Class T submarine (Royal Navy)

T class
HMS Trespasser on September 23, 1942
Overview
Type	Submarine
units	53
Shipyard	Cammell Laird (Birkenhead) Chatham Dockyard (Chatham) Devonport Dockyard (Plymouth) Portsmouth Dockyard (Portsmouth) Scotts SB & Eng. (Greenock) Vickers-Armstrongs (Barrow-in-Furness)
1. Period of service
period of service	1938-1975
Technical specifications
Details of the type boat
displacement	surfaced: 1330  tn.l. submerged: 1585 tn.l.
length	84.20 m
width	8.11 m
Draft	3.60 m
Diving depth	90 m
crew	62 men
drive	Diesel engines : 2500  HP (1864  kW ) Electric motors : 1450 HP (1081 kW)
speed	surfaced: 15.25  kn (28  km / h ) submerged: 8.75 kn (16 km / h)
Range	popped up: 8000  NM (14,816 km) at 10 kn submerged: 80 NM (148 km) at 4 kn
Armament	10 × 533 mm torpedo tubes 16 torpedoes or 18 sea ​​mines 1 × 102 mm deck gun L / 40 3 × .303 ″ - MG

The T-class was a class of ocean - submarines of the British Royal Navy in World War II and later. T-class boats were also used by the Dutch , Australian and Israeli navies .

The first unit entered service in 1938. The last sea-going submarine in the class was decommissioned in Israel in 1975.

Development and construction

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Royal Navy requested the construction of a new class of ocean-going submarines. The projected class of ships was intended to replace the submarines of the O , P and R classes, which are prone to failure .

The Admiralty required a sea endurance of at least 42 days and a strong armament. As a result of the London Fleet Conference of 1930 , Great Britain still had 16,500  ts of tonnage available for the construction of new submarines. In order to be able to build as many boats as possible with the permitted tonnage, the boats were designed smaller than their predecessors.

The construction of a prototype was commissioned with the 1935 naval construction program at Vickers-Armstrong. The HMS Triton was launched the following year, launched in 1937 and entered service on November 9, 1938. The new development was superior to its predecessors in terms of armament, diving depth, safety and mobility. Due to the lower tonnage, however, the diesel drive was less efficient, which led to a lower surface speed.

The prototype was followed by 14 other slightly modified and somewhat smaller units from the first batch , which were put into service until 1942.

In the test phase, the HMS Thetis sank on June 1, 1939 during a test drive in the River Mersey . The accident cost 99 lives. The wreck was later lifted, repaired, and put into service in 1940 under the name HMS Thunderbolt .

Shortly after the beginning of the war, the second construction lot was commissioned. Between 1939 and 1942, seven more submarines, almost identical to the first construction lot, were built and put into service.

Between 1941 and 1945, 31 upgraded boats of the third construction lot were built. The construction of two more units was interrupted in 1945, even though they had already been launched. Nine other construction contracts were canceled before the end of the war, as the first submarines of the further developed A-class had been commissioned.

Shipyards

The submarines were built at six shipyards in England and Scotland .

Shipyard	Lot 1	Lot 2	Lot 3	total
Cammell Laird in Birkenhead (England)	4th	3		7th
Chatham Dockyard ( Chatham Naval Yard ) in Chatham, England	2		4th	6th
Devonport Dockyard ( Devonport Naval Shipyard ) in Plymouth (England)			4th	4th
Portsmouth Dockyard ( Portsmouth Naval Shipyard ) in Portsmouth (England)			2	2
Scott's Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. in Greenock (Scotland)	3	2	1	6th
Vickers-Armstrong in Barrow-in-Furness (England)	6th	2	20th	28
	15th	7th	31	53

Active units

At the beginning of the war, the Royal Navy only had three T-class units. However, new units were continuously added, so that the number rose to ten submarines by the time the fighting in Norway took place .

By the summer of 1941, inflows and losses were balanced, so that the number of submarines stagnated at ten to twelve units. From 1942 the first submarines ordered in wartime were put into service and the number of units slowly increased despite the losses in the Mediterranean. In 1942, seven submarines were put into service while five were lost. In 1943 the ratio was also seven to five.

After the Allied victories in the Mediterranean, the loss rate sank significantly, so that the number of active units rose steadily until the end of the war. In 1944 ten submarines were put into service and not a single one was lost. In 1945 there was only one loss of battle. Between 1945 and the summer of 1947, all of the remaining boats in the first two assemblies were scrapped and the last units in the third assembly were put into service at the same time. The boats of the third assembly remained in active service. At the beginning of the 1960s, the now obsolete class began to be retired.

January 1, 1939 1 July 1, 1939 2 September 1, 1939 3 January 1, 1940 7th April 9, 1940 10 July 1, 1940 10 January 1, 1941 10

June 22, 1941 12 July 1, 1941 12 December 7, 1941 15th January 1, 1942 15th July 1, 1942 15th November 8, 1942 16 January 1, 1943 17th

July 1, 1943 16 July 10, 1943 16 January 1, 1944 19th June 6, 1944 24 July 1, 1944 25th January 1, 1945 29 May 8, 1945 32

July 1, 1945 32 August 15, 1945 33 January 1, 1946 32 January 1, 1947 31 January 1, 1948 29 January 1, 1952 26th January 1, 1957 24

January 1, 1961 23 January 1, 1962 21st January 1, 1963 18th January 1, 1964 15th January 1, 1965 14th January 1, 1966 13

Constructive features

The saddle tank boats had a classic diesel-electric drive consisting of two diesel motors for overwater travel and two electric motors for diving. The submarines of the first two assemblies carried a fuel quantity of 130 ts of diesel. In many of the boats of the third subassembly, part of the diving cells served as an additional fuel bunker, so that the supply could be increased to 230 ts. These submarines, designed for use in Asia, could travel up to 11,000 nautical miles when surfaced and had increased sea endurance. The mission record was set by HMS Tantalus with an autonomous patrol of 56 days.

Since the designers feared a negative impact on the magnetic compass , the complete command tower and the periscopes of British submarines of this time were made of bronze . This made the periscopes three to five meters shorter than the steel constructions of the other large navies that relied on gyrocompasses . Due to the lower periscope depth, the submarines were higher than German, Japanese or American boats when using the periscope. This made them harder to maneuver and increased the risk of them breaking through the surface unintentionally. In addition, the non-magnetic construction was at the expense of the immersion depth, because the higher weight of the control center had to be compensated for by a lighter pressure body .

While the first units still had a riveted pressure hull, the majority of the third construction lot was completely electrically welded , which increased the maximum diving depth from 90 m to 110 m, but still lagged far behind the diving performance of comparable German submarines. For comparison, the German Type VII C / 42 boats had a guaranteed diving depth of 200 m by the shipyard and a calculated theoretical depth of destruction of 400 m.

All boats were equipped with active and passive acoustic reconnaissance equipment such as the ASDIC device from the start. The first radar devices for sea and air surveillance were installed in 1941 . The radar devices represented an enormous advantage after the British submarines also adopted the German tactics of the night attack that had surfaced, since at least the Italian and Japanese escort ships had much poorer or no electronic reconnaissance equipment and German radar technology also lagged behind British developments.

Just like on German and Japanese submarines of that time, the living conditions of the crew were very poor compared to those on the modern US American submarines of the Gato and Balao class . Several sailors had to share a hammock. The sanitary facilities were limited to what was absolutely necessary. Since no air conditioning was initially installed, the men often had to endure temperatures above 50 ° C in warmer waters. In order to protect the increasingly extensive sensitive electronics, at least air conditioning systems were retrofitted during the war. The US submarines had air conditioning and even shower cubicles from the start.

The torpedo armament was unusually strong. The boats of the first two construction lots were armed in the bow with six internal and two external torpedo tubes . The two external bow tubes were located in a bulge which, when sailing at periscope depth, generated a clearly visible bow wave and also restricted visibility, trim and maneuverability. Midships were two more forward-facing external tubes in front of the command tower. The middle external pipes were also located in a bulge that was also very poor in terms of flow. The boats of the third subassembly had a slightly different bow shape, whereby the previous problems could not be eliminated, but alleviated. The middle torpedo tubes were laid behind the tower and angled towards the rear. As a further innovation, an external stern torpedo tube was introduced from 1942, which increased the firepower to a remarkable eleven tubes. The torpedo armament of several boats of the older assemblies was later modified accordingly. The fire control technology of the torpedo weapon was far inferior to the equipment of German and American submarines. In the beginning, optical night sights did not even exist. This disadvantage was later partially offset by the use of radar. The devices for determining the fire solution were primitive and unreliable compared to the sophisticated German target computers. The control of the torpedoes themselves was worse than that of the other navies. As a result, British submarines often had to aim the entire hull and aim the hull directly at the target. However, the British percussion fuses and the depth control of the torpedoes were much more reliable from the start than the designs of the Kriegsmarine and the US Navy . The British submarines were spared problems such as the German torpedo crisis or the US torpedo scandal.

All submarines were armed with a 4-inch / L40 deck gun. For air defense two assemblies were up to three on the first Lewis-MG in caliber .303 " used (7.7 mm). During modernizations, the machine guns were later replaced or supplemented by a 20 mm anti- aircraft gun . The units in the third batch had flak from the start.

Super T

After the end of the war, five boats of the third subassembly, which had a riveted hull, were modernized in a similar way to the US Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program . The hull was made more streamlined, equipped with a snorkel, the tower replaced and the deck gun and anti-aircraft gun dispensed with. The two external bow torpedo tubes and the aft pair of external torpedo tubes were dismantled. The modernized units were: Teredo , Tapir , Tireless , Talent (III) and Token .

At the beginning of the 1950s, eight boats from the third batch with welded pressure hulls were also modernized and extensively rebuilt. The conversion measures represented an important step in the development of British submarines and the transition from the classic submersible to the modern submarine. Based on the model of the German Type XXI boats , the battery capacity and the electrical propulsion power were increased extremely. The shape of the hull and the tower has been completely redesigned and made more streamlined. In order to be able to accommodate the enlarged batteries and propulsion systems, the pressure hull was lengthened. All unnecessary deck structures such as the deck gun and the flak were dismantled. The modifications made it possible to increase the underwater speed to 15 knots (28 km / h). Another innovation was the use of a snorkel , which meant that the diesel engines could also be used underwater. A copy of the German folding snorkel was originally used. After a modernized A-class boat was lost due to the breakage of this type of snorkel in 1951, the telescopic snorkel developed by the US Navy was introduced. There were two conversion versions. Taciturn , Thermopylae , Totem, and Turpin were lengthened approximately 3.7 m (12 ft). The Tabard , Trump , Truncheon, and Tiptoe were lengthened approximately 6.1 m (20 ft). The shorter version had the same torpedo armament as the modernized riveted boats. In the longer version, all external torpedo tubes were completely omitted.

Mission history

→ Main article : History of the submarine class T (Royal Navy)

The prototype HMS Triton was put into service in November 1938 as the first submarine of the new class. By the beginning of the war in September 1939, two more units followed, so that the Royal Navy had a total of three units available when fighting began on September 3, 1939.

The submarines were ordered into the North Sea to take part in the British naval blockade against Germany. Since the Navy only had Anson aircraft for reconnaissance , which could not reach Norway, the Norwegian coast had to be monitored with submarines.

On September 10, 1939, the HMS Triton mistakenly sank the British O-class submarine HMS Oxley with two torpedoes, 28 nautical miles south-south-west of Stavanger . Only two survivors could be saved. After two S-class submarines in a similar situation had narrowly escaped a comparable catastrophe on September 14, 1939 , the distances between the patrol areas were increased from four to ten nautical miles.

As early as mid-September 1939, the British bought a number of Lockheed Hudson in the USA , with which the Norwegian coast could also be explored from the air. The submarines were henceforth used more aggressively and closer to the enemy off Jutland , in the Skagerrak and in the German Bight . In contrast to the previous pure reconnaissance tasks, they were supposed to take action there against German warships. Torpedo attacks without warning against German merchant ships were expressly forbidden, however, so as not to give the war opponent an excuse for a total submarine war based on the model of the First World War . The ban was only lifted on April 9, 1940 in large parts of the North Sea.

In the following phase of the seat war , the T-class boats were unable to achieve any notable successes despite frequent patrols. In the icy North Sea, the crews suffered from being inadequately equipped with winter-proof clothing. The lack of success can certainly also be attributed to the ban on attacking merchant ships.

HMS Truant probably achieved its first combat success on March 25, 1940 with the sinking of the German freighter Edmund Hugo Stinnes 4 .

On April 9, 1940, the German armed forces began the Weser Exercise operation and extended the war to the two neutral northern European states of Norway and Denmark . Since the British expected the blow and had also planned landings in Norway themselves, all available submarines of the Royal Navy were in wait position along the expected approach routes of the invaders. The HMS Truant torpedoed the German light cruiser Karlsruhe in the Skagerrak on the evening of April 9th . The cruiser was so badly damaged that it had to be sunk by German torpedo boats . The following day, the first T-class submarine was lost when the HMS Thistle was sunk by a German submarine. In the course of the sea battles over Norway, which were costly for both sides, another T-class boat was lost in April 1940.

On May 10, 1940, Germany opened an offensive in western Europe with the case of Gelb . After the following Italian entry into the war on June 10, 1940 and the French defeat on June 22, 1940, the areas of operation of the British submarines were expanded into the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean . Out of consideration for the neutral countries, however, the attack areas in the Mediterranean were initially limited to a strip of 30 nautical miles off the coasts of Italy and Libya. This allowed all British submarines in the Mediterranean to sink only nine enemy ships and one Italian submarine by the end of 1940. This was offset by the loss of nine of its own submarines, including two T-class units.

In addition to further missions off the French and Norwegian Atlantic coasts, the focus of the missions finally shifted to the Mediterranean in 1941, which was a direct consequence of the general course of the war. After the German Air Force lost the Battle of Britain , the German plans for a landing in England were also invalid. In the Mediterranean, however, the Axis powers continued to be on the offensive. As early as 1940 the Italian armed forces had started the war in North Africa , the Greco-Italian War and the siege of the strategically important British colony of Malta . At the beginning of 1941 the German Reich also intervened in the Mediterranean theaters of war to support the Italian allies. Yugoslavia and Greece fell by the end of April . The landing on Crete at the end of May 1941 marked the end of the Axis' conquests in the eastern Mediterranean . In the summer of 1941, the Mediterranean was de facto under the control of the Axis. Germany and Italy ruled the entire north coast from Cannes to Crete and in the south Libya . The Vichy regime, which was under German influence, was subject to southern France as well as the French colonies in North Africa , Corsica and large parts of the Levant . Spain remained neutral , but behaved benevolently towards Germany and Italy as a result of the civil war that had just ended . The only truly neutral power in the Mediterranean was Turkey . British influence was limited to Malta, Cyprus , Palestine and the politically insecure Kingdom of Egypt . However, the United Kingdom controlled the ultimately decisive war access routes of the Mediterranean to the oceans of Gibraltar in the west and the Suez Canal in the east.

The losses were offset by new submarines and the combat area was extended in February 1941 to the entire sea area south of the besieged island of Malta. In spite of this, at first there were no significant successes against the Axis supply lines . Another operational area in the Mediterranean was the Aegean Sea . Here, in the spring and summer of 1941, the HMS Torbay under the command of Lt. CD. Anthony Miers . The submarine sank three tankers , eleven sailing ships, a motor ship and a submarine on its first patrols . But Miers did not shrink from murdering castaways and prisoners of war.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the previously neutral and initially even pro-German Soviet Union became an ally of the United Kingdom. In the following years, the Royal Navy stationed submarines on north-west Russian bases on the Barents Sea, such as Polyarny , which attacked German units in the Arctic Ocean and off Norway and also secured the strategically extremely important and heavily contested allied supply line to the year-round ice-free port of Murmansk .

In September 1943, S- and T-Class boats transported midget submarines of class X in front of the northern Norway Altafjord . The target of the action called Operation Source were the German battleships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst . The Tirpitz was mined by the X 7 and at least one other small submarine and badly damaged.

In 1942 and 1943, more and more T-class boats were sent to the Mediterranean. At the same time, the Navy submarines and equipped with modern sonar equipment sent underground fighters in the combat area. The Italian Navy modernized its U-fighters and escort ships with German help. In the Mediterranean, the antagonists switched roles. While German submarines tried to cut the Allied supply lines to Great Britain and the Soviet Union in the battle against Allied convoys in the Battle of the Atlantic , British submarines fought in the Mediterranean against convoys of the Axis powers to North Africa and oil tankers carrying Romanian oil from Constanța into the ports the axis on the Mediterranean. In the Atlantic, German submarines were hunted by a superior force of British and American destroyers and aircraft. British submarines fared no better in the Mediterranean.

The hard fighting in the supply battle for Africa resulted in the heaviest losses in the history of the T-Class. In each of the two years five units of the submarine class, which was too large for the conditions of the Mediterranean Sea, were lost.

After the Allied successes in North Africa and Southern Europe in 1943, the use of submarines was intensified in the Pacific War , where the T-class boats were mainly used in shallow coastal waters due to their shallow periscope depth. The main area of operations in Asia was between Malaya and Sumatra lying Malacca Straits . A large number of Japanese coastal transporters, mostly unarmed smaller sailing ships, were sunk here. Occasionally, sea mines have also been relocated against the Japanese supply routes. On September 18, 1944, one of the worst disasters in maritime history occurred when the HMS Tradewind torpedoed the Japanese military transporter Junyo Maru . The ship of hell transported 4,200 forced laborers and 2,300 prisoners of war. 5620 people were killed in the sinking.

After Japan surrendered in September 1945, the remaining boats of the first and second assembly were decommissioned. The submarines were scrapped, but some were also sunk for test and exercise purposes. The boats of the third batch remained in service.

Many boats in the third batch were modernized in the 1950s and equipped, among other things, with snorkels and an enlarged electric drive unit. The Royal Navy put their last sea-going T-class submarine out of service in 1969 with the HMS Tiptoe . HMS Tabard served the Royal Navy as a permanently moored immobile training boat until 1973/74.

The first foreign user of the T-Class was the Dutch Navy. Two boats were already taken over by the Dutch during wartime. Between 1948 and 1953 two more units were leased to the Netherlands. The last Dutch T-class submarine was decommissioned in 1964.

The Australian Navy used three submarines of the class in the 1960s.

In 1965 three submarines were sold to Israel. The Israeli Navy put the units into service in 1967 after extensive renovation and modernization measures. One of the submarines was lost during the crossing to Israel in the Mediterranean in 1968 under circumstances that have not yet been fully clarified. The other two submarines were used for several years. In 1975 the Israeli Navy put the Dolphin (ex HMS Truncheon ) out of service as the world's last active T-class submarine.

Losses in World War II

In the Second World War a total of 16 T-class submarines were lost to enemy action. Of these, 13 units sank in the Mediterranean and two in the North Sea. One boat was so badly damaged in the Indian Ocean that it was written off.

boat	date	comment
HMS Thistle	April 10, 1940	Sunk in the North Sea by the German submarine U 4 , no survivors.
HMS Tarpon	April 14, 1940	Missing in the North Sea, no survivors.
HMS Triad	October 15, 1940	Sunk in the Mediterranean by the Italian submarine Enrico Toti , no survivors.
HMS Triton	December 18, 1940	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Tetrarch	November 2, 1941	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS triumph	January 14, 1942	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Tempest	February 13, 1942	Sunk in the Mediterranean by the Italian torpedo boat Circe , crew rescued.
HMS Thorn	August 6, 1942	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS talisman	September 17, 1942	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Traveler	December 12, 1942	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS P311	January 8, 1943	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Tigris	March 10, 1943	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Turbulent	March 12, 1943	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Thunderbolt	March 14, 1943	Sunk in the Mediterranean by the Italian corvette Cigogna , no survivors.
HMS Trooper	October 17, 1943	Missing in the Mediterranean Sea, no survivors.
HMS Terrapin	May 19, 1945	Badly damaged west of Batavia and later written off, no losses.

Construction lots and units

Lot 1

Lot 1
HMS Triton on May 2, 1939
Overview
units	15th
period of service	1938-1947
Technical specifications
displacement	surfaced: 1325  ts submerged: 1573 ts
length	83.97 m
width	8.11 m
Draft	3.60 m
Diving depth	90 m
crew	62 men
drive	Diesel : 2500  PS (1864  kW ) Electric : 1450 PS (1081 kW)
speed	surfaced: 15.25  kn (28  km / h ) submerged: 8.75 kn (16 km / h)
Range	surfaced: up to 8000  NM (14,186 km) at 10 kn submerged: 80 NM (148 km) at 4 kn
Armament	1 × deck guns 4 ″ L / 40 (102 mm) 3 × MGs .303 ″ (7.7 mm) 10 × T-tubes 21 ″ (533 mm) 16 torpedoes or 18 sea ​​mines
Fuel supply	132 ts

The boats of the first construction lot were commissioned in peacetime and laid down. Between 1936 and 1942, 15 submarines were built at the four shipyards of Cammell Laird in Birkenhead, Chatham Dockyard in Chatham, Scott's Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. in Greenock and Vickers-Armstrong in Barrow in Furness. The average construction time for a boat in the first batch was 743 days.

The construction lot is also referred to as the Triton class , although the series constructions differ from the prototype HMS Triton .

Active units

At the beginning of the war, the Royal Navy only had three T-class units. However, new units were continuously added, so that the number rose to ten submarines by the time the fighting in Norway began. In 1940 four boats were lost, which could be replaced by four new ones. In 1941 there was a loss and the last influx. In the two following years two units were lost. At the end of the war in August 1945, the Royal Navy still owned six Triton-class submarines . All remaining boats were scrapped by 1947.

January 1, 1939 1 July 1, 1939 2 September 1, 1939 3 January 1, 1940 7th July 1, 1940 10 January 1, 1941 10

July 1, 1941 11 January 1, 1942 10 July 1, 1942 9 January 1, 1943 8th July 1, 1943 6th January 1, 1944 6th

July 1, 1944 6th January 1, 1945 6th July 1, 1945 6th January 1, 1946 3

Data of the boats

boat	#	Shipyard	Keel laying	Commissioning	End of service
HMS Triton	N15	Vickers-Armstrong	August 28, 1936	November 9, 1938	December 18, 1940
HMS Thunderbolt ex HMS Thetis	N25	Cammell Laird	December 21, 1936	October 26, 1940	March 14, 1943
HMS Trident	N52	Cammell Laird	January 12, 1937	October 1, 1939	February 17, 1946
HMS Tribune	N76	Scott's Shipbuilding	March 3, 1937	October 17, 1939	July 1947
HMS triumph	N18	Vickers-Armstrong	March 19, 1937	May 2, 1939	January 14, 1942
HMS Tarpon	N17	Scott's Shipbuilding	October 5, 1937	March 8, 1940	April 14, 1940
HMS Taku	N38	Cammell Laird	November 18, 1937	January 3, 1940	November 1946
HMS Thistle	N24	Vickers-Armstrong	December 7, 1937	4th July 1939	April 10, 1940
HMS Truant	N68	Vickers-Armstrong	March 24, 1938	October 31, 1939	December 19, 1945
HMS Triad	N53	Vickers-Armstrong	March 24, 1938	September 16, 1939	October 15, 1940
HMS Tigris	N63	Chatham Docks	May 11, 1938	June 20, 1940	March 10, 1943
HMS Tuna	N94	Scott's Shipbuilding	June 13, 1938	August 1, 1940	December 19, 1945
HMS Tetrarch	N77	Vickers-Armstrong	August 24, 1938	February 15, 1940	November 2, 1941
HMS talisman	N78	Cammell Laird	September 27, 1938	June 29, 1940	September 17, 1942
HMS Torbay	N79	Chatham Docks	November 21, 1938	January 14, 1941	December 19, 1945

Lot 2

Lot 2
HMS Tempest 1941
Overview
units	7th
period of service	1941-1947
Technical specifications
displacement	surfaced: 1327 ts submerged: 1571 ts
length	83.36 m
width	8.11 m
crew	61 men
speed	surfaced: 15.75 kn (29 km / h) submerged: 8.75 kn (16 km / h)
Armament	1 × 4 ″ deck gun 3 × .303 ″ -MG 10 × 21 ″ T-tubes 16 torpedoes or 12 sea mines

With the outbreak of World War II, the restrictions of the London Naval Conference fell. The British Navy commissioned the production of another T-Class construction lot. The new units were almost identical in construction to the submarines of the first construction lot. The war new buildings were just a little shorter and slightly faster. Between 1939 and 1942, seven submarines of the second batch of the T-class were built at the three shipyards of Cammell Laird in Birkenhead, Scott's Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. in Greenock and Vickers-Armstrong in Barrow-in-Furness. Under the requirements of the war economy , the average construction time for a submarine of the second T-class construction lot could be reduced by almost three months compared to the first construction lot. The average construction time for a boat in the second batch was 660 days.

The construction lot is also referred to as the Tempest class .

Active units

The first unit of the new war buildings was added to the Navy in May 1941. By the end of the year, the number of the second construction lot could be increased to five units. Due to the losses that followed, there were never more than five boats from the second batch of the T-Class in service at the same time. In 1942 the last two boats were put into service. In contrast, however, there were three losses. In 1943 two more submarines were lost, so that the Royal Navy only had two units of the construction lot at the end of the war. The two remaining submarines were scrapped between January and July 1947 at Briton Ferry ( Wales ) and Milford Haven (Wales).

January 1, 1941 0 July 1, 1941 1 January 1, 1942 5 July 1, 1942 5

January 1, 1943 4th July 1, 1943 3 January 1, 1944 2 July 1, 1944 2

January 1, 1945 2 July 1, 1945 2 January 1, 1946 2

Data of the boats

boat	#	Shipyard	Keel laying	Commissioning	End of service
HMS Thrasher	N37	Cammell Laird	November 14, 1939	May 14, 1941	March 1947
HMS Tempest	N86	Cammell Laird	January 6, 1940	December 6, 1941	February 13, 1942
HMS Traveler	N48	Scott's Shipbuilding	January 17, 1940	April 10, 1942	December 12, 1942
HMS Thorn	N11	Cammell Laird	January 20, 1940	August 26, 1941	August 6, 1942
HMS Trusty	N45	Vickers-Armstrong	March 15, 1940	July 30, 1941	January 1947
HMS Turbulent	N98	Vickers-Armstrong	March 15, 1940	December 2, 1941	March 12, 1943
HMS Trooper	N91	Scott's Shipbuilding	May 7, 1940	August 29, 1942	October 17, 1943

Lot 3

Lot 3
HMS Taciturn on November 1, 1946
Overview
units	31
period of service	1942-1975
Technical specifications
displacement	surfaced: 1327 ts submerged: 1571 ts
length	83.30 m
width	8.11 m
Draft	4.80 m
Diving depth	90 m (later 110 m)
crew	63 men
drive	Diesel: 2500 PS (1864 kW) Electric: 1450 PS (1081 kW)
speed	surfaced: 15.75 kn (29 km / h) submerged: 8.75 kn (16 km / h)
Range	surfaced: up to 11,000 NM (20,370 km) at 10 kn submerged: 80 NM (148 km) at 4 kn
Armament	1 × 4 ″ deck gun 1 × 20 mm anti-aircraft gun 3 × .303 ″ -MG 11 × 21 ″ T-tubes 17 torpedoes or 12 sea mines
Fuel supply	up to 230 ts

Between 1941 and 1946, 31 units of the third construction lot were built at the five building yards Chatham Dockyard in Chatham, Devonport Dockyard in Plymouth, Portsmouth Dockyard in Portsmouth, Scott's Shipbuilduilding in Greenock and Vickers-Armstrong in Barrow-in-Furness. The completion of two units was waived after the end of the war, although they had already been launched. The construction of nine more submarines was planned, but was no longer started. The boats were equipped with radar and an anti-aircraft gun as standard. The two middle external torpedo tubes were moved behind the tower and aligned aft. In addition, an additional external stern torpedo tube was installed. Most of the boats have had their oil bunkers enlarged. From the Tiptoe laid on the keel in November 1942 , the pressure hulls of the boats were electrically welded, which increased the diving depth. The average construction time of a boat in the third batch was 631 days.

Thirteen boats were modernized after the war. The hulls were made more streamlined and optimized for high underwater speeds. In addition, the modernized boats received a snorkel. (→ Super T ) A total of ten units were passed on to friendly states. (→ Use in other navies ) The last British unit deployed at sea was HMS Tiptoe , which was decommissioned in 1969 . The last active T-class submarine was the Israeli Dolphin , which was decommissioned in 1975 .

The lot is also known as the Taciturn class .

Active units

The first unit was added to the Navy in August 1942. In the Second World War, two submarines from the lot were lost. In contrast to the boats in the first two construction lots, most of the boats in the third construction lot remained in service after the war. At the beginning of the 1960s, the now outdated boats began to be taken out of service.

July 1, 1942 0 January 1, 1943 5 July 1, 1943 8th January 1, 1944 11 July 1, 1944 17th

January 1, 1945 21st July 1, 1945 24 January 1, 1946 27 January 1, 1947 29 January 1, 1952 26th

January 1, 1955 25th January 1, 1957 24 January 1, 1961 23 January 1, 1963 18th January 1, 1964 15th

Data of the boats

boat	#	Shipyard	Keel laying	Commissioning	End of service
HMS P311	P311	Vickers-Armstrong	April 25, 1941	August 7, 1942	January 8, 1943
HMS Trespasser	P312 (ex P92)	Vickers-Armstrong	September 8, 1941	September 25, 1942	September 26, 1961
HMS Thule	P325	Devonport Dockyard	September 20, 1941	May 13, 1944	September 1962
HMS Tudor	P326	Devonport Dockyard	September 20, 1941	January 16, 1944	July 1, 1963
HMS Taurus Dolfijn	P339 (ex P93, P313)	Vickers-Armstrong	September 30, 1941	November 3, 1942	April 1960
HMS Tireless	P327	Portsmouth Dockyard	October 30, 1941	April 18, 1945	November 1968
HMS token	P328	Portsmouth Dockyard	November 6, 1941	December 15, 1945	March 1970
HMS Tactician	P314	Vickers-Armstrong	November 13, 1941	November 29, 1942	December 6, 1963
HMS Truculent	P315 (ex P95)	Vickers-Armstrong	December 4, 1941	December 31, 1942	January 12, 1950
HMS Templar	P316 (ex P96)	Vickers-Armstrong	December 28, 1941	February 15, 1943	1954
HMS Tradewind	P329	Chatham Dockyard	February 11, 1941	October 18, 1943	December 14, 1955
HMS Tally-Ho	P317 (ex P97)	Vickers-Armstrong	March 25, 1942	April 12, 1943	February 10, 1967
HMS Trenchant	P331	Chatham Dockyard	May 9, 1942	February 26, 1944	July 1, 1963
HMS Tantalus	P318	Vickers-Armstrong	June 6, 1942	June 2, 1943	November 1950
HMS Tantivy	P319 (ex P99)	Vickers-Armstrong	4th July 1942	July 25, 1943	1951
HMS Telemachus	P321	Vickers-Armstrong	August 25, 1942	October 25, 1943	August 1961
HMS Talent (I) Zwaardvisch	P322	Vickers-Armstrong	October 13, 1942	November 23, 1943	December 11, 1962
HMS Terrapin	P323	Vickers-Armstrong	October 19, 1942	January 22, 1944	1945
HMS Totem Dakar (דקר)	P352	Devonport Dockyard	October 22, 1942	January 9, 1945	January 25, 1968
HMS Thorough	P324	Vickers-Armstrong	October 26, 1942	March 1, 1944	June 1962
HMS Truncheon Dolphin	P353	Devonport Dockyard	November 5, 1942	May 25, 1945	August 1975
HMS Tiptoe	P332	Vickers-Armstrong	November 10, 1942	June 12, 1944	29th August 1969
HMS Trump	P333	Vickers-Armstrong	December 31, 1942	July 8, 1944	1971
HMS Taciturn	P334	Vickers-Armstrong	March 9, 1943	October 8, 1944	1971
HMS Tapir Zeehond	P335	Vickers-Armstrong	March 29, 1943	December 30, 1944	1971
HMS Thor	P349	Portsmouth Dockyard	April 5, 1943	not completed.
HMS tiara	P351	Portsmouth Dockyard	April 8, 1943	not completed.
HMS Turpin Leviathan (לויתן)	P354	Chatham Dockyard	May 24, 1943	December 18, 1944	December 1973
HMS Tarn Tijgerhaai	P336	Vickers-Armstrong	June 12, 1943	April 7, 1945	December 11, 1964
HMS Thermopylae	P355	Chatham Dockyard	October 26, 1943	December 5, 1945	1970
HMS Talent (III) ex HMS Tasman	P337	Vickers-Armstrong	March 21, 1944	July 27, 1945	December 1966
HMS Teredo	P338	Vickers-Armstrong	April 17, 1944	April 13, 1946	1965
HMS tabard	P342	Scott's Shipbuilding	September 6, 1944	June 25, 1946	1974
HMS Threat	P344	Vickers-Armstrong	Canceled in 1944.
HMS Theban	P341	Vickers-Armstrong	Canceled in 1944.
HMS Talent (II)	P343	Vickers-Armstrong Scott's Shipbuilding	Canceled in 1944.
HMS Typhoon			Just planned.

A comparison of the technical data of the T-Class construction lots

	HMS Triton	Lot 1	Lot 2	Lot 3	Super T
Crew:	62 men	←	61 men	63 men
Displacement (emerged):	1330 ts	1325 ts	1327 ts	←
Displacement (submerged):	1585 ts	1573 ts	1571 ts	←
Length over all:	84.20 m	83.97 m	83.36 m	83.30 m	89.40 m
Width (maximum):	8.11 m	←	←	←	←
Draft:	3.60 m	←	←	4.80 m
Engine power (surfaced with diesel engines):	2 times 1250 hp	←	←	←
Motor power (submerged with electric motors):	2 times 725 hp	←	←	←
Speed ​​(surfaced):	15.25 kn	←	15.75 kn	←
Speed ​​(submerged):	8.75 kn	←	←	←	15 kn
Driving range (surfaced at 10 kn):	8000 NM	←	←	up to 11,000 NM
Driving range (submerged at 4 kn):	80 NM	←	←	←
Fuel supply:	130 ts	←	←	up to 230 ts
Diving depth:	90 m	←	←	90 to 110 m	110 m
Deck gun:	102 mm / L40	←	←	←	-
Torpedo tubes:	10	←	←	11	6th
Torpedoes:	16	←	←	17th
Sea mines:	18th	←	12	←

Use in other navies

A total of ten T-class submarines were lent or sold to friendly nations. All submarines passed on belonged to the third construction lot.

Dutch Navy

HMS talent	Mr. Ms. Zwaardvis	On March 23, 1943 to the Netherlands, renamed Zwaardvis in 1950 , decommissioned on December 11, 1962, scrapped in 1963.
HMS camouflage	Mr. Ms. Tijgerhaai	On March 28, 1945 to the Netherlands, decommissioned on December 11, 1964 and sold for scrapping in 1965.
HMS Taurus	Mr. Ms. Dolfijn	On June 4, 1948 to the Netherlands, on December 7, 1953 back to the Royal Navy, scrapped in 1960.
HMS tapir	Mr. Ms. Zeehond	On June 18, 1948 to the Netherlands, on July 16, 1953 back to the Royal Navy, scrapped in 1966.

Israeli Navy

HMS totem	Dakar (דקר)	Sold to Israel in 1965, sunk with the entire crew on January 25, 1968 during the crossing to Israel.
HMS Truncheon	Dolphin	Sold to Israel in 1965, entered service with the Israeli Navy in 1967, decommissioned in 1975 and scrapped in 1977.
HMS Turpin	Leviathan (לויתן)	Sold to Israel in 1965, entered service with the Israeli Navy in 1967, sunk in 1973 as a target for exercise.

Australian Navy

HMS Trump	Trump	1961 to Australia, 1968 back to Great Britain, scrapped in 1971.
HMS tabard	Tabard	1962 to Australia, 1968 back to Great Britain, scrapped in 1974.
HMS Taciturn	Taciturn	Overhauled in Australia in 1964, then served in the Australian Navy, scrapped in 1971.

Remarks

1. ↑ HMS is the abbreviation for His / Her Majesty's Ship and the name prefix of British warships. HMS means His / Her Majesty's Ship .
2. ↑ Only the 53 completed and put into service submarines are considered. Two boats were never completed. ( Portsmouth Dockyard ) Three construction contracts were canceled. ( Vickers-Armstrong and Scott's Shipbuilding ) Another boat was only planned.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} The overview only shows the relationship between departures due to accidents, enemy action or scrapping and additions to new buildings. Shipyard stays for overhaul or modernization are not considered. As a result, the number of real operational submarines was lower.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} The information comes from uboat.net . The respective difference between the date of commissioning and the keel-laying of the submarines was used as the basis for the average construction time. The HMS Thetis sank during the construction phase and was later lifted, which is why it is not considered in this regard. The first construction section had an average construction time of 743 days, the second construction section 660 days and the third 631 days.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} The sources make no statement about the decommissioning. At the specified time, the submarine was sold as scrap.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} The sources make no statement about the decommissioning. At the specified time, the submarine was scrapped.
7. ↑ ^{a b} Sunk in an accident.
8. ↑ ^{a b} The sources make no statement about the decommissioning. At the specified time, the submarine was sunk as a training target.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d} The name HMS Talent was intended for three T-class submarines . Talent (I) ( P322 ) was handed over to the Dutch Navy in 1943 and was given the name Zwaardvisch . Talent (II) (P343) was supposed to be named instead, but was not built because the building contract was canceled. Talent (III) ( P337 ) was originally launched under the name HMS Tasman and was renamed HMS Talent in April 1945 .
10. ↑ HMS Terrapin was badly damaged by Japanese submarine fighters on May 19, 1945 and written off as a total constructive loss after returning to the base. The submarine was scrapped in June 1946.
11. ↑ The information relates to the welded boats lengthened by 20 ft.

literature

• Erminio Bagnasco: Submarines in World War II. Motorbuchverlag, Stuttgart, 5th edition 1996, ISBN 3-613-01252-9 .
• Robert Hutchinson: FIGHT UNDER WATER - Submarines from 1776 to the present day. Motorbuchverlag, Stuttgart, 1st edition 2006, ISBN 3-613-02585-X .
• Anthony Preston: The History of the Submarines. German edition Karl Müller Verlag, Erlangen 1998, ISBN 3-86070-697-7 .
• Peter Padfield: The Submarine War 1939-1945. Ullstein Taschenbuchverlag, Munich, 2000, ISBN 3-548-24766-0 .

Web links

Commons : British T-Class Submarines  - Album containing pictures, videos and audio files

• T-Class on uboat.net (English)
• British Submarines of Wold War Two (English)
• Side elevational view of the third contract section (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} The uboat.net and Bagnasco state that the shipyard of HMS Turpin (3rd subassembly) is the Chatham shipyard . Hutchinson states that the shipyard is Portsmouth . According to Hutchinsons, the number of boats built at Chatham Naval Yard would drop to three and the number of units built at Portsmouth Naval Yard rose to three.
2. ^ Peter Padfield: The U-Boat War 1939-1945 , p. 39.
3. ↑ ^{a b} British Submarines of Wold War Two ( Memento from December 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
4. ↑ Anthony Preston: The History of the Submarines. P. 66.
5. ↑ The sources for the sinking of the EH Stinnes 4 are very contradictory: uboat.net claims that the steamer was sunk by HMS Truant on March 25, 1940 . wlb-stuttgart.de also mentions HMS Truant , but gives the date March 23, 1940 and as commander of the submarine Lt. Cdr. Seale at. According to uboat.net, Seale was the commander of HMS Trident at this time . poseidon-schiffahrts-archiv.eu does not give an exact date, but assigns the sinking to HMS Trident . home.cogeco.ca ( memento of March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) gives March 24, 1940 as the date and HMS Trident as the submarine .
6. ^ Peter Padfield: The Submarine War 1939-1945. Pp. 184/185.
7. ^ Peter Padfield: The Submarine War 1939-1945. P. 200 ff.
8. ↑ War crimes against castaways at wlb-stuttgart.de
9. ↑ Information about Operation Source ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on schlachtschiff.com.
10. ↑ sinking of Junyo Maru ( Memento of 27 May 2017 Internet Archive ) (English).
11. ↑ ^{a b} Hutchinson gives April 14, 1940 as the date of the loss of the HMS Tarpon . The uboat.net states April 10, 1940.
12. ↑ Enrico Toti ( Memento of March 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on regiamarina.net (English).
13. ↑ The uboat.net gives no concrete information about the loss of the HMS Traveler and only mentions the loss declaration of December 12, 1942. Hutchinson gives December 8, 1942 as the time of a presumed mine hit. rnsubmus.co.uk and home.cogeco.ca ( Memento of the original from March 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. give December 4, 1942 as the date of the loss. 
14. ↑ The uboat.net gives the reason for the loss of the HMS Tigris the attack by a German submarine hunter near Capri. Hutchinson cites a sea mine as the cause of the loss.
15. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net gives 1090 GRT for the overwater displacement of all construction lots  . In addition, uboat.net specifies HMS Triton 1095 BRT for the prototype . Hutchinson gives 1325 ts for the first construction lot  and 1327 ts for the other two lots. Bagnasco specifies 1330 ts for the HMS Triton , 1326 to 1327 ts for construction lots 1 and 2 and 1321 to 1422 ts for the third construction lot.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net gives 1575 GRT for the underwater displacement of all construction lots. In addition, the uboat.net specifies HMS Triton 1579 BRT for the prototype . Hutchinson gives 1573 ts for the first construction lot and 1571 ts for the other two lots. Bagnasco gives 1585 ts for the HMS Triton , 1523 to 1575 ts for construction lots 1 and 2 and 1571 ts for the third construction lot.
17. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net gives the length of all construction lots as 275  ft (83.82 m). Hutchinson gives 83.97 m for the first construction section, 83.36 m for the second construction section and 83.30 m for the third construction section. Bagnasco specifies 84.20 m for the prototype HMS Triton, 83.60 m for the first and second lot and 83.10 m for the third construction lot.
18. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net makes no statement about the width. Hutchinson gives 8.11 m for all construction lots. Bagnasco gives practically the same value for all submarines with 8.10 m.
19. ↑ ^{a b c} The uboat.net and Hutchinson make no statement about the draft. Bagnasco gives 3.60 m for the first two construction lots and 4.80 m for the third construction lot.
20. ↑ ^{a b c} The uboat.net and Bagnasco make no statement about the diving depth. Hutchinson gives 90 m for all classes. In addition, he gives a guaranteed diving depth of 110 m for the fully welded boats of the 3rd construction lot from HMS Tiptoe .
21. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net gives 59 men for the manning of the first lot and 61 men for the second and third lot. Robert Hutchinson gives 62 men for the first building lot, 61 men for the second building lot and 63 men for the third building lot. Erminio Bagnasco gives 56 men for the first and second construction lot and 63 men for the third construction lot.
22. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net and Bagnasco indicate an overwater speed of 15.25 kn for all construction lots. Hutchinson gives 15.25 knots for the first construction lot and 15.75 knots for the two later construction lots.
23. ↑ ^{a b c d} The uboat.net and Bagnasco indicate an underwater speed of 9 knots for all construction lots. Hutchinson gives 8.75 kn for all construction lots.
24. ↑ ^{a b c} The uboat.net does not give any information about the above water range. Hutchinson gives 8,000 nautical miles for the first and second construction lots and 11,000 nautical miles for the third. He also mentions that the submarines of the first construction lot HMS Torbay and HMS Trident also had a range of 11,000 nautical miles. Bagnasco gives 8000 nautical miles for the first and second construction lots. For the third construction lot, he gives 8,000 to 11,000 nautical miles.
25. ↑ ^{a b c} The uboat.net and Bagnasco make no statement about the underwater range. Hutchinson gives 80 nautical miles for all assemblies.
26. ↑ ^{a b c} The uboat.net and Hutchinson do not give any information about the fuel supply. Bagnasco, who only differentiates between two construction lots and the prototype HMS Triton , writes that many boats of the second construction lot were converted and their fuel oil bunkers were enlarged from 132 to 230 ts. Hutchinson's 2nd sub-assembly corresponds to the third construction lot described here.
27. ↑ The uboat.net states October 26, 1940 for the Thunderbolt to go into service. Hutchinson gives April 1940.
28. ↑ The uboat.net states that the Taku was commissioned on January 3, 1940. Hutchinson states October 3, 1940.
29. ↑ The sources for the end of duty and scrapping of the HMS Tactician (P314) are contradictory. Hutchinson states that the submarine was sold on December 6, 1962 and scrapped in Newport. Bagnasco does not give any details. uboat.net states that the submarine was scrapped in Newport on December 6, 1963. British submarines in World War II ( Memento of the original from June 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. is the date for the " disposal " ( disposal ) on December 1, 1963rd 
30. ↑ The sources make no statement about the decommissioning. At the specified time, the HMS Templar was sunk as a training target. In addition, the sources are contradicting itself. Hutchinson gives the year 1950 for the sinking of the HMS Templar . The uboat.net states 1954.
31. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} The uboat.net is an additional shipyard, the John Brown Shipbuilding & Engineering Company Ltd. in Clydebank, Scotland. Bagnasco and Hutchinson do not mention the shipyard.
32. ↑ The uboat.net specifies the HMS Trenchant P331 as the shell number . Hutchinson specifies P318 ex P98 . Hutchinson's statement appears to be incorrect as he gives the same numbers for HMS Tantalus .
33. ↑ The uboat.net specifies the HMS Tantalus P318 as the shell number . Hutchinson specifies P318 ex P98 . Hutchinson's statement is contradictory as he gives the same numbers for HMS Trenchant .
34. ↑ ^{a b} The uboat.net specifies Bellis & Morcom in Ladywood ( Birmingham , England) as an additional shipyard . Bagnasco and Hutchinson do not mention the shipyard.
35. ↑ The uboat.net states January 22, 1944 for the commissioning of the HMS Terrapin . Hutchinson gives January 21, 1944.
36. ↑ The uboat.net specifies June 12, 1944 for the commissioning of the HMS Tiptoe . Hutchinson gives April 12, 1944.
37. ↑ The uboat.net states December 31, 1942 for the laying of the keel of the HMS Trump . Hutchinson gives December 13, 1942.
38. ↑ The uboat.net states March 28, 1945 for the commissioning of the Tijgerhaai . Hutchinson states that the submarine was handed over to the Netherlands on March 28, 1945 and put into service on April 7, 1945.
39. ↑ The uboat.net states October 26, 1943 for the laying of the Thermopylae keel . Hutchinson gives October 16, 1943.
40. ↑ The given date refers to the scrapping. Hutchinson mentions an accident and a subsequent recovery, but does not give a date. The uboat.net does not mention that the Thermopylae has sunk.
41. ↑ The uboat.net states April 13, 1946 for the commissioning of the Teredo . Hutchinson gives January 21, 1946.
42. ↑ The uboat.net states that the Tabard was put into service on June 25, 1946. Hutchinson states June 25, 1945.
43. ↑ The uboat.net states that the construction contract for the HMS Thread in 1945 was canceled. Hutchinson states 1944.
44. ↑ The uboat.net states that the construction contract for the HMS Theban was canceled in 1945. Hutchinson states 1944.
45. ↑ The uboat.net states that the construction contract for the HMS Talent (II) was canceled in 1945. Hutchinson states 1944.
46. ↑ See article about the Zwaardvisch at dutchsubmarines.com
47. ↑ See article about the Tijgerhaai at dutchsubmarines.com
48. ↑ See article about the Dolfijn at dutchsubmarines.com
49. ↑ See article about the Zeehond at dutchsubmarines.com
50. ↑ See article about the Dakar at submarines.dotan.net
51. ↑ The uboat.net states that the Leviathan was scrapped in 1978. Hutchinson states that the Israeli submarine was sunk in 1973 during torpedo tests as a training target.
52. ↑ The uboat.net states that the HMS Trump was used by the Australian Navy between 1961 and 1968. Hutchinson does not mention the use in Australia.
53. ↑ The uboat.net does not mention the use in Australia. Hutchinson states that the tabard was used by the Australian Navy between 1962 and 1968.
54. ↑ The uboat.net and Hutchinson do not mention the use in Australia. The information comes from the National Archives of Australia .