Flora and Conservation Status of Mt. Nimba . Report for IUCN, 1986.
  26. ^ IUCN: Report on the State of Conservation of Natural and Mixed Sites Inscribed on the World Heritage List . Gland, Switzerland 2003.

Coordinates: 7 ° 36 ′ 11 "  N , 8 ° 23 ′ 28"  W.