Oxygen toxicity and Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Biography articles by quality/574: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox Disease |
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| Name = Oxygen toxicity |
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| Image = Electron shell 008 Oxygen.svg |
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| Caption = Electron shell diagram of oxygen |
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| DiseasesDB = |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|59|8|t|51}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|987.8 }} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| MeshID = D018496 |
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{{toxicology}} |
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'''Oxygen toxicity''' or '''oxygen toxicity syndrome''' (also known as the "[[Paul Bert]] effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect") describes harmful effects caused by breathing [[oxygen]] at elevated [[partial pressure]]s.<ref name=Brubakk>{{cite book |title=Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed |last=Brubakk |first=Alf O. |coauthors=Neuman, Tom S. |year=2003 |publisher=Saunders, 800 pages |location=Edinburgh; New York |isbn=0702025712 |oclc=51607923}}</ref><ref name=usn>{{cite book |title=US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision |year=2006 |publisher=US Naval Sea Systems Command |location=United States |url=http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9 |accessdate=2008-04-24 }}</ref><ref name=Acott>{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=Oxygen toxicity: A brief history of oxygen in diving |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=29 |issue=3 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6014 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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The condition of an excess of oxygen in body tissues is known as [[:wikt:hyperoxia|hyperoxia]]. Such above-normal [[concentration]]s of oxygen within the body can cause [[cell (biology)|cell]] damage and death.<ref name=Brubakk/> |
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Oxidative damage is most often reported in the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), [[lung]]s (pulmonary) and eye ([[Retinopathy|retinopathic conditions]]).<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=Bitterman/><ref name=Nichols>{{cite journal |author=Nichols, C.W.; Lambertsen Christian |title=Effects of high oxygen pressures on the eye |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=281 |issue=1 |pages=25–30 |year=1969 |month=July |pmid=4891642 }}</ref><ref name=Butler>{{cite journal |author=Butler, Frank K.; White, E.; Twa, M. |title=Hyperoxic myopia in a closed-circuit mixed-gas scuba diver |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=41–5 |year=1999 |pmid=10353183 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2312 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref><ref name="pmid14232720">{{cite journal |author=Beehler, C.C. |title=Oxygen and the eye |journal=Survey of ophthalmology |volume=45 |pages=549–60 |year=1964 |month=December |pmid=14232720 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> |
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It may also be implicated in red blood cell destruction ([[Hemolysis|erythrocyte hemolysis]]), liver ([[Liver|hepatic]]) effects, heart ([[Myocardium|myocardial]]) damage, [[Endocrine system|endocrine]] effects ([[Adrenal gland|adrenal]], [[gonad]]s, and [[thyroid]]), kidney ([[Kidney|renal]]) damage, and general damage to [[cell (biology)|cells]].<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name="pmid4613232">{{cite journal |author=Clark, J.M. |title=The toxicity of oxygen |journal=The American review of respiratory disease |volume=110 |issue=6 Pt 2 |pages=40–50 |year=1974 |month=December |pmid=4613232 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid5782651">{{cite journal |author=Goldstein, J.R.; Mengel, C.E. |title=Hemolysis in mice exposed to varying levels of hyperoxia |journal=Aerospace medicine |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=12–3 |year=1969 |month=January |pmid=5782651 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid4403030">{{cite journal |author=Larkin, E.C.; Adams. J.D.; Williams, W.T.; Duncan, D.M. |title=Hematologic responses to hypobaric hyperoxia |journal=The American journal of physiology |volume=223 |issue=2 |pages=431–7 |year=1972 |month=August |pmid=4403030 |url=http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4403030 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid5885427">{{cite journal |author=Schaffner, Fenton; Felig, Philip |title=Changes in hepatic structure in rats produced by breathing pure oxygen |journal=The Journal of cell biology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=505–17 |year=1965 |month=December |pmid=5885427 |pmc=2106769 |url=http://www.jcb.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5885427 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid5046798">{{cite journal |author=Caulfield, J.B.; Shelton, R.W.; Burke, J.F. |title=Cytotoxic effects of oxygen on striated muscle |journal=Archives of pathology |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=127–32 |year=1972 |month=August |pmid=5046798 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid13228600">{{cite journal |author=Bean, J.W.; Johnson, P.C. |title=Adrenocortical response to single and repeated exposure to oxygen at high pressure |journal=The American journal of physiology |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=410–4 |year=1954 |month=December |pmid=13228600 |url=http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13228600 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="pmid13889254">{{cite journal |author=Edstrom, J.E.; Rockert, H. |title=The effect of oxygen at high pressure on the histology of the central nervous system and sympathetic and endocrine cells |journal=Acta physiologica Scandinavica |volume=55 |pages=255–63 |year=1962 |pmid=13889254 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name=Gersh>{{cite journal |author=Gersh, I.; Wagner, C.E. |title=Metabolic factors in oxygen posoning |journal=The American journal of physiology |year=1945 |volume=144 |pages=270-277 |url=http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/144/2/270 |accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref><ref name="pmid5155150">{{cite journal |author=Hess, R.T.; Menzel, D.B. |title=Effect of dietary antioxidant level and oxygen exposure on the fine structure of the proximal convoluted tubules |journal=Aerospace medicine |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=646–9 |year=1971 |month=June |pmid=5155150 |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> |
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<noinclude> |
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The damage is caused by long exposure (days) to lower concentrations of oxygen or by shorter exposure (minutes or hours) to high concentrations. Short exposures to partial pressure of oxygen above {{convert|1.6|bar|abbr=on}} are usually associated with CNS oxygen toxicity and are most likely to occur among patients undergoing [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] and [[Scuba diving|divers]].<ref name=Donald1>{{cite journal |author=Donald, Kenneth W. |title=Oxygen and the diver: Part I |journal=British medical journal |volume=1(4506) |pages=667–672 |date=1947 |pmc=2053251 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref name=Donald2>{{cite journal |author=Donald, Kenneth W. |title=Oxygen and the diver: Part II |journal=British medical journal |volume=1(4506) |pages=712–717 |date=1947 |pmc=2053400 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref name=smerz/> |
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Long exposures to partial pressures of oxygen above {{convert|0.5|bar|abbr=on|lk=on}} can result in pulmonary oxygen toxicity and are a concern for patients breathing pure oxygen for extended periods.<ref name=Bancalari/><ref name=Tin/><ref name=Thiel/> |
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| title = ↑[[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Biography articles by quality|(up)]] |
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<noinclude>== [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography]] ==</noinclude> |
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{{assessment header|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Biography|WP Biography}} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin J. Houston]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_J._Houston&oldid=42197437 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin J. Peterson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_J._Peterson&oldid=110105475 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin J. Roland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_J._Roland&oldid=64722201 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Jackson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Jackson&oldid=122982101 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Jaeckle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Jaeckle&oldid=120296086 ] | importance= | date=June 1, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Jaggard]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Jaggard&oldid=210548489 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin John Butler]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_John_Butler&oldid=91719377 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin John Howard]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_John_Howard&oldid=163808755 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Johnson (Australian educator)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Johnson_%28Australian_educator%29&oldid=149679137 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Johnson (historian)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Johnson_%28historian%29&oldid=95904810 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Jongejans]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Jongejans&oldid=147698341 ] | importance= | date=July 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Joseph O'Malley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Joseph_O%27Malley&oldid=132699470 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Justus Mayer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Justus_Mayer&oldid=206075237 ] | importance= | date=April 17, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Kantar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Kantar&oldid=149169146 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Kempes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Kempes&oldid=122852375 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Keppel Bennett]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Keppel_Bennett&oldid=127165188 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Kerby]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Kerby&oldid=217856444 ] | importance= | date=June 12, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Klebs]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Klebs&oldid=77581876 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin L. Marin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_L._Marin&oldid=152073161 ] | importance= | date=August 19, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin L. Mechem]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_L._Mechem&oldid=72336838 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin L. Norris]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_L._Norris&oldid=145573850 ] | importance= | date=October 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Lankester]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Lankester&oldid=105493474 ] | importance= | date=March 26, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Larwill]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Larwill&oldid=62105392 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Le Roy Antony]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Le_Roy_Antony&oldid=185240589 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Leather]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Leather&oldid=68616473 ] | importance= | date=September 1, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Leland James]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Leland_James&oldid=68898697 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Leonard]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Leonard&oldid=233169255 ] | importance= | date=September 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Long]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Long&oldid=115111172 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Lord Weeks]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Lord_Weeks&oldid=201381740 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Louis Cole]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Louis_Cole&oldid=133547339 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin M. Bradley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_M._Bradley&oldid=94253529 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin M. Cronk]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_M._Cronk&oldid=143996782 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin M. Fairchild]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_M._Fairchild&oldid=106977334 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin M. Wright]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_M._Wright&oldid=25586408 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Maffitt Anderson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Maffitt_Anderson&oldid=111477966 ] | importance= | date=March 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Manners]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Manners&oldid=152777853 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Mansfield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Mansfield&oldid=106571526 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Maxwell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Maxwell&oldid=167283518 ] | importance= | date=November 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin McMillan]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_McMillan&oldid=159112722 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Meader]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Meader&oldid=202334149 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Meredith]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Meredith&oldid=64166066 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Mills]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Mills&oldid=191702464 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Milton Abbott]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Milton_Abbott&oldid=114872790 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Miranda]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Miranda&oldid=189211085 ] | importance= | date=April 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Mitchelson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Mitchelson&oldid=184683436 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Montague]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Montague&oldid=95375297 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Movil]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Movil&oldid=181832645 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Mulitalo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Mulitalo&oldid=118143460 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Murati]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Murati&oldid=109499226 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Myers]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Myers&oldid=112026843 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin N. Hubbell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_N._Hubbell&oldid=63503574 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Newman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Newman&oldid=119069804 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Noel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Noel&oldid=125417138 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Núñez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_N%c3%ba%c3%b1ez&oldid=110633203 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin O. Guthman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_O._Guthman&oldid=108757044 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin O. LeGrand]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_O._LeGrand&oldid=99505119 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin O. Stanard]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_O._Stanard&oldid=155608160 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Otoniel Carranza Solís]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Otoniel_Carranza_Sol%c3%ads&oldid=152749787 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Otway Burnham]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Otway_Burnham&oldid=158142487 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Ouon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Ouon&oldid=164026192 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin P. Martz]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_P._Martz&oldid=24165948 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Penhorwood]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Penhorwood&oldid=105362097 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Percy Whipple]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Percy_Whipple&oldid=81020361 ] | importance= | date=January 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Perkins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Perkins&oldid=122301427 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Perry]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Perry&oldid=30453502 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Poots]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Poots&oldid=113694125 ] | importance= | date=March 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Portillo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Portillo&oldid=198547849 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin R. Fellows]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_R._Fellows&oldid=44088669 ] | importance= | date=August 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin R. Gilliland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_R._Gilliland&oldid=135571427 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin R. Holmes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_R._Holmes&oldid=53112005 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin R. Taber]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_R._Taber&oldid=198915360 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin R. Thiele]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_R._Thiele&oldid=122519566 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Ray Guthrie]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Ray_Guthrie&oldid=113247421 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Reinecke]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Reinecke&oldid=58124544 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Richfield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Richfield&oldid=116289305 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Roberts]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Roberts&oldid=125417244 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Rodriguez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Rodriguez&oldid=187627693 ] | importance= | date=February 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Roxburgh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Roxburgh&oldid=116260974 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin S. Johnson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_S._Johnson&oldid=72395828 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Salisbury]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Salisbury&oldid=171122291 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Samuel Montagu]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Samuel_Montagu&oldid=62341658 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Samuel, 2nd Viscount Samuel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Samuel%2c_2nd_Viscount_Samuel&oldid=79394751 ] | importance= | date=June 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Scrymgeour]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Scrymgeour&oldid=134141821 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Seroussi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Seroussi&oldid=71450353 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Seward]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Seward&oldid=186173903 ] | importance= | date=June 12, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments={{Talk:Edwin Seward/Comments}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Edwin_Seward/Comments&action=edit edit comment]) }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Shneidman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Shneidman&oldid=155541641 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Siwkowski]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Siwkowski&oldid=121264729 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Skinner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Skinner&oldid=110307313 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Smith (cricketer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Smith_%28cricketer%29&oldid=143592254 ] | importance= | date=July 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Smith (photographer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Smith_%28photographer%29&oldid=118398403 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Soi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Soi&oldid=120536912 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin St Hill]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_St_Hill&oldid=110902144 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Stanley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Stanley&oldid=150811027 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Stephen Goodrich]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Stephen_Goodrich&oldid=51602359 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Struck]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Struck&oldid=201725484 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Sutherland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Sutherland&oldid=122118923 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Swatek]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Swatek&oldid=169398873 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Swayze]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Swayze&oldid=209990531 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Sydney Stuart]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Sydney_Stuart&oldid=66008450 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Sylvanus Osborne]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Sylvanus_Osborne&oldid=102253811 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Tappan Adney]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Tappan_Adney&oldid=91696643 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Tchorzewski]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Tchorzewski&oldid=218082975 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Tennyson d'Eyncourt]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Tennyson_d%27Eyncourt&oldid=108472108 ] | importance= | date=February 23, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Theodor Saemisch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Theodor_Saemisch&oldid=204626367 ] | importance= | date=April 17, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Thompson Jaynes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Thompson_Jaynes&oldid=75184284 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Torres (poet)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Torres_%28poet%29&oldid=199935834 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin U. Curtis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_U._Curtis&oldid=103358314 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Upton Curtis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Upton_Curtis&oldid=118991140 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin V. Champion]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_V._Champion&oldid=137830045 ] | importance= | date=June 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Valencia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Valencia&oldid=152195356 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Villafuerte]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Villafuerte&oldid=123371465 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Villatoro]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Villatoro&oldid=150266384 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Vásquez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_V%c3%a1squez&oldid=163658175 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin W. Martin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_W._Martin&oldid=154982076 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin W. Rice]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_W._Rice&oldid=214694913 ] | importance= | date=June 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Wainwright]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Wainwright&oldid=75451313 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Wakelin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Wakelin&oldid=130366063 ] | importance= | date=May 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Wallace Parker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Wallace_Parker&oldid=158092476 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Wallock]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Wallock&oldid=161103929 ] | importance= | date=September 27, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Waterhouse]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Waterhouse&oldid=170100731 ] | importance= | date=December 19, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Waugh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Waugh&oldid=82765416 ] | importance= | date=January 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Way Teale]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Way_Teale&oldid=117781379 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Westbrook]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Westbrook&oldid=148955581 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Westphal]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Westphal&oldid=225473809 ] | importance= | date=July 14, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin White]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_White&oldid=163085725 ] | importance= | date=May 29, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Whitefield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Whitefield&oldid=105471905 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin William Brunsden]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_William_Brunsden&oldid=155580620 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin William Hurst]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_William_Hurst&oldid=144484458 ] | importance= | date=November 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Willits]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Willits&oldid=111947053 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Winter]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Winter&oldid=102437421 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Wyndham-Quin, 3rd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Wyndham-Quin%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Dunraven_and_Mount-Earl&oldid=118280060 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Y. Webb]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Y._Webb&oldid=89357221 ] | importance= | date=June 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Yates]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Yates&oldid=173079953 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Yobani Avila]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Yobani_Avila&oldid=144274115 ] | importance= | date=July 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin Zoetebier]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Zoetebier&oldid=116526838 ] | importance= | date=March 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin de Graaf]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_de_Graaf&oldid=193678154 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin de Lisle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_de_Lisle&oldid=103682065 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin van Bueren]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_van_Bueren&oldid=165727283 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwin, Earl of Mercia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin%2c_Earl_of_Mercia&oldid=135741374 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwina Alexander]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwina_Alexander&oldid=233052793 ] | importance= | date=September 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwina Brudenell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwina_Brudenell&oldid=127100150 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwina Dumm]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwina_Dumm&oldid=92068899 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwina Hayes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwina_Hayes&oldid=210674399 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwina Sandys]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwina_Sandys&oldid=101463708 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwulf]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwulf&oldid=154896821 ] | importance= | date=September 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn Bevan]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Bevan&oldid=128509435 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn Burnaby (1798-1867)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Burnaby_%281799-1867%29&oldid=150757624 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn Collins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Collins&oldid=149776542 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn Gray]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Gray&oldid=74850379 ] | importance= | date=September 9, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, 10th Earl of Chesterfield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Scudamore-Stanhope%2c_10th_Earl_of_Chesterfield&oldid=121058551 ] | importance= | date=June 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn Sherard Burnaby]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_Sherard_Burnaby&oldid=138302225 ] | importance= | date=June 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edwyn ap Gwriad]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwyn_ap_Gwriad&oldid=82381056 ] | importance= | date=June 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edy Germán Brambila]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Germ%C3%A1n_Brambila&oldid=115167364 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edy Korthals Altes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Korthals_Altes&oldid=85236528 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edy Reinalter]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Reinalter&oldid=119272454 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edy Schmid]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Schmid&oldid=166534410 ] | importance= | date=December 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edy Schutz]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Schutz&oldid=225585309 ] | importance= | date=July 14, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edy Williams]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Williams&oldid=71450380 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edyta (Italian singer and model)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edyta_%28Italian_singer_and_model%29&oldid=172280821 ] | importance= | date=December 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edythe Baker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edythe_Baker&oldid=210401164 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edythe Chapman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edythe_Chapman&oldid=86965407 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edythe Lewis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edythe_Lewis&oldid=76527798 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edythe M. Abdullah]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edythe_M._Abdullah&oldid=163177583 ] | importance= | date=October 11, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edythe Morahan de Lauzon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edythe_Morahan_de_Lauzon&oldid=112652430 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edythe Wright]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edythe_Wright&oldid=108222834 ] | importance= | date=March 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edzard II, Count of East Frisia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edzard_II%2C_Count_of_East_Frisia&oldid=61994644 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edílson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed%c3%adlson&oldid=139627205 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edílson Abdala Júnior]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed%c3%adlson_Abdala_J%c3%banior&oldid=150223035 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Edílson José da Silva]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed%c3%adlson_Jos%c3%a9_da_Silva&oldid=175779154 ] | importance= | date=December 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ee (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ee_%28band%29&oldid=130464185 ] | importance= | date=August 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ee Peng Liang]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ee_Peng_Liang&oldid=184457209 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eef Barzelay]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eef_Barzelay&oldid=112865006 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eefke Mulder]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eefke_Mulder&oldid=79959041 ] | importance= | date=October 6, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eek-a-Mouse]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eek-a-Mouse&oldid=109174556 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eeke van Nes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eeke_van_Nes&oldid=159701263 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eelattu Poothanthevanar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eelattu_Poothanthevanar&oldid=112534663 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eelco Jansen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eelco_Jansen&oldid=172020598 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eelco van Asperen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eelco_van_Asperen&oldid=150223672 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eelco van Kleffens]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eelco_van_Kleffens&oldid=133146661 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eeles Landström]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eeles_Landstr%C3%B6m&oldid=103006601 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eemil Nestor Setälä]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eemil_Nestor_Set%C3%A4l%C3%A4&oldid=85154260 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eerik Kumari]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eerik_Kumari&oldid=165403079 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eerik Siikasaari]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eerik_Siikasaari&oldid=79431800 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Aarnio]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Aarnio&oldid=119504888 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Berg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Berg&oldid=113012862 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Böök]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_B%c3%b6%c3%b6k&oldid=132475783 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Haapalainen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Haapalainen&oldid=83185076 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Heinäluoma]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Hein%C3%A4luoma&oldid=50246928 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Huovinen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Huovinen&oldid=152749297 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Järnefelt]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_J%c3%a4rnefelt&oldid=150688397 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments={{Talk:Eero Järnefelt/Comments}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Eero_J%c3%a4rnefelt/Comments&action=edit edit comment]) }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Koivistoinen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Koivistoinen&oldid=63272489 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Kolehmainen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Kolehmainen&oldid=119247336 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Lehti]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Lehti&oldid=122553030 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Lehtonen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Lehtonen&oldid=112028486 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Paloheimo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Paloheimo&oldid=135312935 ] | importance= | date=August 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Peltonen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Peltonen&oldid=188833510 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eero Somervuori]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Somervuori&oldid=118312880 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eeti Nieminen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eeti_Nieminen&oldid=121261493 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eeva Ruoppa]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eeva_Ruoppa&oldid=119245408 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efan Ekoku]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efan_Ekoku&oldid=121353611 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efe Echanomi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efe_Echanomi&oldid=150569803 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efe Sodje]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efe_Sodje&oldid=124401592 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efe İnanç]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efe_%c4%b0nan%c3%a7&oldid=176638888 ] | importance= | date=December 9, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effat Al-Thuniyyan]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effat_Al-Thuniyyan&oldid=159821854 ] | importance= | date=October 3, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effat Ghazi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effat_Ghazi&oldid=221254866 ] | importance= | date=July 14, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effat Shariati]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effat_Shariati&oldid=171191394 ] | importance= | date=December 9, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effi Birnbaum]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effi_Birnbaum&oldid=219352557 ] | importance= | date=July 14, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effie Crockett]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effie_Crockett&oldid=106409765 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effie Waller Smith]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effie_Waller_Smith&oldid=126629513 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effie Wilder]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effie_Wilder&oldid=99438835 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effingham Lawrence]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effingham_Lawrence&oldid=45632669 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Effiong Okon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effiong_Okon&oldid=76271380 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efiaimbalo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efiaimbalo&oldid=95712498 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efigênia dos Santos Lima Clemente]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efig%C3%AAnia_dos_Santos_Lima_Clemente&oldid=75341283 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efim S. Fradkin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efim_S._Fradkin&oldid=97206925 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efim Zelmanov]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efim_Zelmanov&oldid=148419817 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraim Halevy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efraim_Halevy&oldid=117456697 ] | importance= | date=March 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraim Sevela]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efraim_Sevela&oldid=123152996 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraim Zuroff]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efraim_Zuroff&oldid=147707637 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efrain Goldenberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efrain_Goldenberg&oldid=114601770 ] | importance= | date=March 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efram Potelle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efram_Potelle&oldid=102154710 ] | importance= | date=June 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efrat Abramov]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efrat_Abramov&oldid=142195746 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraín Cortés]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efra%c3%adn_Cort%c3%a9s&oldid=158167374 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraín Forero Triviño]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efra%c3%adn_Forero_Trivi%c3%b1o&oldid=150787350 ] | importance= | date=August 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraín López Neris]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efra%c3%adn_L%c3%b3pez_Neris&oldid=155333001 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraín Rivera Pérez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efra%c3%adn_Rivera_P%c3%a9rez&oldid=85152721 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efraín Velarde]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efra%C3%ADn_Velarde&oldid=67265032 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efrem Emerson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efrem_Emerson&oldid=165016516 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efrem Schulz]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efrem_Schulz&oldid=123968508 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efrem Shultz]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efrem_Shultz&oldid=71450405 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efrem_Zimbalist%2C_Jr.&oldid=118517008 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efren Herrera]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efren_Herrera&oldid=119757077 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efren Saldivar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efren_Saldivar&oldid=152562628 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efstathios Aloneftis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efstathios_Aloneftis&oldid=107085042 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efstathios Chorophas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efstathios_Chorophas&oldid=99485921 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efstathios Tavlaridis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efstathios_Tavlaridis&oldid=111949084 ] | importance= | date=March 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efstratios Grivas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efstratios_Grivas&oldid=117758250 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efterklang]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efterklang&oldid=76823402 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efthimios Kouloucheris]] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efthimios Rentzias]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efthimios_Rentzias&oldid=120237092 ] | importance= | date=April 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eftichia Papagianopoulos]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eftichia_Papagianopoulos&oldid=98829074 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eftimie Murgu]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eftimie_Murgu&oldid=147654796 ] | importance= | date=April 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eftos]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eftos&oldid=191823790 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eftychia Karagianni]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eftychia_Karagianni&oldid=211875372 ] | importance= | date=May 15, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efua Baker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efua_Baker&oldid=139301450 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efua Dorkenoo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efua_Dorkenoo&oldid=66167087 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efua Theodora Sutherland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efua_Theodora_Sutherland&oldid=145024081 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Efva Attling]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efva_Attling&oldid=108428921 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egan Chambers]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egan_Chambers&oldid=68226470 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egan Inoue]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egan_Inoue&oldid=120350090 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egashira 2:50]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egashira_2:50&oldid=124543783 ] | importance= | date=August 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egay Gonzales]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egay_Gonzales&oldid=200937990 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert Adriaan Kreiken]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Adriaan_Kreiken&oldid=106826209 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert Cadbury]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Cadbury&oldid=127842904 ] | importance= | date=August 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert Ho]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Ho&oldid=108688047 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert I, Margrave of Meissen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_I%2c_Margrave_of_Meissen&oldid=193255283 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert II of Kent]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_II_of_Kent&oldid=142709689 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen&oldid=74324884 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert Seymour]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Seymour&oldid=98272430 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert Udo Udoma]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Udo_Udoma&oldid=135644650 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert Van Alstyne]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Van_Alstyne&oldid=116862884 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert of Lindisfarne]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_of_Lindisfarne&oldid=121915705 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert van Heemskerck]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_van_Heemskerck&oldid=163811305 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egbert van Kampen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_van_Kampen&oldid=133635345 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egert Bakalli]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egert_Bakalli&oldid=233259455 ] | importance= | date=September 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egerton Castle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egerton_Castle&oldid=119079143 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egerton Hubbard, 2nd Baron Addington]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egerton_Hubbard%2C_2nd_Baron_Addington&oldid=110311173 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egerton Marcus]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egerton_Marcus&oldid=121025845 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egfrid of Lindisfarne]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egfrid_of_Lindisfarne&oldid=121915748 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egger]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egger&oldid=73514961 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eggert Jónsson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggert_J%c3%b3nsson&oldid=110838399 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eggert Magnússon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggert_Magn%C3%BAsson&oldid=116209123 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eggs (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggs_%28band%29&oldid=71556299 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eggs over Easy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggs_over_Easy&oldid=58671593 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eggstone]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggstone&oldid=64687489 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egid Kiesouw]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egid_Kiesouw&oldid=143879889 ] | importance= | date=July 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egid Quirin Asam]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egid_Quirin_Asam&oldid=80226896 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidijus Balčiūnas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidijus_Bal%C4%8Di%C5%ABnas&oldid=83057129 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidijus Juška]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidijus_Ju%c5%a1ka&oldid=202442710 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidijus Kūris]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidijus_K%C5%ABris&oldid=98324269 ] | importance= | date=January 29, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidio Arévalo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidio_Ar%c3%a9valo&oldid=182210062 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidio Duni]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidio_Duni&oldid=122082775 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidio Forcellini]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidio_Forcellini&oldid=54444331 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidius Braun]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidius_Braun&oldid=86776507 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidius Slanghen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidius_Slanghen&oldid=69624362 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egidius de Francia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egidius_de_Francia&oldid=157385330 ] | importance= | date=December 19, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Aarvik]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Aarvik&oldid=152981113 ] | importance= | date=August 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Bergsland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Bergsland&oldid=209936340 ] | importance= | date=June 5, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Danielsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Danielsen&oldid=100544521 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Endresen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Endresen&oldid=70080309 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Halmøy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Halm%c3%b8y&oldid=175160363 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Hegerberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Hegerberg&oldid=146571923 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Hestnes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Hestnes&oldid=206684464 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Hovland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Hovland&oldid=89748473 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Johansen (orienteer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Johansen_%28orienteer%29&oldid=169390107 ] | importance= | date=November 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Kristiansen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Kristiansen&oldid=188848587 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Monn-Iversen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Monn-Iversen&oldid=77406239 ] | importance= | date=November 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Myklebust]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Myklebust&oldid=170596685 ] | importance= | date=December 19, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Oddvar Larsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Oddvar_Larsen&oldid=203811808 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Offenberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Offenberg&oldid=69239179 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Olli]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Olli&oldid=183711997 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Rasmussen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Rasmussen&oldid=63249783 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Solin Ranheim]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Solin_Ranheim&oldid=203004468 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Søby]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_S%c3%b8by&oldid=189292708 ] | importance= | date=February 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Tynæs]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Tyn%C3%A6s&oldid=60221663 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egil Werner Erichsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Werner_Erichsen&oldid=210668481 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egill Reimers]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egill_Reimers&oldid=191831163 ] | importance= | date=September 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egilona]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egilona&oldid=73859152 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egisto Pandolfini]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egisto_Pandolfini&oldid=197854936 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eglantina Zingg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eglantina_Zingg&oldid=122504100 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eglantyne Louisa Jebb]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eglantyne_Louisa_Jebb&oldid=212374545 ] | importance= | date=May 15, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egmar Goncalves]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egmar_Goncalves&oldid=108995282 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egmont Serieforlaget]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egmont_Serieforlaget&oldid=29276191 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egnatius]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egnatius&oldid=119540126 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egnatius Lucilianus]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egnatius_Lucilianus&oldid=62910446 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ego Brønnum-Jacobsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ego_Br%c3%b8nnum-Jacobsen&oldid=244419991 ] | importance= | date=October 13, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ego Ihenacho]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ego_Ihenacho&oldid=115314386 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egoi Martínez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egoi_Mart%C3%ADnez&oldid=121309072 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Bahr]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Bahr&oldid=64850335 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Bittner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Bittner&oldid=139301411 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Bondy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Bondy&oldid=123487534 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Börger]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_B%C3%B6rger&oldid=70536173 ] | importance= | date=February 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Eiermann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Eiermann&oldid=112075951 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Franke]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Franke&oldid=64850356 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Franke (fencer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Franke_%28fencer%29&oldid=222367831 ] | importance= | date=August 8, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt&oldid=151366892 ] | importance= | date=August 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Günther]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_G%c3%bcnther&oldid=235126817 ] | importance= | date=September 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Hilbert]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Hilbert&oldid=181152515 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Jakofčič]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Jakof%c4%8di%c4%8d&oldid=111114769 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Jux]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Jux&oldid=96406850 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Jönsson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_J%c3%b6nsson&oldid=200109935 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Klepsch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Klepsch&oldid=138091771 ] | importance= | date=August 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Köhnen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_K%c3%b6hnen&oldid=177625849 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Monk]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Monk&oldid=111887482 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Möller-Nielsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_M%c3%b6ller-Nielsen&oldid=152748724 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Müller]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_M%c3%bcller&oldid=182363190 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Pearson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Pearson&oldid=89900950 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Pollack]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Pollack&oldid=120040381 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Seefehlner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Seefehlner&oldid=154777345 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Steuer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Steuer&oldid=71450522 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Svensson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Svensson&oldid=164048540 ] | importance= | date=December 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Sørensen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_S%c3%b8rensen&oldid=125280304 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Weidekamp]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Weidekamp&oldid=153532283 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon Zimmermann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_Zimmermann&oldid=119272396 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egon von Fürstenberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egon_von_F%c3%bcrstenberg&oldid=152911852 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egor Filipenko]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egor_Filipenko&oldid=156773685 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egor Golovkin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egor_Golovkin&oldid=116370538 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egor Maistrov]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egor_Maistrov&oldid=114584201 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egotrip (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egotrip_%28band%29&oldid=199646947 ] | importance= | date=May 29, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egotrippi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egotrippi&oldid=63600431 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eguguojo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eguguojo&oldid=136966046 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eguinaire Baron]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eguinaire_Baron&oldid=113150902 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egutu Oliseh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egutu_Oliseh&oldid=123750699 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egwale Anbesa]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egwale_Anbesa&oldid=101838291 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egwale Seyon of Ethiopia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egwale_Seyon_of_Ethiopia&oldid=98132679 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egwin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egwin&oldid=130693906 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egwolfus]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egwolfus&oldid=155483674 ] | importance= | date=September 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egypt (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt_%28band%29&oldid=210160366 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egypt (media personality)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt_%28media_personality%29&oldid=122063385 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Egídio Pereira Júnior]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eg%c3%addio_Pereira_J%c3%banior&oldid=197486520 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eh Phoutong]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eh_Phoutong&oldid=115438917 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehab Al Bousefi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehab_Al_Bousefi&oldid=117354599 ] | importance= | date=July 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehe Shaoge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehe_Shaoge&oldid=97952996 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehlo Huang]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehlo_Huang&oldid=174271101 ] | importance= | date=April 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehm Welk]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehm_Welk&oldid=80741580 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehmetjan Qasim]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehmetjan_Qasim&oldid=70242848 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehra Madrigal]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehra_Madrigal&oldid=139378143 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehren Kruger]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehren_Kruger&oldid=128773852 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehren McGhehey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehren_McGhehey&oldid=83111918 ] | importance= | date=October 22, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehrenfried Patzel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehrenfried_Patzel&oldid=113894453 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehrhardt Heller]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehrhardt_Heller&oldid=155104720 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehrinn Cummings]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehrinn_Cummings&oldid=149848351 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehrman Syme Nadal]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehrman_Syme_Nadal&oldid=70069210 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsaan Noorani]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsaan_Noorani&oldid=128646132 ] | importance= | date=June 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Ghaem Maghami]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Ghaem_Maghami&oldid=125445840 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Hadadi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Hadadi&oldid=108074650 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Hajysafi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Hajysafi&oldid=176638122 ] | importance= | date=April 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Hatem]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Hatem&oldid=155197997 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Khorsandi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Khorsandi&oldid=125184910 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Masood]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Masood&oldid=119809962 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan Naraghi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_Naraghi&oldid=121173369 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsan ul Haq]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsan_ul_Haq&oldid=181499355 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsanul Haque]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsanul_Haque&oldid=77397005 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehsanullah Ehsan]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehsanullah_Ehsan&oldid=68931582 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehteshamuddin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehteshamuddin&oldid=102576117 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Banai]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Banai&oldid=108431475 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Ben Tuvim]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Ben_Tuvim&oldid=135885161 ] | importance= | date=August 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Havazelet]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Havazelet&oldid=237698814 ] | importance= | date=September 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Hrushovski]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Hrushovski&oldid=126885347 ] | importance= | date=May 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Manor]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Manor&oldid=69093855 ] | importance= | date=September 1, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Netzer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Netzer&oldid=129470958 ] | importance= | date=May 8, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Segev]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Segev&oldid=94601022 ] | importance= | date=March 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Shani]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Shani&oldid=68342611 ] | importance= | date=September 12, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Shapiro]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Shapiro&oldid=103261663 ] | importance= | date=February 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Vaks]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Vaks&oldid=123944403 ] | importance= | date=April 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehud Yaari]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Yaari&oldid=111284928 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Ehyophsta]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehyophsta&oldid=130947721 ] | importance= | date=August 13, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eicca Toppinen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eicca_Toppinen&oldid=216088467 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eid Al Fayez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eid_Al_Fayez&oldid=157049223 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Eidolon (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eidolon_%28band%29&oldid=67925856 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment footer|seealso=See also: [[:Category:Biography articles by quality|assessed article categories]]. |lastdate=}} |
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<noinclude> |
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The serious effect of CNS oxygen toxicity is a [[seizure]], consisting of a brief period of rigidity followed by convulsions and unconsciousness, which is of concern to divers who breathe gases at much greater than atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity results in damage to the lungs causing pain and difficulty in breathing, while oxidative damage to the eye may lead to [[myopia]] or partial detachment of the [[retina]]. These occur when supplemental oxygen is administered as part of a treatment, particularly to newborn infants. |
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{{process header |
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| title = ↑[[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Biography articles by quality|(up)]] |
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Prevention of oxygen toxicity is an important precaution whenever oxygen is breathed at greater than normal partial pressures and has led to use of [[Medical guideline|protocols]] for avoidance of hyperoxia in such fields as diving, hyperbaric therapy, [[neonatal care]] and [[human spaceflight]]. This has lead to oxygen toxicity seizures becoming increasingly rare, with pulmonary and [[Eye|ocular]] damage being mainly confined to the problems of managing [[premature]] infants. |
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==Classification== |
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In humans, a convenient classification is by organ affected. There are three principal types of oxygen toxicity:<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=Acott/> |
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*Central nervous system (CNS), characterised by [[Seizure|convulsions]] followed by unconsciousness, occurring under hyperbaric conditions |
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*Pulmonary, characterised by difficulty in breathing and pain within the chest, occurring when breathing elevated pressures of oxygen for extended periods |
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*Ocular, characterised by alterations to the eye, occurring when breathing elevated pressures of oxygen for extended periods |
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Oxidative damage may occur in any cell in the body but the effects on the most susceptible organs will be the primary concern. In unusual circumstances, effects on other tissues may be observed: it is suspected that during spaceflight, high oxygen concentrations may contribute to bone damage. Hyperoxia can also indirectly cause [[carbon dioxide]] [[narcosis]] in patients with [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD).<ref name="Patel">{{cite journal |author=Patel, Dharmeshkumar N; Goel, Ashish; Agarwal, S.B.; Garg, Praveenkumar; Lakhani, Krishna K. |date=July 2003 |title=Oxygen toxicity |journal=Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine |volume=4 |issue=3| pages=234–7| url=http://medind.nic.in/jac/t03/i3/jact03i3p234.pdf |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> |
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Oxygen toxicity is not associated with [[hyperventilation]], because it never results from breathing air at atmospheric pressure. |
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==Signs and symptoms== |
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CNS oxygen toxicity manifests as symptoms such as [[Tunnel vision|visual changes]], [[Tinnitus|ringing in the ears]], [[nausea]], twitching (especially on the face), irritability (personality changes, anxiety, confusion, etc.), and [[Vertigo (medical)|dizziness]]. This may be followed by a [[tonic-clonic seizure]] where intense muscle contraction occurs for several seconds followed by rapid spasms of alternate muscle relaxation and contraction producing convulsive jerking, which is followed by a period of unconsciousness (the [[postictal state]]).<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=usn/> The onset depends upon [[partial pressure]] of oxygen (ppO<sub>2</sub>) in the [[breathing gas]] and exposure duration but experiments have shown that there is a wide variation in exposure time before onset amongst individuals and in the same individual from day to day.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=usn/><ref name=Bitterman/> In addition, many external factors, such as underwater [[:wikt:immersion|immersion]], exposure to cold, and exercise will decrease the time to onset of CNS symptoms.<ref name=Donald1/><ref name=Donald2/> Decrease of tolerance has been shown to be closely linked to retention of [[carbon dioxide]].<ref name=dan /><ref name=rebreather2.0 /><ref name=padi /> Other factors, such as [[Lighting|darkness]] and [[caffeine]] increase tolerance in test animals, but these effects have not been proven in humans.<ref name="pmid3705247" /><ref name="pmid8574677" /> |
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[[Image:Pulm O2 tox histology.jpg|thumb|190px|Image is of pulmonary oxygen toxicity in a rat lung following long hyperbaric oxygen exposure. [[Histology]] shows alveolar edema, hyaline membranes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and septal thickening.]] |
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Early symptoms of pulmonary oxygen toxicity are breathing difficulty and pain or discomfort within the chest ([[Sternum|substernal]] pain). The lungs show [[inflammation]] and swelling ([[pulmonary edema]]).<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=usn/>. Tests in animals have indicated a similar variation in tolerance as found in CNS toxicity as well as significant variations between species. When the exposure to oxygen above {{convert|0.5|bar|abbr=on}} is intermittent, it permits the lungs to recover and delays the onset of toxicity.<ref name=Smith/> |
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==Causes== |
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===CNS toxicity=== |
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As CNS toxicity is caused by breathing oxygen at elevated [[:wikt:ambient|ambient]] pressures, patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy are at risk of suffering hyperoxic seizures following short exposures to the high pressure oxygen.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=smerz>{{cite journal |author=Smerz, R.W. |title=Incidence of oxygen toxicity during the treatment of dysbarism |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=199–202 |year=2004 |pmid=15485081 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4010 |accessdate=2008-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hampson, Neal B.; Simonson, Steven G.; Kramer, C.C.; Piantadosi, Claude A. |title=Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=215–9 |year=1996 |month=December |pmid=8989851 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2232 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> |
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For the same reason, divers breathing air at depths greater than {{convert|60|m|ft}} face a risk of an oxygen toxicity "hit" (seizure) as do divers breathing a gas mixture enriched with oxygen ([[Enriched Air Nitrox]]).<ref name=dan /> |
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===Pulmonary toxicity=== |
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{{main|Bronchopulmonary dysplasia}} |
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The lungs have a very large area in contact with the breathing gas and contain thin membranes with limited [[antioxidant]] defenses, making them particularly susceptible to damage by oxygen. Pulmonary toxicity occurs with prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of oxygen. Pulmonary manifestations of oxygen toxicity are not the same for [[:wikt:normobaric|normobaric]] conditions as they are for [[Hyperbaric medicine|hyperbaric]] conditions.<ref name="pmid17416738">{{cite journal |author=Demchenko, Ivan T.; Welty-Wolf, Karen E.; Allen, Barry W.; Piantadosi, Claude A. |title=Similar but not the same: normobaric and hyperbaric pulmonary oxygen toxicity, the role of nitric oxide |journal=The American journal of physiology Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. |volume=293 |issue=1 |pages=L229–38 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17416738 |doi=10.1152/ajplung.00450.2006 |url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17416738 |accessdate=2008-09-18}}</ref> |
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The risk of [[bronchopulmonary dysplasia]] ("BPD") in infants, or [[adult respiratory distress syndrome]] (ARDS) in adults, begins to increase with exposure for over 16 hours to oxygen partial pressures of {{convert|0.5|bar|abbr=on}} or more.<ref name=Bancalari>{{cite journal |author=Bancalari, Eduardo; Claure, Nelson; Sosenko, Ilene R.S. |title=Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition |journal=Seminars in Neonatology |publisher=Elsevier Science |location=London |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |year=2003 |month=February |pmid=12667831 |issn=1084-2756 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1084275602001926 |accessdate=2008-04-30 |doi=10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6}}</ref><ref name=Tin>{{cite journal |author=Tin, W.; Gupta, S. |title=Optimum oxygen therapy in preterm babies |journal=Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=F143–7 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17337663 |doi=10.1136/adc.2005.092726 |url=http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17337663 |accessdate=2008-04-30}}</ref><ref name=Thiel>{{cite journal |author=Thiel, Manfred; Chouker, Alexander; Ohta, Akio; ''et al'' |title=Oxygenation inhibits the physiological tissue-protecting mechanism and thereby exacerbates acute inflammatory lung injury |journal=PLoS biology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=e174 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=15857155 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030174 |url=http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030174 |accessdate=2008-04-30}}</ref> |
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At sea-level, {{convert|0.5|bar|abbr=on}} is exceeded by gas mixtures having oxygen fractions greater than 50%, while the rate of damage rises non-linearly between the 50% threshold of toxicity and the rate at 100% oxygen. Partial pressures between {{convert|0.2|bar|abbr=on}} (normal at sea level) and {{convert|0.5|bar|abbr=on}} are considered non-toxic but [[intensive care]] patients breathing more than 60% oxygen, and especially patients at fractions near 100% oxygen, are considered to be at particularly high risk. If the treatment continues for a lengthy period, it may begin to cause lung damage which exacerbates the original problem requiring the high-oxygen mixture. Oxygen toxicity is also a potential complication of [[mechanical ventilation]] with pure oxygen, where it is called [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|respiratory lung syndrome]]. |
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Breathing 100% oxygen eventually leads to collapse of the [[alveoli]] ([[atelectasis]]), while — at same partial pressure of oxygen — the presence of significant partial pressures of inert gases will prevent this effect.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Wittner |first=M. |coauthors=Rosenbaum, R.M. |title=Pathophysiology of pulmonary oxygen toxicity |booktitle=Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine |publisher=NAS/NRC, 1404, Washington DC |pages=179-188 |year=1966}} - and others as discussed by Clark, John M. and Lambertsen, Christian J. (1970) [http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3863 Pulmonary oxygen tolerance in man and derivation of pulmonary oxygen tolerance curves] pages 256-260.</ref> |
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In the treatment of [[decompression sickness]], divers are exposed to long periods of oxygen breathing under hyperbaric conditions. This exposure, coupled with that from the dive preceding the symptoms, can be a significant cumulative oxygen exposure and pulmonary toxicity may occur.<ref name=smerz/> |
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===Ocular toxicity=== |
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{{main|Retinopathy of prematurity}} |
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Prolonged exposure to high inspired fractions of oxygen causes damage to the [[retina]].<ref name=Nichols/><ref name=NEDU47/><ref name="pmid754368">{{cite journal |author=Anderson, B.; Farmer, Joseph C. |title=Hyperoxic myopia |journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc |volume=76 |pages=116–24 |year=1978 |pmid=754368 |pmc=1311617 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1701697">{{cite journal |author=Ricci, B.; Lepore, D.; Iossa, M.; Santo, A.; D'Urso, M.; Maggiano, N. |title=Effect of light on oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat model. Light and OIR in the rat |journal=Documenta ophthalmologica |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=287–301 |year=1990 |pmid=1701697 }}</ref> |
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Damage to the developing eye of infants exposed to high oxygen fraction at normal pressure has a different mechanism and effect from the eye damage experienced by adult divers under hyperbaric conditions.<ref name="pmid9603802">{{cite journal |author=Drack, A.V. |title=Preventing blindness in premature infants |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=338 |issue=22 |pages=1620–1 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9603802 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/22/1619 |accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref><ref name=Butler/> |
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Hyperoxia may be a contributing factor for the disorder called retrolental fibroplasia or [[retinopathy of prematurity]] (ROP) in infants.<ref name=Nichols/><ref name="pmid9603802"/> |
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In preterm infants, the retina is often not fully vascularised. ROP occurs when the development of the retinal vasculature is arrested and then proceeds abnormally. Associated with the growth of these new vessels is [[Granulation tissue|fibrous tissue]] (scar tissue) that may contract to cause retinal detachment. Supplemental oxygen exposure, while a [[risk factor]], is '''not''' the main risk factor for development of this disease. Restricting supplemental oxygen use does not necessarily reduce the rate of ROP, and may raise the risk of other [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]-related systemic complications.<ref name="pmid9603802"/> |
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Hyperoxic [[myopia]] has occurred in closed circuit oxygen rebreather divers with prolonged exposures.<ref name=Butler/><ref name=NEDU47/><ref name=shykoff3492>{{cite journal |author=Shykoff, Barbara E. |title=Repeated Six-Hour Dives 1.35 ATM Oxygen Partial Pressure |year=2005 |journal=US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-TR-05-20 |location=Panama City, FL, USA |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3492 |accessdate=2008-09-19 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18500077">{{cite journal |author=Shykoff, Barbara E. |title=Pulmonary effects of submerged oxygen breathing in resting divers: repeated exposures to 140 kPa |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=131–43 |year=2008 |pmid=18500077 |accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref> |
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This must be due to an increase in the refractive power of the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]], since axial length and [[Keratometer|keratometry]] readings do not reveal a [[cornea]]l or length basis for a myopic shift.<ref name=Butler/><ref name=myopialength>{{cite journal |author=Anderson, B.; Shelton, D.L. |title=Axial length in hyperoxic myopia |journal=In: Bove, Alfred A.; Bachrach, Arthur J.; Greenbaum, Leon (eds.) Underwater and hyperbaric physiology IX. |volume= Ninth international symposium of the [[Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society]] |year=1987 |pages=607-611 }}</ref> |
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==Mechanism== |
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[[Image:Lipid peroxidation.svg|thumb|190px|right|Lipid peroxidation mechanism]] |
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A high concentration of oxygen damages cells.<ref name=Bitterman>{{cite journal |author=Bitterman, N. |title=CNS oxygen toxicity |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |year=2004 |pmid=15233161 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3991 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> |
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Not all mechanisms of damage caused by [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS) are known, but the process of [[lipid peroxidation]] causes damage to [[cell membranes]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Bowen, R. |url=http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/radicals.html |title=Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen |publisher=Colorado State University |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref> |
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ROS form as a natural byproduct of the normal [[metabolism]] of oxygen and have important roles in [[cell signaling]]. However, during times of environmental stress ROS levels can increase dramatically, which can result in significant damage to cell structures. This cumulates into a situation known as [[oxidative stress]].<ref name=Bitterman/><ref name="pmid18549826">{{cite journal |author=Piantadosi, Claude A. |title=Carbon monoxide, reactive oxygen signaling, and oxidative stress |journal=Free radical biology and medicine |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=562–9 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18549826 |doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.013 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891-5849(08)00305-5 |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref> |
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One example is that oxygen has a propensity to react with certain metals to form the ROS [[superoxide]], which attacks [[Covalent bonds#Bond_order|double bonds]] in many organic molecules, including the [[Fatty acid#Unsaturated_fatty_acids|unsaturated fatty acid]] residues in cells.<ref name="pmid1316738">{{cite journal |author=Thom, Steven R. |title=Inert gas enhancement of superoxide radical production |journal=Archives of biochemistry and biophysics |volume=295 |issue=2 |pages=391–6 |year=1992 |month=June |pmid=1316738 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12791678">{{cite journal |author=Ghio, Andrew J.; Nozik-Grayck, Eva; Turi, Jennifer; Jaspers, Ilona; Mercatante, Danielle R.; Kole, Ryszard; Piantadosi, Claude A. |title=Superoxide-dependent iron uptake: a new role for anion exchange protein 2 |journal=American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=653–60 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=12791678 |doi=10.1165/rcmb.2003-0070OC |url=http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12791678 |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref> |
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High concentrations of oxygen are also known to increase the formation of [[free radical]]s which harm [[DNA]] and other structures (see [[nitric oxide]], [[peroxynitrite]], and [[trioxidane]]).<ref name=Bitterman/><ref name="pmid1329105">{{cite journal |author=Oury, T.D.; Ho, Y.S.; Piantadosi, Claude A.; Crapo, J.D.; |title=Extracellular superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, and central nervous system O2 toxicity |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=89 |issue=20 |pages=9715–9 |year=1992 |month=October |pmid=1329105 |pmc=50203 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1329105 |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref> |
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Normally the body has many defense systems against such injury, such as [[glutathione]], [[catalase]], and [[superoxide dismutase]], but at higher concentrations of free oxygen, these systems are eventually overwhelmed, and the rate of damage to cell membranes exceeds the capacity of the systems which control or repair it.<ref name="pmid2825395">{{cite journal |author=Thom, Steven R.; Marquis, R.E. |title=Free radical reactions and the inhibitory and lethal actions of high-pressure gases |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=485–501 |year=1987 |month=November |pmid=2825395 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2459 |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref><ref name="pmid10372426">{{cite journal |author=Djurhuus, R.; Svardal, A.M.; Thorsen, E. |title=Glutathione in the cellular defense of human lung cells exposed to hyperoxia and high pressure |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=75–85 |year=1999 |pmid=10372426 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2315 |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref><ref name="pmid15485085">{{cite journal |author=Freiberger, John J.; Coulombe, Kathy; Suliman, Hagir; Carraway, Martha-sue; Piantadosi, Claude A. |title=Superoxide dismutase responds to hyperoxia in rat hippocampus |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=227–32 |year=2004 |pmid=15485085 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4014 |accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref> Cell damage and cell death then result. |
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==Diagnosis== |
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Diagnosis of CNS oxygen toxicity in divers prior to seizure is difficult as the symptoms of visual disturbance, ear problems, dizziness, confusion and nausea can be due to many factors common to the underwater environment such as narcosis, congestion and coldness. However, these symptoms may be helpful in diagnosing the first stages of oxygen toxicity in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In either case, a seizure occurring while breathing oxygen at partial pressures of {{convert|1.4|bar|abbr=on}} or greater will be diagnosed as oxygen toxicity. |
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Diagnosis of BPD in new-born infants with breathing difficulties is difficult in the first few weeks. However, if the infant's breathing does not improve during this time, [[blood tests]] and [[x-rays]] may be used to confirm BPD. In addition, an [[echocardiogram]] can help to eliminate other possible causes such as [[congenital heart defects]] or [[pulmonary arterial hypertension]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How is bronchopulmonary dysplasia diagnosed? |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Bpd/Bpd_Diagnosis.html |accessdate=2008-09-28 }}</ref> |
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The diagnosis of ROP in infants is typically suggested by the clinical setting. Prematurity, low birth weight and a history of oxygen exposure are the principal indicators, while no hereditary factors have been shown to yield a pattern.<ref name=Regillo>{{cite book |last=Regillo |first=Carl D. |coauthors=Brown, Gary C.; Flynn, Harry W. |title=Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials |location=New York |publisher=Thieme, 693 pages |year=1998 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QUTuvcB68DEC |isbn=0865777616 |oclc=39170393}}</ref> |
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==Prevention== |
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[[Image:Cylinder mod.jpg|thumb|190px|The diving cylinder contains oxygen-rich gas (36%) and is marked with maximum operating depth of 28 metres.]] |
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A seizure caused by CNS oxygen toxicity is a deadly but entirely avoidable event while [[Underwater diving|diving]].<ref name=dan/> The diver may experience no warning symptoms. The effects are sudden convulsions and unconsciousness, during which victims can lose their [[Diving regulator|regulator]] and drown.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=usn/> There is an increased risk of CNS oxygen toxicity on deep dives, long dives and dives where oxygen-rich breathing gases are used.<ref name=dan/> Divers are taught to calculate a [[maximum operating depth]] for oxygen-rich [[breathing gas]]es.<ref name=dan/><ref name=padi/> Cylinders containing such mixtures must be clearly marked with that depth.<ref name=dan/><ref name=padi/> |
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In some [[diver training]] courses for these types of diving, divers are taught to plan and monitor what is called the "oxygen clock" of their dives.<ref name=dan/> This is a notional alarm clock, which "ticks" more quickly at increased ppO<sub>2</sub> and is set to activate at the maximum single exposure limit recommended in the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) Diving Manual.<ref name=dan/><ref name=padi/> For the following partial pressures of oxygen the limit is: 45 minutes at {{convert|1.6|bar|abbr=on}}, 120 minutes at {{convert|1.5|bar|abbr=on}}, 150 minutes at {{convert|1.4|bar|abbr=on}}, 180 minutes at {{convert|1.3|bar|abbr=on}} and 210 minutes at {{convert|1.2|bar|abbr=on}}, but is impossible to predict with any reliability whether or when CNS symptoms will occur.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=usn/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Butler, Frank K.; Thalmann, Edward D. |title=Central nervous system oxygen toxicity in closed circuit scuba divers II |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=193–223 |year=1986 |month=June |pmid=3727183 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3045 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Butler, Frank K. |title=Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=3–20 |year=2004 |pmid=15233156 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3986 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref> |
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Many Nitrox-capable [[dive computer]]s calculate an "oxygen loading" and can track it across multiple dives. The aim is to avoid activating the alarm by reducing the ppO<sub>2</sub> of the breathing gas or the length of time breathing gas of higher ppO<sub>2</sub>. As the ppO<sub>2</sub> depends on the fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas and the depth of the dive, the diver obtains more time on the oxygen clock by diving at a shallower depth, by breathing a less oxygen-rich gas or by shortening the duration of exposure to oxygen-rich gases. |
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BPD is reversible in the early stages by use of "break periods" on lower oxygen pressures, but it may eventually result in irreversible lung injury if allowed to progress to severe damage. Usually several days of exposure without "oxygen breaks" are needed to cause such damage. |
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Pulmonary oxygen toxicity is an entirely avoidable event while diving. The limited duration and naturally intermittent nature of most diving makes this a relatively rare (and even then, reversible) complication for divers. Guidelines have been established that allow divers to calculate when they are at risk of pulmonary toxicity.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=usn/><ref name=clark/><ref name=repex1/><ref name=repex2/><ref name=spums/> |
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In low-pressure environments oxygen toxicity may be avoided since the toxicity is caused by high oxygen partial pressure, not merely by high oxygen fraction. This is illustrated by oxygen use in spacesuits (historically, for example, the [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] and [[Apollo spacecraft]]).<ref name="pmid2730484">{{cite journal |author=Webb, James T.; Olson, R.M.; Krutz, R.W.; Dixon, G.; Barnicott, P.T. |title=Human tolerance to 100% oxygen at 9.5 psia during five daily simulated 8-hour EVA exposures |journal=Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=415–21 |year=1989 |month=May |pmid=2730484 |accessdate= }}</ref> |
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In such applications high-fraction oxygen is non-toxic, even at breathing mixture fractions approaching 100%, because the oxygen partial pressure is not allowed to [[Chronic toxicity|chronically]] exceed {{convert|0.35|bar|abbr=on}}. |
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[[Vitamin E]] and [[selenium]] were proposed and later rejected as a potential method of protection against pulmonary oxygen toxicity.<ref name=Schatte>{{cite journal |author=Schatte, C.L. |title=Dietary selenium and vitamin E as a possible prophylactic to pulmonary oxygen poisoning |journal=Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Hyperbaric Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland |year=1977 |isbn=0-08-024918-3 |pages=84-91 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1852722">{{cite journal |author=Boadi, W.Y.; Thaire, L.; Kerem, D.; Yannai, S. |title=Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E, riboflavin and selenium on central nervous system oxygen toxicity |journal=Pharmacology & toxicology |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=77–82 |year=1991 |month=February |pmid=1852722 |issn=0901-9928}}</ref><ref name=GUEdvd>{{cite video |people=Piantadosi, Claude A. |title=In: The Mysterious Malady: Toward an understanding of decompression injuries |medium=DVD |publisher=Global Underwater Explorers |year2=2006 |url=http://www.gue.com/?q=en/node/193 |accessdate=2008-09-19 }}</ref> |
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There is however some experimental evidence in rats that vitamin E and selenium aid in preventing [[in vivo]] [[lipid peroxidation]] and free radical damage, and therefore prevent retinal changes following repetitive hyperbaric oxygen exposures.<ref name="pmid2744583">{{cite journal |author=Stone, W.L.; Henderson, R.A.; Howard, G.H.; Hollis, A.L.; Payne, P.H.; Scott, R.L. |title=The role of antioxidant nutrients in preventing hyperbaric oxygen damage to the retina |journal=Free radical biology & medicine |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=505–12 |year=1989 |pmid=2744583 }}</ref> |
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==Management== |
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[[Image:Scleral_Buckle.svg|thumb|right|190px|Scleral Buckle: a silicone band is placed around the eye to move the wall of the eye close to a detached retina allowing the retina to re-attach.]] |
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Treatment of seizures during oxygen therapy consists of removing the patient from oxygen, thereby dropping the partial pressure of oxygen delivered.<ref name=usn/> A seizure underwater requires that the diver is brought to the surface as soon as practicable. The buddy will ensure that the victim's air supply is established and maintained, then carry out a [[controlled buoyant lift]]. The buddy will need to ensure their own safety is not compromised during the convulsive phase, but lifting an unconscious body is taught by most [[diver training]] agencies. Upon reaching the surface, emergency services should be contacted as there is a possibility of further complications requiring medical attention. |
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The occurrence of symptoms of BPD or ARDS is treated by lowering the fraction of oxygen administered, along with a reduction in the periods of exposure and an increase in the break periods where normal air is supplied. Where supplemental oxygen is required for treatment of another disease (particularly in infants), a [[ventilator]] may be needed to ensure that the lung tissue remains inflated. Reductions in pressure and exposure will be made progressively and medications such as [[bronchodilators]] and [[pulmonary surfactants]] may be used.<ref name=MPBPD>{{cite web |title=NIH MedlinePlus: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001088.htm |accessdate=2008-10-02 }}</ref> |
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ROP may [[Regression (medicine)|regress]] spontaneously, but should the disease progress beyond a threshold (defined as five contiguous or eight cumulative hours of [[Retinopathy_of_prematurity#International_classification_of_retinopathy_of_prematurity_.28ICROP.29|stage 3 ROP]]), both [[cryosurgery ]] and [[laser surgery]] have been shown to reduce the risk of blindness as an outcome. Where the disease has progressed further, techniques such as [[Scleral buckle|scleral buckling]] and [[vitrectomy]] surgery may assist in re-attaching the retina.<ref name=Regillo /> |
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==Prognosis== |
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Although the convulsions caused by CNS oxygen toxicity may lead to incidental injury to the victim, it remained uncertain for many years whether damage to the nervous system following the seizure could occur and several studies searched for evidence of such damage. An overview of these studies by Bitterman in 2004 concluded that following removal of breathing gas containing high fractions of oxygen, no long-term neurological damage from the seizure remains.<ref name=Bitterman/><ref name=FennRahn>{{cite journal |author=Lambertsen, Christian J. |title=Effects of oxygen at high partial pressure |journal=In: Fenn, W.O.; Rahn, H. (eds.) Handbook of Physiology: Respiration |publisher=American Physiological Society |volume=Sec.3 Vol.2 |year=1965 |pages=1027–46 }}</ref> |
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The majority of infants who have survived following an incidence of BPD will eventually recover near-normal lung function, since lungs continue to grow during the first 5–7 years and the damage caused by BPD is to some extent reversible (even in adults). However, they are likely be more susceptible to respiratory infections for the rest of their lives and the severity of later infections is often greater than that in their peers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Bpd/Bpd_WhatIs.html |title=National Institutes of Health: What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia? |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref name="kidshealth">{{cite web |url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/lungs/bpd.html |title=Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) |last=Spear |first=Michael L. - reviewer, |date=June 2008 |publisher=[[Nemours Foundation]] |accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref> |
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ROP in infants frequently regresses without intervention and eyesight may be normal in later years. Where the disease has progressed to the stages requiring surgery, the outcomes are generally good for the treatment of stage 3 ROP, but are much worse for the later stages. Although surgery is usually successful in restoring the anatomy of the eye, damage to the nervous system by the progression of the disease leads to comparatively poorer results in restoring vision. The presence of other complicating diseases also reduces the likelihood of a favourable outcome.<ref name=Regillo /> |
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==Epidemiology== |
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[[Image:Incidence of ROP.svg|thumb |right |190px |Percentage of Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness due to ROP in Children in Schools for the Blind in Different Regions of the World.]] |
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The incidence of CNS toxicity among divers has decreased since the Second World War, as protocols have developed to limit exposure and partial pressure of oxygen inspired. In 1947, Donald recommended limiting the depth breathing pure oxygen to {{convert|25|ft|abbr=on}}, or a ppO<sub>2</sub> of {{convert|1.8|bar|abbr=on}}. This limit has been reduced until today a limit of {{convert|1.4|bar|abbr=on}} during a dive and {{convert|1.6|bar|abbr=on}} during shallow decompression stops is accepted: oxygen toxicity has become a rare occurrence other than when caused by equipment malfunction and human error. Historically, the U.S. Navy has refined its Navy Diving Manual Tables to reduce oxygen toxicity incidents. Between 1995 and 1999, reports showed 405 surface-supported dives using the helium-oxygen tables; of these, oxygen toxicity symptoms were observed on 6 dives (1.5%). As a result, the U.S. Navy in 2000 modified the schedules and conducted field tests of 150 dives, none of which produced symptoms of oxygen toxicity. Revised tables were published in 2001.<ref name="Gerth">{{cite journal |last=Gerth |first=Wayne A. |month=February |year=2006 |title=Decompression sickness and oxygen toxicity in U.S. Navy surface-supplied He-O2 diving |journal=Proceedings of Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4654 |isbn=20060725 |accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> |
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The variability in tolerance and other variable factors such as workload have resulted in the U.S. Navy abandoning screening for oxygen tolerance. Of the 6,250 oxygen-tolerance tests performed between 1976 and 1997, only 6 episodes of oxygen toxicity were observed (0.1%).<ref name="Gould">{{cite journal |author=Walters, K.C.; Gould, M.T.; Bachrach, E.A.; Butler, Frank K. |title=Screening for oxygen sensitivity in U.S. Navy combat swimmers |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=21–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10813436 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2358 |accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref name=pmid3705251>{{cite journal |author=Butler, Frank K.; Knafelc, M.E. |title=Screening for oxygen intolerance in U.S. Navy divers |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=91–8 |year=1986 |month=March |pmid=3705251 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3046 |accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> |
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The incidence of CNS oxygen toxicity among patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy is rare and influenced by a number of a factors: individual sensitivity and treatment protocol; and probably [[Indication (medicine)|therapy indication]] and equipment used. A study by Welslau in 1996 reported 16 incidents out of a population of 107,264 patients (0.015%), while Hampson and Atik in 2003 found a rate of 0.03%. Yildiz, Ay and Qyrdedi, in a summary of 36,500 patient treatments between 1996 and 2003, reported only 3 oxygen toxicity incidents, giving a rate of 0.008%.<ref name="pmid15485078">{{cite journal |author=Yildiz, S,; Ay, H.; Qyrdedi, T. |title=Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=189–90 |year=2004 |pmid=15485078 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4007 |accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref> |
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BPD is among the most common complications of [[Premature birth|prematurely born]] infants and its incidence has grown as the survival of extremely premature infants has increased. Nevertheless, the severity has decreased as better management of supplemental oxygen has resulted in the disease now being related mainly to factors other than hyperoxia.<ref name="Bancalari" /> |
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In 1997 a summary of studies of neonatal intensive care units in industrialised countries showed that up to 60% of [[low birth weight]] babies develop ROP, which rises to 72% in extremely low birth weight babies, i.e. less than {{convert|1000|g|lb|abbr=on}} at birth. However, severe outcomes are much less frequent: for very low birth weight babies (defined as less than {{convert|1500|g|lb|abbr=on}} at birth), the incidence of blindness was found to be no more than 8%.<ref name="Gilbert">{{cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=Clare |year=1997 |title=Retinopathy of prematurity: epidemiology |journal=Journal of Community Eye Health |publisher=International Centre for Eye Health |location=London |volume=10 |issue=22 |pages=22–24 |url=http://www.cehjournal.org/0953-6833/10/jceh_10_22_022.html |accessdate=2008-10-04}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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[[Image:Oxygen toxicity testing.gif|thumb|right|190px|Subject breathing oxygen under pressure. Testing for oxygen toxicity in divers by UK Government 1942–3.]] |
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CNS toxicity was first described by Paul Bert in 1878.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=Bert>{{cite journal |last=Bert |first=Paul |title=Barometric pressure: Researches in experimental physiology |journal=Translated by: Hitchcock, M.A. and Hitchcock, F.A. College Book Company; 1943 |date= originally published 1878 }}</ref><ref name="BSAC">{{cite book |author=British Sub-aqua Club |title=Sport diving : the British Sub-Aqua Club diving manual |publisher=Stanley Paul |location=London |year=1985 |pages=110 |isbn=0091638313 |oclc=12807848}}</ref> |
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He showed that oxygen was toxic to [[insects]], [[arachnids]], [[Myriapoda|myriapods]], [[Mollusca|molluscs]], [[earthworm]]s, [[fungi]], [[Germination|germinating seeds]], [[bird]]s, and other animals. |
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Pulmonary oxygen toxicity was first described by Lorrain Smith in 1899 when he noted CNS toxicity and discovered in experiments in mice and birds that {{convert|0.42|atm|abbr=on}} had no effect but {{convert|0.74|atm|abbr=on}} of oxygen was a pulmonary irritant.<ref name=Smith>{{cite journal |author=Smith, J.Lorrain |title=The pathological effects due to increase of oxygen tension in the air breathed |journal=Journal of Physiology |location=London |publisher=The Physiological Society and Blackwell Publishing |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |year=1899 |month=March |pmid=16992479 |url=http://www.jphysiol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16992479}}</ref> |
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The first recorded human exposure was undertaken in 1910 by Bornstein when two men breathed oxygen at {{convert|2.8|atm|abbr=on|lk=on}} for 30 minutes while he went on to 48 minutes with no symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bornstein, A. |title=Versuche über die Prophylaxe der Pressluftkrankheit |journal=Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology |volume=4 |pages=1272–1300 |date=1910 }}</ref> |
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In 1912, Bornstein developed cramps in his hands and legs while breathing oxygen at {{convert|2.8|atm|abbr=on}} for 51 minutes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bornstein, A.; Stroink, M. |title=Ueber Sauerstoff vergiftung |journal=Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift |volume=38 |pages=1495–1497 |year=1912 }}</ref> |
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Smith then went on to show that intermittent exposure to a breathing gas with less oxygen permitted the lungs to recover and delayed the onset of pulmonary toxicity.<ref name=Smith/> |
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Behnke ''et al.'' in 1935 were the first to observe [[visual field]] contraction ([[tunnel vision]]) on dives between {{convert|1.0|atm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|4.0|atm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Behnke, Alfred R.; Johnson, F.S.; Poppen, J.R.; Motley, E.P. |title=The effect of oxygen on man at pressures from 1 to 4 atmospheres |journal=The American journal of physiology |volume=110 |pages=565–572 |year=1935 |url=http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/110/3/565 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Behnke, Alfred R.; Forbes, H.S.; Motley, E.P. |title=Circulatory and visual effects of oxygen at 3 atmospheres pressure |journal=The American journal of physiology |volume=114 |pages=436–442 |year=1935 |url=http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/114/2/436 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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During World War II, Donald and Yarbrough ''et al.'' performed over 2,000 experiments on oxygen toxicity to support the initial use of closed circuit oxygen [[rebreather]]s.<ref name=Donald1/><ref name=Donald2/><ref>{{cite book |title=Oxygen and the diver. |last=Donald |first=Kenneth W. |year=1992 |publisher=Harley Swan |location=UK |isbn=1854211765 |pages=237 }}</ref><ref name=NEDU47>{{cite journal |author=Yarbrough, O.D.; Welham, W.; Brinton, E.S.; Behnke, Alfred R. |title=Symptoms of Oxygen Poisoning and Limits of Tolerance at Rest and at Work |journal=[[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit|U.S. Naval experimental diving unit]] technical report |volume=NEDU-47-01 |year=1947 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3316 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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Naval divers in the early years of [[oxygen rebreather]] diving developed a mythology about a monster called "Oxygen Pete", who lurked in the bottom of the Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit "wet pot" (a water-filled [[hyperbaric chamber]]) to catch unwary divers. They called having an oxygen toxicity attack "getting a Pete".<ref name=pete>{{cite web |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~divegeek/eanx.htm |author=Taylor, Larry "Harris" |title=Oxygen Enriched Air: A New Breathing Mix? |publisher=[[International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers|IANTD]] Journal |year=1993 |accessdate=2008-09-05 }}</ref><ref name=davis1955>{{cite book |author=[[Robert Davis (inventor)|Davis, Robert H.]] |title=Deep Diving and Submarine Operations |year=1955 |edition=6th |publisher=[[Siebe Gorman|Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd]], 693 pages |location=Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey |pages=291 }}</ref> |
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In the decade following World War II, [[Christian J. Lambertsen|Lambertsen]] ''et al.'' made further discoveries on the effects of oxygen at pressure as well as methods of prevention.<ref name=Penn>{{cite journal |author=Lambertsen, Christian J.; Clark, John M.; Gelfand, R. |title=The Oxygen research program, University of Pennsylvania: Physiologic interactions of oxygen and carbon dioxide effects and relations to hyperoxic toxicity, therapy, and decompression. Summation: 1940 to 1999 |journal=Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center |volume=EBSDC-IFEM Report No. 3-1-2000 |date=2000 |location=Philadelphia, PA }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vann, Richard D. |title=Lambertsen and O2: Beginnings of operational physiology |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |year=2004 |pmid=15233157 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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Their work on intermittent exposures for extension of oxygen tolerance and on a model for prediction of pulmonary oxygen toxicity based on pulmonary function are key documents in the development of operational oxygen procedures.<ref name=clark>{{cite journal |author=Clark, John M. |title=Extension of oxygen tolerance by interrupted exposure |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=195–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15485080 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4009 |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pulmonary oxygen tolerance in man and derivation of pulmonary oxygen tolerance curves |author=Clark, John M.; Lambertsen, Christian J. |year=1970 |journal=Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center |volume=IFEM Report No. 1-70 |location=Philadelphia, PA |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3863 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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Lambertsen's work showing the effect of carbon dioxide in decreasing time to onset of CNS symptoms has influenced work from current exposure [[guidelines]] to future [[Scuba set|breathing apparatus]] design.<ref name=dan>{{cite book |title=DAN nitrox workshop proceedings |author=Lang, Michael A. (ed.) |year=2001 |publisher=Divers Alert Network |location=Durham, NC |pages=197 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4855 |accessdate=2008-09-20 }}</ref><ref name=rebreather2.0>{{cite journal |author=Richardson, Drew; Menduno, Michael; Shreeves, Karl (eds) |title=Proceedings of rebreather forum 2.0. |journal=Diving Science and Technology Workshop. |date=1996 |pages=286 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7555 |accessdate=2008-09-20 }}</ref><ref name=padi>{{cite journal |author=Richardson, D.; Shreeves, K. |title=The PADI enriched air diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits. |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=26 |issue=3 |date=1996 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6310 |accessdate=2008-05-02 }}</ref> |
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ROP was not observed prior to World War II, but with the availability of supplemental oxygen in the decade following, it rapidly became one of the principal causes of infant blindness in developed countries. By 1960 the use of oxygen had become identified as a risk factor and its administration restricted. The resulting fall in ROP was accompanied by a rise in infant mortality and hypoxia-related complications. Since then, more sophisticated monitoring and diagnosis has established protocols for oxygen use which aim to balance between hypoxic conditions and problems of ROP.<ref name="Gilbert" /> |
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Bitterman ''et al.'' in 1986 and 1995 showed that [[Lighting|darkness]] and [[caffeine]] will delay the onset of changes to [[electroencephalography|brain electrical activity]] in rats.<ref name="pmid3705247">{{cite journal |author=Bitterman, N.; Melamed, Y.; Perlman, I.; |title=CNS oxygen toxicity in the rat: role of ambient illumination |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |year=1986 |month=March |pmid=3705247 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3044 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref><ref name="pmid8574677">{{cite journal |author=Bitterman, N.; Schaal, S.; |title=Caffeine attenuates CNS oxygen toxicity in rats |journal=Brain Research |volume=696 |issue=1-2 |pages=250–3 |year=1995 |month=October |pmid=8574677 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006-8993(95)00820-G |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref> |
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In the years since, research on CNS toxicity has centered around methods of prevention and safe extension of tolerance.<ref name=natoliMS>{{cite book |title=Factors Affecting CNS Oxygen Toxicity in Humans |author=Natoli, M.J.; Vann, R.D. |year=1996 |volume=Report to the U.S. Office of Naval Research |publisher=Duke University |location=Durham, NC |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/21 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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These include topics such as [[circadian rhythm]], drugs, [[Ageing|age]], and [[gender]] that have been shown to contribute to CNS oxygen toxicity sensitivity.<ref name="pmid5130131">{{cite journal |author=Hof, D.G.; Dexter, J.D.; Mengel, C.E. |title=Effect of circadian rhythm on CNS oxygen toxicity |journal=Aerospace medicine |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=1293–6 |year=1971 |month=December |pmid=5130131 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15622741">{{cite journal |author=Torley, L.W.; Weiss, H.S. |title=Effects of age and magnesium ions on oxygen toxicity in the neonate chicken |journal=Undersea Biomedical Research |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=223–7 |year=1975 |month=September |pmid=15622741 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2432 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref><ref name="pmid5061633">{{cite journal |author=Troy, S.S.; Ford, D.H. |title=Hormonal protection of rats breathing oxygen at high pressure |journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=231–42 |year=1972 |pmid=5061633 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17672171">{{cite journal |author=Hart, George B.; Strauss, Michael B. |title=Gender differences in human skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue gases under ambient and hyperbaric oxygen conditions |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=147–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17672171 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7346 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref> |
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In 1988, Hamilton ''et al.'' wrote procedures for [[NOAA]] to establish oxygen exposure limits for [[Underwater habitat|habitat]] operations.<ref name=Brubakk/><ref name=repex1>{{cite journal |title=Repex habitat diving procedures: Repetitive vertical excursions, oxygen limits, and surfacing techniques. |author=Hamilton R W., Kenyon David J., Peterson R. E., Butler G. J., Beers D. M. |year=1988 |journal=NOAA Office of Undersea Research |volume=Technical Report 88-1A |location=Rockville, MD |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4865 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref name=repex2>{{cite journal |title=Repex habitat diving procedures: Repetitive vertical excursions, oxygen limits, and surfacing techniques. |author=Hamilton, Robert W.; Kenyon, David J.; Peterson, R.E. |year=1988 |journal=NOAA Office of Undersea Research |volume=Technical Report 88-1B |location=Rockville, MD |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4866 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref><ref name=spums>{{cite journal |author=Hamilton, Robert W. |title=Tolerating oxygen exposure |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal |volume=27 |issue=1 |year=1997 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6038 |accessdate=2008-04-29 }}</ref> |
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Even today, models for the prediction of pulmonary oxygen toxicity do not explain all the results of exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Performance of various models in predicting vital capacity changes caused by breathing high oxygen partial pressures. |author=Shykoff, Barbara E. |year=2007 |journal=U.S. Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-TR-07-13 |publisher=Navy Experimental Diving Unit |location=Panama City, FL |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6867 |accessdate=2008-06-06 }}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* {{cite book |title=Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed |last=Brubakk |first=Alf O. |coauthors=Neuman, Tom S. |year=2003 |publisher=Saunders, 800 pages |location=Edinburgh; New York |isbn=0702025712 |oclc=51607923}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Oxygen and the diver |last=Donald |first=Kenneth W. |year=1992 |publisher=Harley Swan, 237 pages |location=UK |isbn=1854211765 |oclc=26894235 }} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Diving Emergency Handbook |author=Lippmann, John; Bugg, Stan |location=Teddington, UK |publisher=Underwater World Publications |year=1993 |isbn=0-946020-18-3 |oclc=52056845}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Regillo |first=Carl D. |coauthors=Brown, Gary C.; Flynn, Harry W. |title=Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials |location=New York |publisher=Thieme, 693 pages |year=1998 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QUTuvcB68DEC |isbn=0865777616 |oclc=39170393}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.scuba-doc.com/oxygentox.html Scubadoc's Diving Medicine Online] |
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* {{cite journal |url=ftp://ftp.decompression.org/pub/Baker/Oxygen%20Toxicity%20Calculations.pdf |author=Baker, EC |title=Oxygen toxicity calculations |format=pdf |publisher=decompression.org |accessdate=2008-09-18 }} |
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* [http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/dspace/simple-search?query=oxygen+toxicity&submit=Go Rubicon Research Repository] - Online collection of the oxygen toxicity research |
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* {{YouTube|BnzUoQ8ajJU|Toxing diver rescue}} - one method of diver rescue from oxygen toxicity |
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* [http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/FastAccess/2008TechnicalDiving.aspx 2008 Divers Alert Network Technical Diving Conference] - Free download of "Oxygen Toxicity" lecture by Dr. Richard Vann |
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* {{GeorgiaPhysiology|4/4ch7/s4ch7_7}} |
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{{Respiratory physiology}} |
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{{Poisoning and toxicity}} |
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[[Category:Diving medicine]] |
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[[Category:Element toxicology]] |
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[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] |
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[[Category:Oxygen]] |
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[[Category:Pulmonology]] |
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[[Category:Neurobiological brain disorder]] |
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[[da:Iltforgiftning]] |
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[[de:Paul-Bert-Effekt]] |
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[[es:Efecto de Paul Bert]] |
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[[fr:Hyperoxie]] |
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[[nl:Zuurstofvergiftiging]] |
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[[ja:酸素中毒]] |
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[[pl:Zatrucie tlenowe]] |
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[[pt:Efeito Paul Bert]] |
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[[ro:Hiperoxia]] |
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[[ru:Кислородное отравление]] |
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Revision as of 18:44, 13 October 2008
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