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{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1001 to 1100}}
{{Centurybox|11}}
{{Centurybox|11}}
[[Image:East-Hem 1025ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Political boundaries in [[Eastern Hemisphere]] in early half of 11th century]]
[[Image:East-Hem 1025ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Political boundaries in [[Eastern Hemisphere]] in early half of 11th century]]
[[Image:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century]]
[[Image:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century]]


The '''11th century''' is the period from 1001 ([[Roman numerals|MI]]) through 1100 ([[Roman numerals|MC]]) in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]], and the 1st century of the [[2nd millennium]].
The '''11th century''' is the period from 1001 (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]], and the 1st century of the [[2nd millennium]].


⚫
In the [[history of Europe]], this period is considered the early part of the [[High Middle Ages]]. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] power and a rise of [[Normans|Norman]] domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in [[Europe]] of notably influential [[pope]]s. [[Christendom]] experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].
In the [[history of Europe]], this period is considered the early part of the [[High Middle Ages]].

⚫
There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] power and rise of [[Normans|Norman]] domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in [[Europe]] of notably influential [[pope]]s. [[Christendom]] experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].
In [[Northern Italy]], a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized [[capitalism]] and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century. In East Europe, there was the [[golden age]] for the principality of [[Kievan Rus]].


In [[Song dynasty]] [[China]] and the [[Islamic Golden Age|classical Islamic world]], this century marked the high point for both classical [[History of science and technology in China|Chinese civilization, science]] and [[Technology of the Song dynasty|technology]], and classical [[Islamic science]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers|technology]] and [[Islamic literature|literature]].
In [[Song dynasty]] [[China]] and the [[Islamic Golden Age|classical Islamic world]], this century marked the high point for both classical [[History of science and technology in China|Chinese civilization, science]] and [[Technology of the Song dynasty|technology]], and classical [[Islamic science]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers|technology]] and [[Islamic literature|literature]].
Rival political factions at the [[Song dynasty]] court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. The [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in [[Egypt]], the [[Ghaznavids]], and the [[Chola dynasty]] in [[India]] had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The [[Western Chalukya Empire]] (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century.
Rival political factions at the [[Song dynasty]] court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In [[Korea]], the [[Goryeo]] Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Manchuria]]).


In this century the Turkish [[Seljuk dynasty]] comes to power in [[Western Asia]] over the now fragmented [[Abbasid]] realm, while the [[First Crusade|first]] of the [[Crusades]] were waged towards the close of the century.
In this century the Turkish [[Seljuk dynasty]] comes to power in [[Western Asia]] over the now fragmented [[Abbasid]] realm, while the [[First Crusade|first]] of the [[Crusades]] were waged towards the close of the century. The [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in [[Egypt]], the [[Ghaznavids]], and the [[Chola dynasty]] in [[India]] had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The [[Western Chalukya Empire]] (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In [[Japan]], the [[Fujiwara clan]] continued to dominate the affairs of state.

In [[Japan]], the [[Fujiwara clan]] continued to dominate the affairs of state.

In [[Korea]], the [[Goryeo]] Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Manchuria]]).

In the [[Philippines]], the pre-colonial kingdom of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] centered on the northern [[Mindanao]] island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. Under its Rajah, Sri Bata Shaja, Butuan attained diplomatic equality with Kingdom of [[Champa]] on the [[Song Dynasty]] court by sending flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh (李于燮).

In [[Vietnam]], the [[Lý Dynasty]] began, while in [[Myanmar]] the [[Pagan Kingdom]] reached its height of political and military power.


In the Americas, the [[Toltec]] and [[Mixtec]] civilizations flourished in [[Central America]], along with the [[Huari Culture]] of [[South America]] and the [[Mississippian culture]] of [[North America]]. The [[Tiwanaku empire|Tiwanaku Empire]] centered around [[Lake Titicaca]] collapsed in the first half of the century.
In the Americas, the [[Toltec]] and [[Mixtec]] civilizations flourished in [[Central America]], along with the [[Huari Culture]] of [[South America]] and the [[Mississippian culture]] of [[North America]]. The [[Tiwanaku empire|Tiwanaku Empire]] centered around [[Lake Titicaca]] collapsed in the first half of the century.
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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Image:Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] ]]
[[Image:Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] ]]
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the [[High Middle Ages]], an age subsequent to the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The century began while the ''[[translatio imperii]]'' of [[962]] was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the [[Investiture Controversy]]. It saw the final Christianisation of [[Scandinavia]] and the emergence of the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movements, the [[Gregorian Reforms]], and the [[Crusades]] which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] rent the church in two, however.
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the [[High Middle Ages]], an age subsequent to the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The century began while the ''[[translatio imperii]]'' of [[962]] was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the [[Investiture Controversy]]. It saw the final Christianisation of [[Scandinavia]] and the emergence of the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movements, the [[Gregorian Reforms]], and the [[Crusades]] which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.


⚫
In [[Germany]], the century was marked by the ascendancy of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, who hit their high-water mark under the [[Salian dynasty|Salians]]. In Britain, it saw the transformation of [[Scotland]] into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the [[troubadour]], who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as [[Scholasticism]], which emphasized [[dialectic]] arguments in disputes of [[Christian theology]] as well as [[ancient philosophy|classical philosophy]].
In [[Germany]], the century was marked by the ascendancy of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, who hit their high-water mark under the [[Salian Dynasty|Salians]].


In [[Italy]], it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at [[Pavia]] was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, [[Lombards|Lombard]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule in the [[Mezzogiorno]] had been usurped by the [[Normans]] and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.
In [[Italy]], the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at [[Pavia]] was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, [[Lombards|Lombard]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule in the [[Mezzogiorno]] had been usurped by the [[Normans]] and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. In [[Northern Italy]], a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized [[capitalism]] and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last [[caliphs of Córdoba]] and ended in the successes of the [[Almoravids]]. In between was a period of Christian unification under [[Navarre]]se hegemony and success in the [[Reconquista]] against the [[taifa]] kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was a [[golden age]] for the principality of [[Kievan Rus]].[[Image:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (III) 001.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Scholar in a Meadow'', Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th century]]


⚫
In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the [[Song dynasty]], the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s-led [[Western Xia]] in the northwest, and the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] of the [[Liao dynasty]] in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing [[political faction]]s evolved at the Song imperial court of [[Kaifeng]]. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] and the [[Chancellor]]s [[Fan Zhongyan]] and [[Wang Anshi]], while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor [[Sima Guang]] and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]]. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where [[malaria]] was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see [[History of the Song dynasty]]). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as [[Su Song]] and [[Shen Kuo]], as well as the age where the matured form of the [[Chinese pagoda]] was accomplished in [[Chinese architecture]].
In Britain, it saw the transformation of [[Scotland]] into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.


⚫
In Japan, the [[Fujiwara clan]] dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the [[Emperor of Japan]], who acted merely as a '[[puppet monarch]]' during the [[Heian period]]. In Korea, the rulers of the [[Goryeo]] Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two [[Khitan people|Khitan]] invasions with their armies.
⚫
In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the [[troubadour]], who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as [[Scholasticism]], which emphasized [[dialectic]] arguments in disputes of [[Christian theology]] as well as [[ancient philosophy|classical philosophy]].


⚫
In the Middle East, the [[Fatimid]] Empire of [[Egypt]] reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the first half of the century. The [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]s came to prominence while the [[Abbasid]] caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.
In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last [[caliphs of Córdoba]] and ended in the successes of the [[Almoravids]]. In between was a period of Christian unification under [[Navarre]]se hegemony and success in the [[Reconquista]] against the [[taifa]] kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate.
[[Image:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (III) 001.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Scholar in a Meadow'', Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th century]]


⚫
In India, the [[Chola dynasty]] reached its height of naval power under leaders such as [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]], dominating southern India ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Sri Lanka]], and regions of [[Southeast Asia]]. The [[Ghaznavid Empire]] would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India.
⚫
In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the [[Song dynasty]], the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s-led [[Western Xia]] in the northwest, and the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] of the [[Liao dynasty]] in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing [[political faction]]s evolved at the Song imperial court of [[Kaifeng]]. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] and the [[Chancellor]]s [[Fan Zhongyan]] and [[Wang Anshi]], while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor [[Sima Guang]] and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]]. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where [[malaria]] was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see [[History of the Song dynasty]]). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as [[Su Song]] and [[Shen Kuo]], as well as the age where the matured form of the [[Chinese pagoda]] was accomplished in [[Chinese architecture]].


In Southeast Asia, the [[Pagan Kingdom]] reached its height of political and military power. The [[Khmer Empire]] would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while [[Srivijaya]] would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the [[Butuan (historical polity)|Kingdom of Butuan]], centered on the northern portion of [[Mindanao]] island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In [[Vietnam]], the [[Lý dynasty]] began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.
⚫
In India, the [[Chola dynasty]] reached its height of naval power under leaders such as [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]], dominating southern India ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Sri Lanka]], and regions of [[South East Asia]]. They also sent raids into what is now [[Thailand]].

In Japan, the [[Fujiwara clan]] dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the [[Emperor of Japan]], who acted merely as a '[[puppet monarch]]' during the [[Heian period]].

⚫
In the Middle East, the [[Fatimid]] Empire of [[Egypt]] reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the first half of the century. The [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]s came to prominence while the [[Abbasid]] caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.


In [[Nigeria]], formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including [[Hausa kingdoms]] and Borno dynasty in the north, and the [[Oyo Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Benin]] in the south.
In [[Nigeria]], formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including [[Hausa kingdoms]] and Borno dynasty in the north, and the [[Oyo Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Benin]] in the south.

⚫
In Korea, the rulers of the [[Goryeo]] Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two [[Khitan people|Khitan]] invasions with their armies.


==Events==
==Events==


===1001-1009===
=== 1001–1009 ===
[[Image:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicting events leading to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066]]
[[Image:Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[rock crystal]] ewer of [[Fatimid]] Egypt]]
* 1001: [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Muslim]] leader of [[Ghazni]], begins a series of raids into Northern [[India]]; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of [[Somnath]].
* 1001: [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Muslim]] leader of [[Ghazni]], begins a series of raids into Northern [[India]]; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of [[Somnath]].
* c. 1001: [[Norsemen]], led by [[Leif Eriksson]], establish short-lived settlements in and around [[Vinland]] in [[North America]].
* c. 1001: [[Norsemen]], led by [[Leif Eriksson]], establish short-lived settlements in and around [[Vinland]] in [[North America]].
* 1001–1008: Japanese Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] writes ''[[The Tale of Genji]].''
* 1001–1008: Japanese Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] writes ''[[The Tale of Genji]].''
* 1001 ± 40 years: [[Baitoushan]] volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest [[Holocene]] blast.
* 1001 ± 40 years: [[Baitoushan]] volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest [[Holocene]] blast.
* 1001: The ancient kingdom of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese, [[Song Dynasty]] recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
* 1001: The ancient kingdom of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese, [[Song dynasty]] recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
* 1003: [[Robert II of France]] invades the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], then ruled by [[Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy]]; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gains the acceptance of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 1016 and annexes Burgundy into his realm.
* 1003: [[Robert II of France]] invades the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], then ruled by [[Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy]]; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gains the acceptance of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 1016 and annexes Burgundy into his realm.
* 1004: [[Song Dynasty]] court prohibited [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation.
* 1004: [[Song dynasty]] court prohibited [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation.
* 1004: The library and university [[Dar Al-Hekma]] is founded in Egypt under the [[Fatimid]]s.
* 1004: The library and university [[Dar Al-Hekma]] is founded in Egypt under the [[Fatimid]]s.
* 1005: The [[Treaty of Shanyuan]] is signed between the [[China|Chinese]] [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]].
* 1005: The [[Treaty of Shanyuan]] is signed between the [[China|Chinese]] [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]].
* 1006: King [[Dharmawangsa]]'s [[Medang kingdom]] falls under the invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible [[Srivijaya]]n ally in Java).<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.52">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52</ref>
* 1006: King [[Dharmawangsa]]'s [[Mataram kingdom]] falls under the invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible [[Srivijaya]]n ally in Java).<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.52">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52</ref>
* 1007: [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial on [[Song Dynasty]] Imperial court requesting equal status with [[Champa]] but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century.
* 1007: [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial on [[Song dynasty]] Imperial court requesting equal status with [[Champa]] but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century.
* 1008: The [[Fatimid]] Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage site in [[Shandong]], China, to seek out the Chinese [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] with gifts from his ruling [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], successfully reopening [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the [[Tang dynasty]].
* 1008: The [[Fatimid]] Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage site in [[Shandong]], China, to seek out the Chinese [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] with gifts from his ruling [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], successfully reopening [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the [[Tang dynasty]].
* 1009: [[Lý Thái Tổ]] overthrows the [[Anterior Lê Dynasty]] of Vietnam, establishing the [[Lý Dynasty]].
* 1009: [[Lý Thái Tổ]] overthrows the [[Anterior Lê dynasty]] of Vietnam, establishing the [[Lý dynasty]].

* 1009–1010: The Lombard known as [[Melus of Bari]] leads an insurrection against the Byzantine [[Catapanate of Italy|Catepan of Italy]], [[John Curcuas (catepan)|John Curcuas]], as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by [[Basil Mesardonites]], who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
* 1009–1010: The Lombard known as [[Melus of Bari]] leads an insurrection against the Byzantine [[Catapanate of Italy|Catepan of Italy]], [[John Curcuas (catepan)|John Curcuas]], as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by [[Basil Mesardonites]], who brought Byzantine reinforcements.


===[[1010s]]===
===[[1010s]]===
[[Image:Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[rock crystal]] ewer of [[Fatimid]] Egypt]]
[[Image:The Chronicle of Ioannis Skylitzis Bulagar Defeat.jpg|thumb|upright|Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']]
* 1010–1011: The [[Second Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n king is forced to flee the capital temporarily, but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces withdrew.
* 1010–1011: The [[Second Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n king is forced to flee the capital temporarily, but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces withdrew.
* 1011–1021: [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), a famous [[Iraq]]i [[Islamic science|scientist]] working in [[Egypt]], [[feigned madness|feigns madness]] in fear of angering the Egyptian [[caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], and is kept under [[house arrest]] from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]''.
* 1011–1021: [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), a famous [[Iraq]]i [[Islamic science|scientist]] working in [[Egypt]], [[feigned madness|feigns madness]] in fear of angering the Egyptian [[caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], and is kept under [[house arrest]] from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]''.
* 1011: Under a new [[Raja]]h named Sri Bata Shaja, [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with [[Champa]] after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the [[Song Dynasty]] court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh.
* 1011: Under a new [[Raja]]h named Sri Bata Shaja, [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with [[Champa]] after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the [[Song dynasty]] court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh.
* 1014: The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] armies of [[Basil II]] are victorious over [[Samuil of Bulgaria]] in the [[Battle of Kleidion]].
* 1014: The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] armies of [[Basil II]] are victorious over [[Samuil of Bulgaria]] in the [[Battle of Kleidion]].
*1014: The [[Gaels|Gaelic]] forces of [[Munster]] and [[Gaelic Ireland|most other Irish kingdoms]] under [[List of High Kings of Ireland|High King]] [[Brian Boru]] defeat a combined Leinster-Viking force in the [[Battle of Clontarf]] but Brian Boru is killed at the end of the battle.
*1014: The [[Gaels|Gaelic]] forces of [[Munster]] and [[Gaelic Ireland|most other Irish kingdoms]] under [[List of High Kings of Ireland|High King]] [[Brian Boru]] defeat a combined Leinster-Viking force in the [[Battle of Clontarf]] but Brian Boru is killed at the end of the battle.
* 1014–1020: [[The Book of Healing]], a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar.<ref name="Avicenna">[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn%20Sina-REP.htm ABU ‘ALI AL-HUSAYN]</ref>
* 1014–1020: [[The Book of Healing]], a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar.<ref name="Avicenna">{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn+Sina-REP.htm|title=index|website=www.muslimphilosophy.com}}</ref>
* 1015: In the [[Battle of Nesjar]] in [[Oslofjord]], Norway, the forces of [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] fought the forces of [[Sveinn Hákonarson]], with a victory for Olav.
* 1015: In the [[Battle of Nesjar]] in [[Oslofjord]], Norway, the forces of [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] fought the forces of [[Sveinn Hákonarson]], with a victory for Olav.
* 1018: The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
* 1018: The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
* 1018: The Byzantine armies of [[Basil Boioannes]] are victorious at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)|Battle of Cannae]] against the [[Lombards]] under [[Melus of Bari]].
* 1018: The Byzantine armies of [[Basil Boioannes]] are victorious at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)|Battle of Cannae]] against the [[Lombards]] under [[Melus of Bari]].
* 1018: The [[Third Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n General [[Gang Gam-chan]] inflicted heavy losses to [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces at the [[Battle of Kwiju]]. The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
* 1018: The [[Third Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n General [[Kang Kam-ch'an]] inflicted heavy losses to [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces at the [[Battle of Kwiju]]. The Khitans withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
* 1019: [[Airlangga]] establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56</ref>
* 1019: [[Airlangga]] establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56</ref>


===[[1020s]]===
===[[1020s]]===
[[Image:The Chronicle of Ioannis Skylitzis Bulagar Defeat.jpg|thumb|upright|Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']]
[[Image:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 231104.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Celadon]] statue of an [[imperial guardian lion]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th or 12th century]]
⚫
* [[1020s]]: ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', a medical encyclopedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Muslim]] scholar.
* 1021: the ruling [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister [[Sitt al-Mulk]], which leads to the open persecution of the [[Druze]] by [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]]; the Druze proclaim that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the [[Mahdi]] savior.
* 1021: the ruling [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister [[Sitt al-Mulk]], which leads to the open persecution of the [[Druze]] by [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]]; the Druze proclaim that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the [[Mahdi]] savior.
* 1025: the [[Chola Dynasty]] of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], turning it into a [[vassal]].
* 1025: the [[Chola dynasty]] of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], turning it into a [[vassal]].
* 1025: ruler [[Rajendra Chola I]] moves the capital city of the empire from [[Thanjavur]] to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
* 1025: ruler [[Rajendra Chola I]] moves the capital city of the empire from [[Thanjavur]] to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
* 1025: [[Rajendra Chola]], the [[Chola]] king from [[Coromandel Coast|Cholamandala]] in South India, conquers Pannai and [[Kedah|Kadaram]] from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41''</ref>
* 1025: [[Rajendra Chola]], the [[Chola]] king from [[Coromandel Coast|Cholamandala]] in South India, conquers Pannai and [[Kedah|Kadaram]] from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41''</ref>
* 1028: the King of [[Srivijaya]] appeals to the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at [[Kaifeng]].
* 1028: the King of [[Srivijaya]] appeals to the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at [[Kaifeng]].
⚫
* 1020s: ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', a medical encyclopedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Muslim]] scholar.

===[[1030s]]===
===[[1030s]]===
* 1030: [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] defeats [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers [[Leitha]] and [[Fischa]] to Hungary in the summer of 1031.
* 1030: [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] defeats [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers [[Leitha]] and [[Fischa]] to Hungary in the summer of 1031.
* 1030: the [[Battle of Stiklestad]] ([[Norway]]): [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
* 1030: the [[Battle of Stiklestad]] ([[Norway]]): [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
* 1030: [[Sanghyang Tapak inscription]] in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and [[Kingdom of Sunda]]. (to 1579)
* 1030: [[Sanghyang Tapak inscription]] in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and [[Kingdom of Sunda]]. (to 1579)
* 1033: An [[1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake|earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley]], followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, killing tens of thousands.<ref name="Kallner-Amiran">{{cite journal |last1=Kallner-Amiran |first1=D. H. |title=A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine |date=1950 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |pages=223–246|issue=4|volume=1|journal=Israel Exploration Journal |jstor=27924451 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27924451.pdf}}</ref>
* 1035: [[Raoul Glaber]] chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
* 1035: [[Raoul Glaber]] chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
* 1035: [[Canute the Great]] dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
* 1035: [[Canute the Great]] dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
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===[[1040s]]===
===[[1040s]]===
⚫
[[File:Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes.PNG|thumb|Territories of [[Zirids]] and [[Hammadids]] after the invasions of [[Banu Hilal]], of [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and the weakening of the [[Almoravids]] ]]
[[Image:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 231104.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Celadon]] statue of an [[imperial guardian lion]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th or 12th century]]
* 1040: [[Duncan I]] of Scotland slain in battle. [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]] succeeds him.
* 1040: [[Duncan I]] of Scotland slain in battle. [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]] succeeds him.

* 1041: [[Samuel Aba]] became King of Hungary.
* 1041: [[Samuel Aba]] became King of Hungary.
* 1041: [[Airlangga]] divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms [[Janggala]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] and abdicates in favour of his successors.<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.57">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</ref>
* 1041: [[Airlangga]] divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms [[Janggala]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] and abdicates in favour of his successors.<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.57">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</ref>
Line 120: Line 103:


===[[1050s]]===
===[[1050s]]===
[[Image:Flat casket Cuenca Louvre OA2775.jpg|thumb|upright|A flat casket carved out of [[ivory]] from [[Al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain), {{circa|1050}}]]
⚫
[[File:Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes.PNG|thumb|Territories of [[Zirids]] and [[Hammadids]] after the invasions of [[Banu Hilal]], of [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and the weakening of the [[Almoravids]] ]]
* 1052: [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] converts the rural villa at [[Byōdō-in]] into a famous Japanese [[Buddhist temple]].
* 1052: [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] converts the rural villa at [[Byōdō-in]] into a famous Japanese [[Buddhist temple]].
* 1053: the Norman commander [[Humphrey of Hauteville]] is victorious in the [[Battle of Civitate]] against the [[Lombards]] and the [[papal]] coalition led by [[Rudolf of Benevento]]; [[Pope Leo IX]] himself is captured by the Normans.
* 1053: the Norman commander [[Humphrey of Hauteville]] is victorious in the [[Battle of Civitate]] against the [[Lombards]] and the [[papal]] coalition led by [[Rudolf of Benevento]]; [[Pope Leo IX]] himself is captured by the Normans.
* 1054: the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], in which the Western ([[Roman Catholic]]) and [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
* 1054: the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], in which the Western ([[Roman Catholic]]) and [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
* 1054: a large [[supernova]] is observed by astronomers, the [[Supernova remnant|remnants]] of which would form the [[Crab Nebula]].
* 1054: a large [[supernova]] is observed by astronomers, the [[Supernova remnant|remnants]] of which would form the [[Crab Nebula]].
* 1054: the [[Battle of Atapuerca]] is fought between [[García V of Navarre]] and [[Ferdinand I of León]]
* 1054: the [[Battle of Atapuerca]] is fought between [[García V of Navarre]] and [[Ferdinand I of León]].
* 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Baghdad]], taking the [[Buyid]] [[Emir]] [[Al-Malik al-Rahim]] prisoner.
* 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Baghdad]], taking the [[Buyid]] [[Emir]] [[Al-Malik al-Rahim]] prisoner.
* 1056: [[Ferdinand I of León]], [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|King of León]], is crowned [[Imperator totius Hispaniae]] (Emperor of All [[Hispania]]).
* 1056: [[Ferdinand I of León]], [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|King of León]], is crowned [[Imperator totius Hispaniae]] (Emperor of All [[Hispania]]).
* 1056: [[William II of England]] the son of William the Conqueror, is born.
* 1056: [[William II of England]] the son of William the Conqueror, was born.
* 1057: [[Anawrahta]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]], defeated the [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]] city of [[Thaton]], thus unifying all of [[Myanmar]].
* 1057: [[Anawrahta]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]], defeated the [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]] city of [[Thaton]], thus unifying all of [[Myanmar]].
* 1057: [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]], king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III.
* 1057: [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]], king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III.
* 1057: Invasion of the [[Banu Hilal]], Kairouan destroyed, [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]] reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty [[Bedouin]] [[emirate]]s.<ref>On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).</ref>
* 1057: Invasion of the [[Banu Hilal]], Kairouan destroyed, [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]] reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty [[Bedouin]] [[emirate]]s.<ref>On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).</ref>

===[[1060s]]===
===[[1060s]]===
[[Image:Ardhanari.png|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[Chola Dynasty]] bronze figurine of [[Arthanariswara]] ]]
[[Image:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicting events leading to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066]]
* 1061–1091: [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Sicily]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]
* 1061–1091: [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Sicily]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]
* 1064-1065: The [[Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65|Great German Pilgrimage]], consisting of around unarmed 7,000 [[pilgrim]]s, travels to [[Jerusalem]] under the leadership of [[Gunther of Bamberg]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Einar Joranson |editor1-last=Paetow |editor1-first=Louis J. |title=The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students |date=1928 |publisher=Crofts |location=New York |pages=3–43 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesotherhis0000unse/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=21 March 2023 |chapter=The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065}}</ref>
* 1065: [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuks]] first invasion to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] under leadership of [[Alp Arslan]]
* 1065: [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuks]] first invasion to [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] under leadership of [[Alp Arslan]]
* 1065: Independence of the [[Kingdom of Galicia]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] under the rule of Garcia
* 1065: Independence of the [[Kingdom of Galicia]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] under the rule of Garcia
* 1066: in the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]], the last Anglo-Saxon King [[Harold Godwinson]] defeated his brother [[Tostig Godwinson]] and [[Harold III of Norway]].
* 1066: in the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]], the last Anglo-Saxon King [[Harold Godwinson]] defeated his brother [[Tostig Godwinson]] and [[Harold III of Norway]].
Line 142: Line 127:
* 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the [[Fujiwara clan]].
* 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the [[Fujiwara clan]].
* 1068: [[Virarajendra Chola]] begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
* 1068: [[Virarajendra Chola]] begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
* 1068: [[Seljuks]] destroyed [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] for the second time
* 1068: [[Seljuks]] destroyed [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] for the second time
* 1069–1076: with the support of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]], Chancellor [[Wang Anshi]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] introduces the '[[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]]', including the [[Baojia system]] of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of [[corvée]] labor, government monopolies on [[tea]], [[salt]], and [[wine]], reforming the [[Cadastre|land survey]] system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the [[imperial examination]] system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
* 1069–1076: with the support of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]], Chancellor [[Wang Anshi]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] introduces the '[[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]]', including the [[Baojia system]] of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of [[corvée]] labor, government monopolies on [[tea]], [[salt]], and [[wine]], reforming the [[Cadastre|land survey]] system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the [[imperial examination]] system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.


===[[1070s]]===
===[[1070s]]===
[[Image:Flat casket Cuenca Louvre OA2775.jpg|thumb|upright|A flat casket carved out of [[ivory]] from [[Al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain), c. 1050]]
[[Image:Ardhanari.png|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[Chola dynasty]] bronze figurine of [[Arthanariswara]] ]]
* 1070: the death of [[Athirajendra Chola]] and the ascension of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] marks the transition between the [[Medieval Cholas]] and the [[Chalukya Cholas]].
* 1070: the death of [[Athirajendra Chola]] and the ascension of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] marks the transition between the [[Medieval Cholas]] and the [[Chalukya Cholas]].
* 1071: Defeat of the [[Byzantine Empire]] at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] by the Seljuk army of [[Alp Arslan]], ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic [[Byzantine empire#Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025)|Golden Age]].
* 1071: Defeat of the [[Byzantine Empire]] at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] by the Seljuk army of [[Alp Arslan]], ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic [[Byzantine empire#Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025)|Golden Age]].
* 1072: the [[Battle of Golpejera]] is fought between [[Sancho II of Castile]] and [[Alfonso VI of Castile]]
* 1072: the [[Battle of Golpejera]] is fought between [[Sancho II of Castile]] and [[Alfonso VI of Castile]]
* 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Ankara]] from the Byzantines.
* 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Ankara]] from the Byzantines.
* 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Jerusalem]] from the Byzantines, and cut pilgrim transit.
* 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Jerusalem]] from the Fatimids, and cut pilgrim transit.
* 1075: [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] suppresses the rebellion of [[Saxony]] in the [[First Battle of Langensalza]].
* 1075: [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] suppresses the rebellion of [[Saxony]] in the [[First Battle of Langensalza]].
* 1075: the [[Investiture Controversy]] is sparked when [[Pope Gregory VII]] asserted in the ''[[Dictatus papae]]'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
* 1075: the [[Investiture Controversy]] is sparked when [[Pope Gregory VII]] asserted in the ''[[Dictatus papae]]'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
* 1075: Chinese official and diplomat [[Shen Kuo]] asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of [[Emperor Daozong of Liao]], who had asserted that [[Liao dynasty]] territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
* 1075: Chinese official and diplomat [[Shen Kuo]] asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of [[Emperor Daozong of Liao]], who had asserted that [[Liao dynasty]] territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
* 1075–1076: a civil war in the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] of India; the Western Chalukya monarch [[Someshvara II]] plans to defeat his own ambitious brother [[Vikramaditya VI]] by allying with a traditional enemy, [[Kulothunga Chola I]] of the [[Chola Empire]]; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
* 1075–1076: a civil war in the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] of India; the Western Chalukya monarch [[Someshvara II]] plans to defeat his own ambitious brother [[Vikramaditya VI]] by allying with a traditional enemy, [[Kulothunga Chola I]] of the [[Chola Empire]]; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
⚫
* 1075–1077: the [[Song dynasty]] of [[China]] and the [[Lý dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]] fight [[History of the Song dynasty#Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict|a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first]] on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day [[Hanoi]], the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.

⚫
* 1075–1077: the [[Song dynasty]] of [[China]] and the [[Lý Dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]] fight [[History of the Song dynasty#Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict|a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first]] on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day [[Hanoi]], the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.
* 1076: the [[Ghana]] Empire is attacked by the [[Almoravid]]s, who sack the capital of [[Koumbi Saleh]], ending the rule of king [[Tunka Manin]]
* 1076: the [[Ghana]] Empire is attacked by the [[Almoravid]]s, who sack the capital of [[Koumbi Saleh]], ending the rule of king [[Tunka Manin]]
* 1076: the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of [[sulfur]] and [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling [[gunpowder]] formula components to enemies such as the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s and [[Khitan people|Khitans]].
* 1076: the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of [[sulfur]] and [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling [[gunpowder]] formula components to enemies such as the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s and [[Khitan people|Khitans]].
* 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese [[Champa]] and Cambodian [[Chenla]] to conquer the [[Lý Dynasty]], which is an unsuccessful campaign.
* 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese [[Champa]] and Cambodian [[Chenla]] to conquer the [[Lý dynasty]], which is an unsuccessful campaign.
* 1077: the [[Walk to Canossa]] by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* 1077: the [[Walk to Canossa]] by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* 1077: Chinese official [[Su Song]] is sent on a diplomatic mission to the [[Liao dynasty]] and discovers that the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] calendar is more mathematically accurate than the [[Chinese calendar|Song calendar]]; [[Emperor Zhezong of Song|Emperor Zhezong]] later sponsors Su Song's astronomical [[clock tower]] in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
* 1077: Chinese official [[Su Song]] is sent on a diplomatic mission to the [[Liao dynasty]] and discovers that the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] calendar is more mathematically accurate than the [[Chinese calendar|Song calendar]]; [[Emperor Zhezong of Song|Emperor Zhezong]] later sponsors Su Song's astronomical [[clock tower]] in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
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* 1079: [[Malik Shah I]] reforms the [[Iranian Calendar]].
* 1079: [[Malik Shah I]] reforms the [[Iranian Calendar]].
* 1079: [[Franks]] start to settle around the [[Way of Saint James]] (Today, modern North Spain)
* 1079: [[Franks]] start to settle around the [[Way of Saint James]] (Today, modern North Spain)

===[[1080s]]===
===[[1080s]]===
[[Image:Domesday Book - Warwickshire.png|thumb|upright|A page of the [[Domesday Book]] of England]]
[[Image:Domesday Book - Warwickshire.png|thumb|upright|A page of the [[Domesday Book]] of England]]
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* 1087: a new office at the Chinese international [[seaport]] of [[Quanzhou]] is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
* 1087: a new office at the Chinese international [[seaport]] of [[Quanzhou]] is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
* 1087: the Italian cities of [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]] engage in the African [[Mahdia campaign of 1087|Mahdia campaign]]
* 1087: the Italian cities of [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]] engage in the African [[Mahdia campaign of 1087|Mahdia campaign]]
* 1087: [[William II of England]], son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England.
* 1087: [[William II of England]], son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England.

* 1088: the renowned [[polymath]] Chinese scientist and official [[Shen Kuo]] made the world's first reference to the [[magnetic]] [[compass]] in his book ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'',<ref>Bowman, 599.</ref><ref>Mohn, 1.</ref> along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries.
* 1088: the renowned [[polymath]] Chinese scientist and official [[Shen Kuo]] made the world's first reference to the [[magnetic]] [[compass]] in his book ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'',<ref>Bowman, 599.</ref><ref>Mohn, 1.</ref> along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries.
* 1088: The [[University of Bologna]] is established.
* 1088: The [[University of Bologna]] is established.
* 1088: [[Rebellion of 1088]] against [[William II of England]] led by [[Odo of Bayeux]].
* 1088: [[Rebellion of 1088]] against [[William II of England]] led by [[Odo of Bayeux]].


===1090-1100===
=== 1090–1100 ===
[[Image:1099jerusalem.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)]] ]]
[[Image:1099jerusalem.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)]] ]]
*1091: [[Normans]] from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] take control of [[Malta]] and surrounding islands.
*1091: [[Normans]] from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] take control of [[Malta]] and surrounding islands.
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* 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] into the new [[Nizari]] religious branch.
* 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] into the new [[Nizari]] religious branch.
* 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the [[First Crusade]].
* 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the [[First Crusade]].
* c. 1095–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the ''[[Song of Roland]]''
* {{circa|1095}}–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the ''[[Song of Roland]]''
* 1096: [[University of Oxford]] in [[England]] holds its first lectures
* 1096: [[University of Oxford]] in [[England]] holds its first lectures
* 1097: the [[Siege of Nicaea]] during the [[First Crusade]]
* 1097: the [[Siege of Nicaea]] during the [[First Crusade]]
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* 1098: the birth of [[Hildegard of Bingen]], [[Doctor of the Church]], abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, [[Germans|German]] composer and writer, [[polymath]].
* 1098: the birth of [[Hildegard of Bingen]], [[Doctor of the Church]], abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, [[Germans|German]] composer and writer, [[polymath]].
* 1099: the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]] by European Crusaders.
* 1099: the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]] by European Crusaders.
* 1099: after the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] is established, the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] is made into the residential palace for the [[kings of Jerusalem]].
* 1099: after the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] is established, the [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] is made into the residential palace for the [[kings of Jerusalem]].
* 1099: death of the great Spanish hero [[El Cid|Rodrigo Díaz]] "El Cid Campeador".
* 1099: death of the great Spanish hero [[El Cid|Rodrigo Díaz]] "El Cid Campeador".
* 1099: after building considerable strength, [[David IV of Georgia]] discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
* 1099: after building considerable strength, [[David IV of Georgia]] discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
* 1100: On August 5, Henry I is crowned King of England.
* 1100: On December 25, Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.


=== Undated ===
=== Undated ===
⚫
[[Image:Reliquary-box crucifixion Louvre MR349.jpg|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[reliquary]] of [[gold]] and [[cloisonné]] over wood, from the [[Duchy of Brabant]], [[Maastricht]] Cathedral, now housed in the [[The Louvre|Louvre]].]]
*King [[Anawrahta]] of [[Myanmar]] made a pilgrimage to [[Ceylon]], returning to convert his country to [[Theravada]] Buddhism.
*King [[Anawrahta]] of [[Myanmar]] made a pilgrimage to [[Ceylon]], returning to convert his country to [[Theravada]] Buddhism.
* The [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] migrate to the [[Aïr]] region.
* The [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] migrate to the [[Aïr]] region.
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File:William I, Lichfield Cathedral.jpg|Statue of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], holding ''[[Domesday Book]]'' on the West Front of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].
File:William I, Lichfield Cathedral.jpg|Statue of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], holding ''[[Domesday Book]]'' on the West Front of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].
File:Empress Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg|11th century mosaic of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]], [[Zoe (empress)|Empress Zoe]], and [[Jesus Christ]] in the [[Hagia Sophia]].
File:Empress Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg|11th century mosaic of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]], [[Zoe (empress)|Empress Zoe]], and [[Jesus Christ]] in the [[Hagia Sophia]].
⚫
File:Reliquary-box crucifixion Louvre MR349.jpg|An 11th-century [[reliquary]] of [[gold]] and [[cloisonné]] over wood, from the [[Duchy of Brabant]], [[Maastricht]] Cathedral, now housed in the [[The Louvre|Louvre]].
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{main|11th century in architecture}}
{{main|11th century in architecture}}
[[Image:St-albans-cath.jpg|thumb|upright|[[St Albans Cathedral]] of England, completed in 1089]]
[[Image:St-albans-cath.jpg|thumb|upright|[[St Albans Cathedral]] of England, completed in 1089]]
[[Image:Tour mausolee Gonbad-e Qabus.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)|Gonbad-e Qabus Tower]], built in 1006 during the [[Ziyarid|Ziyarid Dynasty]] of [[Iran]] ]]
[[Image:Tour mausolee Gonbad-e Qabus.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)|Gonbad-e Qabus Tower]], built in 1006 during the [[Ziyarid|Ziyarid dynasty]] of [[Iran]] ]]
[[Image:The Fugong Temple Wooden Pagoda.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pagoda of Fogong Temple]], built in 1056 in [[Shanxi]], China by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]] in 1056]]
[[Image:The Fugong Temple Wooden Pagoda.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pagoda of Fogong Temple]], built in 1056 in [[Shanxi]], China by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]] in 1056]]


*[[Svetitskhoveli Cathedral]], Georgia, is totally renewed in 1029
*[[Svetitskhoveli Cathedral]], Georgia, is entirely renewed in 1029
*The [[St Albans Cathedral]] of Norman-era England is completed in 1089.
*The [[St Albans Cathedral]] of Norman-era England is completed in 1089.
*The [[Al-Hakim Mosque]] of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013.
*The [[Al-Hakim Mosque]] of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013.
Line 272: Line 258:
* Construction of the [[Ponte della Maddalena]] bridge in the [[Province of Lucca]], Italy begins in 1080.
* Construction of the [[Ponte della Maddalena]] bridge in the [[Province of Lucca]], Italy begins in 1080.
* The domes of the [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], Iran are built in 1086 to 1087.
* The domes of the [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], Iran are built in 1086 to 1087.
* 11th–18th century – Courtyard, [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
* 11th–18th century – The courtyard of [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
* The [[Chester Castle]] in England was built in 1069.
* The [[Chester Castle]] in England was built in 1069.
* Construction begins on the [[Bagrati Cathedral]] in Georgia in 1003.
* Construction begins on the [[Bagrati Cathedral]] in Georgia in 1003.
Line 285: Line 271:
* The [[One Pillar Pagoda]] in [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, is constructed in 1049.
* The [[One Pillar Pagoda]] in [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, is constructed in 1049.
* The [[St Michael at the Northgate]], [[Oxford]]'s oldest building, is [[Anglo-Saxon architecture|built in Saxon England]] in 1040.
* The [[St Michael at the Northgate]], [[Oxford]]'s oldest building, is [[Anglo-Saxon architecture|built in Saxon England]] in 1040.
* The [[Oxford Castle]] in England is built in 1071.
* [[Oxford Castle]] in England is built in 1071.
* The [[Florence Baptistry]] in [[Florence]], Italy is founded in 1059.
* The [[Florence Baptistry]] in [[Florence]], Italy is founded in 1059.
* The [[Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] in India is built in 1050.
* The [[Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] in India is built in 1050.
* The [[St Mark's Basilica]] in [[Venice]], Italy is rebuilt in 1063.
* [[St Mark's Basilica]] in [[Venice]], Italy is rebuilt in 1063.
* The [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in [[Canterbury]], England is completed by 1077.
* [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in [[Canterbury]], England is completed by 1077.
* Construction begins on the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]] in Spain in 1075.
* Construction begins on the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]] in Spain in 1075.


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[[Image:Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Constantine the African]] examines patients' urine; he taught [[ancient Greek medicine]] and [[Islamic medicine]] at the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]].]]
[[Image:Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Constantine the African]] examines patients' urine; he taught [[ancient Greek medicine]] and [[Islamic medicine]] at the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]].]]
[[Image:Clock Tower from Su Song's Book desmear.JPG|thumb|upright|The original diagram of [[Su Song]]'s book ''Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao'' (published 1092) showing the [[Water clock|clepsydra]] tank, [[waterwheel]], [[escapement]] mechanism, [[chain drive]], [[striking clock]] jacks, and [[armillary sphere]] of his [[clock tower]] ]]
[[Image:Clock Tower from Su Song's Book desmear.JPG|thumb|upright|The original diagram of [[Su Song]]'s book ''Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao'' (published 1092) showing the [[Water clock|clepsydra]] tank, [[waterwheel]], [[escapement]] mechanism, [[chain drive]], [[striking clock]] jacks, and [[armillary sphere]] of his [[clock tower]] ]]
[[Image:Lunar eclipse al-Biruni.jpg|thumb|upright|Diagram from [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|al-Bīrūnī's]] book ''Kitab al-tafhim'' showing lunar phases and [[lunar eclipse]] ]]
[[Image:Lunar phases al-Biruni.jpg|thumb|upright|Diagram from [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|al-Bīrūnī's]] book ''Kitab al-tafhim'' showing lunar phases and [[lunar eclipse]] ]]
[[File:Spherical astrolabe 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Armillary sphere#History|spherical astrolabe]], long employed in medieval [[Islamic astronomy]], was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later [[Pope Sylvester II]].]]
[[File:Spherical astrolabe 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Armillary sphere#History|spherical astrolabe]], long employed in medieval [[Islamic astronomy]], was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later [[Pope Sylvester II]].]]


===Science and technology===
===Science and technology===
*[[Timeline of historic inventions#11th century|List of 11th century inventions]]
{{Main|Timeline of historic inventions#11th century}}
* Early 11th century – [[Fan Kuan]] paints ''Travelers among Mountains and Streams''. [[Northern Song dynasty]]. It is now kept at [[National Palace Museum]], [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan (Republic of China)]].
* Early 11th century – [[Fan Kuan]] paints ''Travelers among Mountains and Streams''. [[Northern Song dynasty]]. It is now kept at [[National Palace Museum]], [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan (Republic of China)]].
*c. 1000–[[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) of [[al-Andalus]] publishes his influential 30-volume [[Islamic medicine|Arabic medical]] encyclopedia, the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]''
*c. 1000 – [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) of [[al-Andalus]] publishes his influential 30-volume [[Islamic medicine|Arabic medical]] encyclopedia, the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]''
*c. 1000–[[Ibn Yunus]] of [[Egypt]] publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir''.
*c. 1000 – [[Ibn Yunus]] of [[Egypt]] publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir''.
*c. 1000 [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi)
*c. 1000 – [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi)
*c. 1000 – [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]]
*c. 1000 – [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]]
*c. 1000–[[Law of sines]] is discovered by [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematicians]], but it is uncertain who discovers it first between [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], and [[Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī|Abu al-Wafa]].
*c. 1000 – [[Law of sines]] is discovered by [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematicians]], but it is uncertain who discovers it first between [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], and [[Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī|Abu al-Wafa]].
*c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
*c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
*1000–1048 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.<ref>Kennedy, 152.</ref>
*1000–1048 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.<ref>Kennedy, 152.</ref>
Line 321: Line 307:
*1031–1095 – Chinese scientist [[Shen Kuo]] creates a theory for land formation, or [[geomorphology]], theorized that [[Climate variability and change|climate change]] occurred over time, discovers the concept of [[true north]], improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the [[pole star]] indefinitely, hypothesizes the [[retrogradation]] theory of [[planetary motion]], and by observing [[lunar eclipse]] and [[solar eclipse]] he hypothesized that the sun and moon were [[spherical]].<ref>Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.</ref><ref name="sivin III 23">Sivin, III, 23.</ref><ref>Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.</ref><ref name="sivin III 17">Sivin, III, 16–19.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 415 416">Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.</ref> Shen Kuo also experimented with [[camera obscura]] just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with [[Quantitative property|quantitative]] attributes.<ref>Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.</ref><ref name="sivin III 34">Sivin, III, 34.</ref> He also took an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] approach to studies in [[archaeology]].<ref>Fraser & Haber, 227.</ref>
*1031–1095 – Chinese scientist [[Shen Kuo]] creates a theory for land formation, or [[geomorphology]], theorized that [[Climate variability and change|climate change]] occurred over time, discovers the concept of [[true north]], improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the [[pole star]] indefinitely, hypothesizes the [[retrogradation]] theory of [[planetary motion]], and by observing [[lunar eclipse]] and [[solar eclipse]] he hypothesized that the sun and moon were [[spherical]].<ref>Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.</ref><ref name="sivin III 23">Sivin, III, 23.</ref><ref>Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.</ref><ref name="sivin III 17">Sivin, III, 16–19.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 415 416">Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.</ref> Shen Kuo also experimented with [[camera obscura]] just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with [[Quantitative property|quantitative]] attributes.<ref>Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.</ref><ref name="sivin III 34">Sivin, III, 34.</ref> He also took an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] approach to studies in [[archaeology]].<ref>Fraser & Haber, 227.</ref>
*1041–1048 – Artisan [[Bi Sheng]] of [[Song dynasty]] China invents [[movable type]] printing using individual ceramic characters.<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.</ref>
*1041–1048 – Artisan [[Bi Sheng]] of [[Song dynasty]] China invents [[movable type]] printing using individual ceramic characters.<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.</ref>
* Mid 11th century – [[Harbaville Triptych]], is made. It is now kept at [[Musée du Louvre]], [[Paris]].
* Mid-11th century – [[Harbaville Triptych]], is made. It is now kept at [[Musée du Louvre]], [[Paris]].
* Mid-11th century – [[Xu Daoning]] paints ''Fishing in a Mountain Stream''. [[Northern Song dynasty]].
* Mid-11th century – [[Xu Daoning]] paints ''Fishing in a Mountain Stream''. [[Northern Song dynasty]].
*1068 – First known use of the [[drydock]] in China.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 660">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.</ref>
*1068 – First known use of the [[drydock]] in China.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 660">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.</ref>
Line 328: Line 314:
*1077 – [[Constantine the African]] introduces [[ancient Greek medicine]] to the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]] in [[Salerno]], Italy.
*1077 – [[Constantine the African]] introduces [[ancient Greek medicine]] to the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]] in [[Salerno]], Italy.
*c. 1080 – the ''[[Liber pantegni]]'', a compendium of [[Ancient Greek medicine|Hellenistic]] and [[Islamic medicine]], is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian [[Constantine the African]], paraphrasing translated passages from the ''Kitab al-malaki'' of [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] as well as other Arabic texts.<ref>Prioreschi, 193–195.</ref>
*c. 1080 – the ''[[Liber pantegni]]'', a compendium of [[Ancient Greek medicine|Hellenistic]] and [[Islamic medicine]], is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian [[Constantine the African]], paraphrasing translated passages from the ''Kitab al-malaki'' of [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] as well as other Arabic texts.<ref>Prioreschi, 193–195.</ref>
*1088 – As written by [[Shen Kuo]] in his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', the earlier 10th-century invention of the [[pound lock]] in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49½ [[ton]]s) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 352">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.</ref>
*1088 – As written by [[Shen Kuo]] in his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', the earlier 10th-century invention of the [[pound lock]] in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49{{frac|1|2}} [[ton]]s) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 352">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.</ref>
*1094 – The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer [[Su Song]] incorporates an [[escapement]] mechanism and the world's first known [[chain drive]] to operate the [[armillary sphere]], the [[astronomical clock]], and the [[striking clock]] jacks of his [[clock tower]] in [[Kaifeng]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 111 165 445 448">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.</ref>
*1094 – The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer [[Su Song]] incorporates an [[escapement]] mechanism and the world's first known [[chain drive]] to operate the [[armillary sphere]], the [[astronomical clock]], and the [[striking clock]] jacks of his [[clock tower]] in [[Kaifeng]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 111 165 445 448">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.</ref>
*In Europe, the introduction of the horizontal [[loom]] operated by foot-treadles makes [[weaving]] faster and more efficient.


===Literature===
===Literature===
Line 338: Line 323:
* c. 1000 – The ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis).
* c. 1000 – The ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis).
* c. 1000 – The ''Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' is written by the Egyptian astronomer [[Ibn Yunus]].
* c. 1000 – The ''Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' is written by the Egyptian astronomer [[Ibn Yunus]].
*1000–1037 – ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' is written by [[Avicenna]].
*1000–1037 – ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' is written by [[Ibn Tufail]].
*1008 – The ''[[Leningrad Codex]]'', one of the oldest full manuscripts of the [[Hebrew Bible]], is completed.
*1008 – The ''[[Leningrad Codex]]'', one of the oldest full manuscripts of the [[Hebrew Bible]], is completed.
*c. 1010 – The oldest known copy of the epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' was written around this year.
*c. 1010 – The oldest known copy of the epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' was written around this year.
Line 367: Line 352:
*1088 – The ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'' is completed by [[Shen Kuo]] of Song China.
*1088 – The ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'' is completed by [[Shen Kuo]] of Song China.
*The roots of European [[Scholasticism]] are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and [[Classicism]] in Europe would bring about the [[Renaissance]]. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as [[Anselm of Canterbury]], [[Peter Abelard]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]], [[Peter Lombard]], and [[Gilbert de la Porrée]].
*The roots of European [[Scholasticism]] are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and [[Classicism]] in Europe would bring about the [[Renaissance]]. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as [[Anselm of Canterbury]], [[Peter Abelard]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]], [[Peter Lombard]], and [[Gilbert de la Porrée]].
*The works of [[Aristotle]] and some early [[Islamic science|Muslim scientists]] are translated into [[Latin]] from [[Arabic language|Arabic]], shortly before the [[Latin translations of the 12th century]].
*[[Troubadour]]s appear in what is now southern [[France]].


==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 23:45, 30 April 2024

Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Timelines
State leaders
Decades
Categories:
Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere in early half of 11th century
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century

The 11th century is the period from 1001 (represented by the Roman numerals MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.

In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of Byzantine power and a rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

In Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature. Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In Korea, the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty (Manchuria).

In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, the Ghaznavids, and the Chola dynasty in India had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The Western Chalukya Empire (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In Japan, the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state.

In the Americas, the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America. The Tiwanaku Empire centered around Lake Titicaca collapsed in the first half of the century.

Overview[edit]

The Brihadeeswarar Temple of Chola era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of Rajaraja I

In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.

In Germany, the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under the Salians. In Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy.

In Italy, the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at Pavia was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was a golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus.

A Scholar in a Meadow, Chinese Song dynasty, 11th century

In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song dynasty, the Tanguts-led Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture.

In Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during the Heian period. In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.

In the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire of Egypt reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.

In India, the Chola dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and regions of Southeast Asia. The Ghaznavid Empire would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India.

In Southeast Asia, the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power. The Khmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while Srivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the Kingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In Vietnam, the Lý dynasty began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.

In Nigeria, formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north, and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin in the south.

Events[edit]

1001–1009[edit]

An 11th-century rock crystal ewer of Fatimid Egypt

1010s[edit]

Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes

1020s[edit]

Celadon statue of an imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song dynasty, 11th or 12th century

1030s[edit]

1040s[edit]

Territories of Zirids and Hammadids after the invasions of Banu Hilal, of Norman incursions and the weakening of the Almoravids

1050s[edit]

A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), c. 1050

1060s[edit]

The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066

1070s[edit]

An 11th-century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara

1080s[edit]

A page of the Domesday Book of England

1090–1100[edit]

Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

Undated[edit]

Gallery[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Main article: 11th century in architecture
St Albans Cathedral of England, completed in 1089
The Gonbad-e Qabus Tower, built in 1006 during the Ziyarid dynasty of Iran
Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056 in Shanxi, China by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1056

Inventions, discoveries, introductions[edit]

Latin translation of the Book of Optics (1021), written by the Iraqi physicist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
Constantine the African examines patients' urine; he taught ancient Greek medicine and Islamic medicine at the Schola Medica Salernitana.
The original diagram of Su Song's book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (published 1092) showing the clepsydra tank, waterwheel, escapement mechanism, chain drive, striking clock jacks, and armillary sphere of his clock tower
Diagram from al-Bīrūnī's book Kitab al-tafhim showing lunar phases and lunar eclipse
The spherical astrolabe, long employed in medieval Islamic astronomy, was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II.

Science and technology[edit]

Main article: Timeline of historic inventions § 11th century

Literature[edit]

The Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod, 1057

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
  2. ^ "index". www.muslimphilosophy.com.
  3. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56
  4. ^ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41
  5. ^ Kallner-Amiran, D. H. (1950). "A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 1 (4). Israel Exploration Society: 223–246. JSTOR 27924451.
  6. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.
  8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.
  9. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.
  10. ^ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
  11. ^ Einar Joranson (1928). "The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065". In Paetow, Louis J. (ed.). The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students. New York: Crofts. pp. 3–43. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  12. ^ Bowman, 599.
  13. ^ Mohn, 1.
  14. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  15. ^ Kennedy, 152.
  16. ^ Ebrey et al. (2006), 158.
  17. ^ Darlington, 474–475.
  18. ^ Seife, 77.
  19. ^ Darlington, 473.
  20. ^ Tester, 131–132.
  21. ^ Darlington, 467–468.
  22. ^ Tester, 130–131, 156.
  23. ^ Salhab, 51.
  24. ^ Darlington, 475.
  25. ^ Holmes, 646.
  26. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291.
  27. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.
  28. ^ Sivin, III, 23.
  29. ^ Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.
  30. ^ Sivin, III, 16–19.
  31. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.
  32. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.
  33. ^ Sivin, III, 34.
  34. ^ Fraser & Haber, 227.
  35. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.
  36. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.
  37. ^ Wu (2005), 5.
  38. ^ Unschuld, 60.
  39. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.
  40. ^ Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.
  41. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 648.
  42. ^ Hartwell, 54.
  43. ^ Prioreschi, 193–195.
  44. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.
  45. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.

References[edit]

  • Abattouy, Mohammed. (2002), "The Arabic Science of weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project", The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 4, pp. 109–130:
  • Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-259-7
  • Darlington, Oscar G. "Gerbert, the Teacher", The American Historical Review (Volume 52, Number 3, 1947): 456 – 476.
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
  • Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. (1986). Time, Science, and Society in China and the West. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-495-1.
  • Hartwell, Robert. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry", The Journal of Economic History (Volume 26, Number 1, 1966): 29–58.
  • Holmes, Jr., Urban T. "The Idea of a Twelfth-Century Renaissance", Speculum (Volume 26, Number 4, 1951): 643 – 651.
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  • Salhab, Walid Amine. (2006). The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry. San Francisco: Red Wheel/Weiser LLC. ISBN 1-57863-346-X.
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  • Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
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  • Unschuld, Paul U. (2003). Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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