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{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1001 to 1100}}
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[[Image:East-Hem 1025ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Political boundaries in [[Eastern Hemisphere]] in early half of 11th century]]
As a means of recording the passage of [[time]], the '''11th century''' was that [[century]] which lasted from [[1001]] to [[1100]]. In the history of [[Europe]]an culture, this period is considered the early part of the [[High Middle Ages]], with a sudden decline of [[Byzantine]] power and rise of [[Norman]] domination over much of Europe. In [[Song Dynasty]] [[China]] it was a high point of classical [[History of science and technology in China|Chinese civilization, technology, and science]]. In [[Persia]], there was likewise a golden age for medieval Iranian science and [[Persian literature]]. For [[Chola]]-era [[India]] and [[Fatimid]]-era [[Egypt]], they had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. In this century the Turkish [[Seljuk dynasty]] comes to power in the Middle East over the now fragmented [[Abbasid]] realm. In [[Japan]] the [[Fujiwara clan]] continued to dominate the affairs of state. In the Americas the [[Toltec]] civilization flourished in [[central America]].
[[Image:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century]]


The '''11th century''' is the period from 1001 (represented by the [[Roman numerals]] MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]], and the 1st century of the [[2nd millennium]].
==Overview==
[[Image:Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|right|190px|The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] of Chola era southern India, completed in 1010 AD, during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].]]
[[Image:Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng 6.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Iron Pagoda]] of [[Kaifeng]], China, 1049 AD.]]
The eleventh century is, in European history, a century of change. It is usually marked as the first period of the [[High Middle Ages]] and is therefore sometimes termed the [[Early Middle Ages]], though this term has another common meaning synonymous with [[Dark Ages]]. The century began while the ''[[translatio imperii]]'' of [[962]] was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the [[Investiture Controversy]]. It saw the final Christianisation of [[Scandinavia]] and the emergence of the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movements, the [[Gregorian Reforms]], and the [[Crusades]] which revitalised a church and a papacy which survived tarnished by the tumultuous tenth century. In [[1054]], the [[Great Schism]] rent the church in two, however.


In the [[history of Europe]], this period is considered the early part of the [[High Middle Ages]]. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] power and a rise of [[Normans|Norman]] domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in [[Europe]] of notably influential [[pope]]s. [[Christendom]] experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: [[Roman Catholicism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]].
In Germany, it was marked by the ascendancy of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, who hit their high watermark under the [[Salian Dynasty|Salians]].


In [[Song dynasty]] [[China]] and the [[Islamic Golden Age|classical Islamic world]], this century marked the high point for both classical [[History of science and technology in China|Chinese civilization, science]] and [[Technology of the Song dynasty|technology]], and classical [[Islamic science]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|philosophy]], [[Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers|technology]] and [[Islamic literature|literature]].
In Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at [[Pavia]] was sacked in [[1024]]. By the end of the century, [[Lombards|Lombard]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule in the [[Mezzogiorno]] had been usurped by the [[Normans]] and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.
Rival political factions at the [[Song dynasty]] court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In [[Korea]], the [[Goryeo]] Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Manchuria]]).


In this century the Turkish [[Seljuk dynasty]] comes to power in [[Western Asia]] over the now fragmented [[Abbasid]] realm, while the [[First Crusade|first]] of the [[Crusades]] were waged towards the close of the century. The [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in [[Egypt]], the [[Ghaznavids]], and the [[Chola dynasty]] in [[India]] had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The [[Western Chalukya Empire]] (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In [[Japan]], the [[Fujiwara clan]] continued to dominate the affairs of state.
In Britain, it saw the transformation of [[Scotland]] into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the [[Norman conquest of England]] in [[1066]]. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.


In the Americas, the [[Toltec]] and [[Mixtec]] civilizations flourished in [[Central America]], along with the [[Huari Culture]] of [[South America]] and the [[Mississippian culture]] of [[North America]]. The [[Tiwanaku empire|Tiwanaku Empire]] centered around [[Lake Titicaca]] collapsed in the first half of the century.
In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the [[troubadour]], who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes.


==Overview==
In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last [[caliphs of Córdoba]] and ended in the successes of the [[Almoravids]]. In between was a period of Christian unification under [[Navarre]]se hegemony and success in the [[Reconquista]] against the [[taifa]] kingdoms which replaced the fallen caliphate. Spain emerged fully "Europeanised".
[[Image:Brihadeshwara front right.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] ]]
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the [[High Middle Ages]], an age subsequent to the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The century began while the ''[[translatio imperii]]'' of [[962]] was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the [[Investiture Controversy]]. It saw the final Christianisation of [[Scandinavia]] and the emergence of the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movements, the [[Gregorian Reforms]], and the [[Crusades]] which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.


In [[Germany]], the century was marked by the ascendancy of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, who hit their high-water mark under the [[Salian dynasty|Salians]]. In Britain, it saw the transformation of [[Scotland]] into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the [[troubadour]], who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as [[Scholasticism]], which emphasized [[dialectic]] arguments in disputes of [[Christian theology]] as well as [[ancient philosophy|classical philosophy]].
In China, [[political faction]]s rise at the imperial court of [[Kaifeng]] during the [[Song Dynasty]]. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] and the [[Chancellor]]s [[Fan Zhongyan]] and [[Wang Anshi]], while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor [[Sima Guang]] and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]]. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where [[malaria]] was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see [[History of the Song Dynasty]]). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as [[Su Song]] and [[Shen Kuo]].


In [[Italy]], the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at [[Pavia]] was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, [[Lombards|Lombard]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule in the [[Mezzogiorno]] had been usurped by the [[Normans]] and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. In [[Northern Italy]], a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized [[capitalism]] and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last [[caliphs of Córdoba]] and ended in the successes of the [[Almoravids]]. In between was a period of Christian unification under [[Navarre]]se hegemony and success in the [[Reconquista]] against the [[taifa]] kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was a [[golden age]] for the principality of [[Kievan Rus]].[[Image:Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (III) 001.jpg|thumb|upright|''A Scholar in a Meadow'', Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th century]]
In India, the [[Chola Dynasty]] reaches its height of naval power under leaders such as [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]], dominating southern India ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Sri Lanka]], and regions of [[South East Asia]]. They also sent raids into what is modern-day [[Thailand]].


In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the [[Song dynasty]], the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s-led [[Western Xia]] in the northwest, and the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] of the [[Liao dynasty]] in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing [[political faction]]s evolved at the Song imperial court of [[Kaifeng]]. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] and the [[Chancellor]]s [[Fan Zhongyan]] and [[Wang Anshi]], while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor [[Sima Guang]] and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]]. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where [[malaria]] was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see [[History of the Song dynasty]]). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as [[Su Song]] and [[Shen Kuo]], as well as the age where the matured form of the [[Chinese pagoda]] was accomplished in [[Chinese architecture]].
In Japan, the [[Fujiwara clan]] dominates central politics by acting as regents, controlling the actions of the [[Emperor of Japan]], who acted merely as a '[[puppet monarch]]' during the [[Heian period]].

In Japan, the [[Fujiwara clan]] dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the [[Emperor of Japan]], who acted merely as a '[[puppet monarch]]' during the [[Heian period]]. In Korea, the rulers of the [[Goryeo]] Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two [[Khitan people|Khitan]] invasions with their armies.

In the Middle East, the [[Fatimid]] Empire of [[Egypt]] reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the first half of the century. The [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]s came to prominence while the [[Abbasid]] caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.

In India, the [[Chola dynasty]] reached its height of naval power under leaders such as [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and [[Rajendra Chola I]], dominating southern India ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Sri Lanka]], and regions of [[Southeast Asia]]. The [[Ghaznavid Empire]] would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India.

In Southeast Asia, the [[Pagan Kingdom]] reached its height of political and military power. The [[Khmer Empire]] would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while [[Srivijaya]] would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the [[Butuan (historical polity)|Kingdom of Butuan]], centered on the northern portion of [[Mindanao]] island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In [[Vietnam]], the [[Lý dynasty]] began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.

In [[Nigeria]], formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including [[Hausa kingdoms]] and Borno dynasty in the north, and the [[Oyo Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Benin]] in the south.


==Events==
==Events==

[[Image:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicting events leading to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066.]]
=== 1001–1009 ===
* c. [[1000]], the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' is written by the physician and scientist [[Abu al-Qasim]]
[[Image:Ewer birds Louvre MR333.jpg|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[rock crystal]] ewer of [[Fatimid]] Egypt]]
* [[1001]] ± 40 years, [[Baitoushan]] volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest [[Holocene]] blast.
* [[1001]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Muslim]] leader of [[Ghazni]], begins a series of raids into Northern [[India]]; he finishes in [[1027]] with the destruction of [[Somnath]].
* 1001: [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Muslim]] leader of [[Ghazni]], begins a series of raids into Northern [[India]]; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of [[Somnath]].
* c. [[1001]], [[Vikings]], led by [[Leif Eriksson]], establish small settlements in and around [[Vinland]] in [[North America]]
* c. 1001: [[Norsemen]], led by [[Leif Eriksson]], establish short-lived settlements in and around [[Vinland]] in [[North America]].
* 1001–1008: Japanese Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] writes ''[[The Tale of Genji]].''
* [[1005]], the [[Treaty of Shanyuan]] was signed between the [[China|Chinese]] [[Song Dynasty]] and the [[Khitan]] [[Liao Dynasty]].
* 1001 ± 40 years: [[Baitoushan]] volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest [[Holocene]] blast.
* [[1008]], the [[Fatimid]] Egyptian sea captian Domiyat travels to the [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage site in [[Shandong]], China, to seek out the Chinese [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] with gifts from his ruling [[Imam]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], successfully reopening [[diplomatic]] relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the [[Tang Dynasty]].
* 1001: The ancient kingdom of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese, [[Song dynasty]] recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD.
* [[1009]]-[[1010]], the Lombard known as [[Melus of Bari]] led an insurrection against the Byzantine [[Catapanate of Italy|Catepan of Italy]], [[John Curcuas (catepan)|John Curcuas]], as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by [[Basil Mesardonites]], who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
* 1003: [[Robert II of France]] invades the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], then ruled by [[Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy]]; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gains the acceptance of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in 1016 and annexes Burgundy into his realm.
* [[1010]], with the aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of [[cartography]] in 1566 chapters, including the mapped [[topography]] of each provincial region in China down to the minute level of small towns and villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] in 971 AD.
* 1004: [[Song dynasty]] court prohibited [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation.
* [[1014]], the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] armies of [[Basil II]] are victorious over [[Samuil of Bulgaria]] in the [[Battle of Kleidion]].
* 1004: The library and university [[Dar Al-Hekma]] is founded in Egypt under the [[Fatimid]]s.
[[Image:The Chronicle of Ioannis Skylitzis Bulagar Defeat.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Defeat of the Bulgars by the Byzantine Greeks depicted in the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]''.]]
* 1005: The [[Treaty of Shanyuan]] is signed between the [[China|Chinese]] [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]].
* [[1018]], the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
* 1006: King [[Dharmawangsa]]'s [[Mataram kingdom]] falls under the invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible [[Srivijaya]]n ally in Java).<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.52">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52</ref>
* [[1018]], the Byzantine armies of [[Basil Boioannes]] are victorious at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)|Battle of Cannae]] against the [[Lombards]] under [[Melus of Bari]].
* 1007: [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial on [[Song dynasty]] Imperial court requesting equal status with [[Champa]] but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century.
* [[1021]], the ruling [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister [[Sitt al-Mulk]], which leads to the open persecution of the [[Druze]] by [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]]; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the [[Mahdi]] savior.
* 1008: The [[Fatimid]] Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage site in [[Shandong]], China, to seek out the Chinese [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song]] with gifts from his ruling [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imam]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], successfully reopening [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the [[Tang dynasty]].
* [[1025]], the [[Chola Dynasty]] of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], turning it into a [[vassal]].
* 1009: [[Lý Thái Tổ]] overthrows the [[Anterior Lê dynasty]] of Vietnam, establishing the [[Lý dynasty]].
* [[1025]], ruler [[Rajendra Chola I]] moves the capital city of the empire from [[Thanjavur]] to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
* 1009–1010: The Lombard known as [[Melus of Bari]] leads an insurrection against the Byzantine [[Catapanate of Italy|Catepan of Italy]], [[John Curcuas (catepan)|John Curcuas]], as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by [[Basil Mesardonites]], who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
* [[1028]], the King of [[Srivijaya]] appeals to the [[Song Dynasty]] Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at [[Kaifeng]].

* [[1040]], [[Duncan I]] of Scotland slain in battle. [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]] succeeds him.
===[[1010s]]===
* [[1041]], [[Samuel Aba]] became King of Hungary.
[[Image:The Chronicle of Ioannis Skylitzis Bulagar Defeat.jpg|thumb|upright|Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']]
* [[1041]]-[[1048]], Chinese artisan [[Bi Sheng]] invents ceramic [[movable type]] printing
* 1010–1011: The [[Second Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n king is forced to flee the capital temporarily, but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces withdrew.
[[Image:Songrivership3.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] naval ship with a traction [[trebuchet]] [[catapult]], from the ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' of 1044 AD.]]
* 1011–1021: [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), a famous [[Iraq]]i [[Islamic science|scientist]] working in [[Egypt]], [[feigned madness|feigns madness]] in fear of angering the Egyptian [[caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], and is kept under [[house arrest]] from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]''.
* [[1044]], the Chinese ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' (武经总要), written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe [[gunpowder]] formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as gunpowder-impregnated [[fuse]]s for [[flamethrower]]s. It also described an early form of the [[compass]], a thermoremanence compass.
* 1011: Under a new [[Raja]]h named Sri Bata Shaja, [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with [[Champa]] after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the [[Song dynasty]] court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh.
* [[1052]], earliest date for the publication of [[Ibn Sina]]'s ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]''
* 1014: The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] armies of [[Basil II]] are victorious over [[Samuil of Bulgaria]] in the [[Battle of Kleidion]].
* [[1053]], the Norman commander [[Humphrey of Hauteville]] is victorious in the [[Battle of Civitate]] against the [[Lombard]]s and the [[papal]] coalition led by [[Rudolf of Benevento]]; [[Pope Leo IX]] himself is captured by the Normans.
*1014: The [[Gaels|Gaelic]] forces of [[Munster]] and [[Gaelic Ireland|most other Irish kingdoms]] under [[List of High Kings of Ireland|High King]] [[Brian Boru]] defeat a combined Leinster-Viking force in the [[Battle of Clontarf]] but Brian Boru is killed at the end of the battle.
* [[1054]], the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], in which the Western ([[Roman Catholic]]) and [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
* 1014–1020: [[The Book of Healing]], a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar.<ref name="Avicenna">{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn+Sina-REP.htm|title=index|website=www.muslimphilosophy.com}}</ref>
* [[1057]], [[Anawrahta]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]], defeated the [[Mon]] city of [[Thaton]], thus unifying all of [[Myanmar]].
* 1015: In the [[Battle of Nesjar]] in [[Oslofjord]], Norway, the forces of [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] fought the forces of [[Sveinn Hákonarson]], with a victory for Olav.
* [[1061]]-[[1091]], [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Sicily]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]
* 1018: The [[First Bulgarian Empire]] is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
* [[1065]], independence of the Kingdom of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Portugal]] under the rule of Garcia
* 1018: The Byzantine armies of [[Basil Boioannes]] are victorious at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)|Battle of Cannae]] against the [[Lombards]] under [[Melus of Bari]].
* [[1066]], [[Edward the Confessor]] dies; Norman conquest of [[England]] in the [[Battle of Hastings]]
* 1018: The [[Third Goryeo-Khitan War]]; the [[Korea]]n General [[Gang Gam-chan]] inflicted heavy losses to [[Khitan people|Khitan]] forces at the [[Battle of Kwiju]]. The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
* [[1068]]-[[1073]], the reign of Japanese [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the [[Fujiwara clan]].
* 1019: [[Airlangga]] establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.<ref>Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56</ref>
[[Image:SongShenzong.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] China.]]

* [[1069]]-[[1076]], Chancellor [[Wang Anshi]] of the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] introduces the 'New Policies', including the [[Baojia system]] of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of [[corvée]] labor, government monopolies on [[tea]], [[salt]], and [[wine]], reforming the [[land survey]] system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the [[imperial examination]] system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
===[[1020s]]===
* [[1071]], Defeat of the [[Byzantine Empire]] at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] by the Seljuk army of [[Alp Arslan]], ending 3 centuries of a Byzantine military and economic [[Byzantine empire#Golden Age|Golden Age]].
[[Image:Porcelaine chinoise Guimet 231104.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Celadon]] statue of an [[imperial guardian lion]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]], 11th or 12th century]]
* [[1076]], [[Ghana]] Empire began break-up after capital (Kumbi) sacked
* 1021: the ruling [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister [[Sitt al-Mulk]], which leads to the open persecution of the [[Druze]] by [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]]; the Druze proclaim that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the [[Mahdi]] savior.
* [[1076]], the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of [[sulfur]] and [[saltpetre]], in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling [[gunpowder]] formula components to enemies such as the [[Tangut]]s and [[Khitan]]s.
* 1025: the [[Chola dynasty]] of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of [[Srivijaya]], turning it into a [[vassal]].
* [[1077]], the [[Walk to Canossa]] by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* 1025: ruler [[Rajendra Chola I]] moves the capital city of the empire from [[Thanjavur]] to [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
* [[1079]], [[Malik Shah I]] reforms the [[Iranian Calendar]]
* 1025: [[Rajendra Chola]], the [[Chola]] king from [[Coromandel Coast|Cholamandala]] in South India, conquers Pannai and [[Kedah|Kadaram]] from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41''</ref>
* [[1080]]-[[1081]], the Chinese statesman and scientist [[Shen Kuo]] is put in command of the campaign against the [[Western Xia]], and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern [[Yan'an]]), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
* 1028: the King of [[Srivijaya]] appeals to the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at [[Kaifeng]].
* [[1084]], the enormous Chinese historical work of the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' is compiled by scholars under Chancellor [[Sima Guang]], completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written [[Chinese characters]]
* 1020s: ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', a medical encyclopedia, is written by [[Avicenna]], [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Muslim]] scholar.
* [[1085]], [[Alfonso VI of Castile]] captures the Muslim city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]].

[[Image:1099jerusalem.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Capture of Jerusalem, 1099]]
===[[1030s]]===
* [[1086]], compilation of the [[Domesday Book]] by order of [[William I of England]]
* 1030: [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] defeats [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers [[Leitha]] and [[Fischa]] to Hungary in the summer of 1031.
* [[1087]], a new office at the Chinese international [[seaport]] of [[Quanzhou]] is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
* 1030: the [[Battle of Stiklestad]] ([[Norway]]): [[Olaf II of Norway|Olav Haraldsson]] loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
* [[1088]], [[Su Song]] of the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]] completes the pilot model for his [[astronomical]] [[clock tower]] in [[Kaifeng]]; Chinese scientist [[Shen Kuo]] makes the world's first reference to the magnetic [[compass]] in his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]''.
* 1030: [[Sanghyang Tapak inscription]] in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and [[Kingdom of Sunda]]. (to 1579)
* [[1094]], [[El Cid]], the great Spanish hero, conquers the [[Moors|Muslim]] city of [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]]
* 1033: An [[1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake|earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley]], followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, killing tens of thousands.<ref name="Kallner-Amiran">{{cite journal |last1=Kallner-Amiran |first1=D. H. |title=A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine |date=1950 |publisher=Israel Exploration Society |pages=223–246|issue=4|volume=1|journal=Israel Exploration Journal |jstor=27924451 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27924451.pdf}}</ref>
* [[1094]], a succession crisis following the reign of the [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] into the new [[Nizari]] religious branch.
* 1035: [[Raoul Glaber]] chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France
* ca. [[1095]]-[[1099]], earliest extant manuscript of the ''[[Song of Roland]]''
* 1035: [[Canute the Great]] dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
* [[1099]], [[First Crusade]] captures [[Jerusalem]]
* 1035: [[William Iron Arm]] ventures to the [[Mezzogiorno]]
* 1037: [[Ferdinand I of León]] conquers the [[Galicia (Spain)|Kingdom of Galicia]].

===[[1040s]]===
[[File:Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes.PNG|thumb|Territories of [[Zirids]] and [[Hammadids]] after the invasions of [[Banu Hilal]], of [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and the weakening of the [[Almoravids]] ]]
* 1040: [[Duncan I]] of Scotland slain in battle. [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]] succeeds him.
* 1041: [[Samuel Aba]] became King of Hungary.
* 1041: [[Airlangga]] divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms [[Janggala]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] and abdicates in favour of his successors.<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.57">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</ref>
* 1042: the Normans establish [[Melfi]] as the capital of southern Italy.
* 1041–1048: Chinese artisan [[Bi Sheng]] invents ceramic [[movable type]] printing
* 1043: the [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Kievan Rus]] engage in a [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|naval confrontation]], although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of [[Vsevolod I of Kiev]] to a princess daughter of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]].
* 1043: the Byzantine General [[George Maniaces]], who had served in [[Sicily]] back in 1038, is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is [[catepan of Italy]]; he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against [[Constantine IX Monomachos]] and is killed in battle in [[Macedonia (theme)|Macedonia]] during his march towards [[Constantinople]].
*1043: the Song dynasty [[Chancellor of China]], [[Fan Zhongyan]], and prominent official and historian [[Ouyang Xiu]] introduce the [[Qingli Reforms]], which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms.
*1043: the [[Kingdom of Nri]] of [[West Africa]] is said to have started in this year with [[Eze Nri Ìfikuánim]]
* 1044: the Chinese ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'', written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe [[gunpowder]] formulas;<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.</ref> it also described their use in warfare, such as [[History of gunpowder|blackpowder]]-impregnated [[Fuse (explosives)|fuses]] for [[flamethrower]]s.<ref name="needham volume 5 part 7 81 84">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.</ref> It also described an early form of the [[compass]], a thermoremanence compass.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 1 252">Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.</ref>
* 1044: [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the [[Battle of Ménfő]]; [[Peter Urseolo of Hungary|Peter Urseolo]] captured [[Samuel Aba of Hungary|Samuel Aba]] after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
* 1045: The [[Zirid]]s, a [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasty of [[North Africa]], break their allegiance with the [[Fatimid]] court of [[Egypt]] and recognize the [[Abbasid]]s of [[Baghdad]] as the true [[caliph]]s.

===[[1050s]]===
[[Image:Flat casket Cuenca Louvre OA2775.jpg|thumb|upright|A flat casket carved out of [[ivory]] from [[Al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain), {{circa|1050}}]]
* 1052: [[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] converts the rural villa at [[Byōdō-in]] into a famous Japanese [[Buddhist temple]].
* 1053: the Norman commander [[Humphrey of Hauteville]] is victorious in the [[Battle of Civitate]] against the [[Lombards]] and the [[papal]] coalition led by [[Rudolf of Benevento]]; [[Pope Leo IX]] himself is captured by the Normans.
* 1054: the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], in which the Western ([[Roman Catholic]]) and [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
* 1054: a large [[supernova]] is observed by astronomers, the [[Supernova remnant|remnants]] of which would form the [[Crab Nebula]].
* 1054: the [[Battle of Atapuerca]] is fought between [[García V of Navarre]] and [[Ferdinand I of León]].
* 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Baghdad]], taking the [[Buyid]] [[Emir]] [[Al-Malik al-Rahim]] prisoner.
* 1056: [[Ferdinand I of León]], [[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|King of León]], is crowned [[Imperator totius Hispaniae]] (Emperor of All [[Hispania]]).
* 1056: [[William II of England]] the son of William the Conqueror, was born.
* 1057: [[Anawrahta]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]], defeated the [[Mon kingdoms|Mon]] city of [[Thaton]], thus unifying all of [[Myanmar]].
* 1057: [[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]], king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III.
* 1057: Invasion of the [[Banu Hilal]], Kairouan destroyed, [[Zirid dynasty|Zirids]] reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty [[Bedouin]] [[emirate]]s.<ref>On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).</ref>

===[[1060s]]===
[[Image:Bayeux Tapestry WillelmDux.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] depicting events leading to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066]]
* 1061–1091: [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Sicily]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]
* 1064-1065: The [[Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65|Great German Pilgrimage]], consisting of around unarmed 7,000 [[pilgrim]]s, travels to [[Jerusalem]] under the leadership of [[Gunther of Bamberg]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Einar Joranson |editor1-last=Paetow |editor1-first=Louis J. |title=The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students |date=1928 |publisher=Crofts |location=New York |pages=3–43 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesotherhis0000unse/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=21 March 2023 |chapter=The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065}}</ref>
* 1065: [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuks]] first invasion to [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] under leadership of [[Alp Arslan]]
* 1065: Independence of the [[Kingdom of Galicia]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] under the rule of Garcia
* 1066: in the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]], the last Anglo-Saxon King [[Harold Godwinson]] defeated his brother [[Tostig Godwinson]] and [[Harold III of Norway]].
* 1066: [[Edward the Confessor]] dies; [[Harold Godwinson]] is killed in the [[Battle of Hastings]], while the Norman [[William the Conqueror]] is crowned king of England. This is what most experts think of as the end of the Viking age.
* 1066: the [[Jewish]] [[vizier]] [[Joseph ibn Naghrela]] and many others are killed in the [[1066 Granada massacre]].
* 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese [[Emperor Go-Sanjō]] brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the [[Fujiwara clan]].
* 1068: [[Virarajendra Chola]] begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
* 1068: [[Seljuks]] destroyed [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]] for the second time
* 1069–1076: with the support of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]], Chancellor [[Wang Anshi]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] introduces the '[[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]]', including the [[Baojia system]] of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of [[corvée]] labor, government monopolies on [[tea]], [[salt]], and [[wine]], reforming the [[Cadastre|land survey]] system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the [[imperial examination]] system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.

===[[1070s]]===
[[Image:Ardhanari.png|thumb|upright|An 11th-century [[Chola dynasty]] bronze figurine of [[Arthanariswara]] ]]
* 1070: the death of [[Athirajendra Chola]] and the ascension of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] marks the transition between the [[Medieval Cholas]] and the [[Chalukya Cholas]].
* 1071: Defeat of the [[Byzantine Empire]] at the [[Battle of Manzikert]] by the Seljuk army of [[Alp Arslan]], ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic [[Byzantine empire#Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025)|Golden Age]].
* 1072: the [[Battle of Golpejera]] is fought between [[Sancho II of Castile]] and [[Alfonso VI of Castile]]
* 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Ankara]] from the Byzantines.
* 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture [[Jerusalem]] from the Fatimids, and cut pilgrim transit.
* 1075: [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] suppresses the rebellion of [[Saxony]] in the [[First Battle of Langensalza]].
* 1075: the [[Investiture Controversy]] is sparked when [[Pope Gregory VII]] asserted in the ''[[Dictatus papae]]'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
* 1075: Chinese official and diplomat [[Shen Kuo]] asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of [[Emperor Daozong of Liao]], who had asserted that [[Liao dynasty]] territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds.
* 1075–1076: a civil war in the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] of India; the Western Chalukya monarch [[Someshvara II]] plans to defeat his own ambitious brother [[Vikramaditya VI]] by allying with a traditional enemy, [[Kulothunga Chola I]] of the [[Chola Empire]]; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
* 1075–1077: the [[Song dynasty]] of [[China]] and the [[Lý dynasty]] of [[Vietnam]] fight [[History of the Song dynasty#Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict|a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first]] on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day [[Hanoi]], the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.
* 1076: the [[Ghana]] Empire is attacked by the [[Almoravid]]s, who sack the capital of [[Koumbi Saleh]], ending the rule of king [[Tunka Manin]]
* 1076: the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of [[sulfur]] and [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling [[gunpowder]] formula components to enemies such as the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s and [[Khitan people|Khitans]].
* 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese [[Champa]] and Cambodian [[Chenla]] to conquer the [[Lý dynasty]], which is an unsuccessful campaign.
* 1077: the [[Walk to Canossa]] by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* 1077: Chinese official [[Su Song]] is sent on a diplomatic mission to the [[Liao dynasty]] and discovers that the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] calendar is more mathematically accurate than the [[Chinese calendar|Song calendar]]; [[Emperor Zhezong of Song|Emperor Zhezong]] later sponsors Su Song's astronomical [[clock tower]] in order to compete with Liao astronomers.
* 1078: [[Oleg I of Chernigov]] is defeated in battle by his brother [[Vsevolod I of Kiev]]; Oleg escapes to [[Tmutarakan]], but is imprisoned by the [[Khazar]]s, sent to [[Constantinople]] as a prisoner, and then exiled to [[Rhodes]].
* 1078: the revolt of [[Nikephoros III]] against Byzantine ruler [[Michael VII]]
* 1079: [[Malik Shah I]] reforms the [[Iranian Calendar]].
* 1079: [[Franks]] start to settle around the [[Way of Saint James]] (Today, modern North Spain)

===[[1080s]]===
[[Image:Domesday Book - Warwickshire.png|thumb|upright|A page of the [[Domesday Book]] of England]]
* 1080–1081: The Chinese statesman and scientist [[Shen Kuo]] is put in command of the campaign against the [[Western Xia]], and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern [[Yan'an]]), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
* 1081: birth of [[Urraca of León and Castile]] future Queen of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castille]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]].
* 1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' is compiled by scholars under Chancellor [[Sima Guang]], completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written [[Chinese characters]]
* 1085: [[Alfonso VI of Castile]] captures the [[Moors|Moorish]] Muslim city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Spain.
* 1085: the [[Katedralskolan, Lund]] school of Sweden is established by [[Canute IV of Denmark]]
* 1086: compilation of the [[Domesday Book]] by order of [[William I of England]]; it was similar to a modern-day government [[census]], as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly [[tax]]ed.
* 1086: the [[Battle of az-Zallaqah]] between the Almoravids and Castilians
* 1087: a new office at the Chinese international [[seaport]] of [[Quanzhou]] is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
* 1087: the Italian cities of [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]] engage in the African [[Mahdia campaign of 1087|Mahdia campaign]]
* 1087: [[William II of England]], son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England.
* 1088: the renowned [[polymath]] Chinese scientist and official [[Shen Kuo]] made the world's first reference to the [[magnetic]] [[compass]] in his book ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'',<ref>Bowman, 599.</ref><ref>Mohn, 1.</ref> along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries.
* 1088: The [[University of Bologna]] is established.
* 1088: [[Rebellion of 1088]] against [[William II of England]] led by [[Odo of Bayeux]].

=== 1090–1100 ===
[[Image:1099jerusalem.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)]] ]]
*1091: [[Normans]] from the [[Duchy of Normandy]] take control of [[Malta]] and surrounding islands.
* 1091: the [[Byzantine Empire]] under [[Alexios I Komnenos]] and his [[Cuman]] allies defeat [[Pechenegs]] at the [[Battle of Levounion]]
* 1093: [[Vikramaditya VI]], ruler of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]], defeats the army of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] in the Battle of Vengi.
* 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed [[Sima Guang]] is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of [[Wang Anshi]] reinstated, and [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]] halted all negotiations with the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]s of the [[Western Xia]], resuming in armed conflict with them.
* 1093: the [[Kypchaks]] defeat princes of [[Kievan Rus]] at the [[Battle of the Stugna River]]
* 1093: [[Battle of Alnwick (1093)|Battle of Alnwick]]: [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] is killed by the forces of [[William II of England]].
* 1094: the [[astronomical clock|astronomical]] [[clock tower]] of [[Kaifeng]], China—engineered by the official [[Su Song]]—is completed.
* 1094: [[El Cid]], the great Spanish hero, conquers the [[Moors|Muslim]] city of [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]]
* 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] into the new [[Nizari]] religious branch.
* 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the [[First Crusade]].
* {{circa|1095}}–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the ''[[Song of Roland]]''
* 1096: [[University of Oxford]] in [[England]] holds its first lectures
* 1097: the [[Siege of Nicaea]] during the [[First Crusade]]
* 1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of [[El Cid]], dies in the [[Battle of Consuegra]], an [[Almoravid]] victory
* 1098: the [[Siege of Antioch]] during the [[First Crusade]]
* 1098: [[Pope Urban II]] makes an appearance at the [[Siege of Capua]]
* 1098: the [[Dongpo Academy]] of [[Hainan]], China is built in honor of the Song dynasty [[Scholar-bureaucrat|Chinese official]] and poet [[Su Shi]], who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the [[History of the Song dynasty#Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives|New Policies Group]].
* 1098: the birth of [[Hildegard of Bingen]], [[Doctor of the Church]], abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, [[Germans|German]] composer and writer, [[polymath]].
* 1099: the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]] by European Crusaders.
* 1099: after the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] is established, the [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] is made into the residential palace for the [[kings of Jerusalem]].
* 1099: death of the great Spanish hero [[El Cid|Rodrigo Díaz]] "El Cid Campeador".
* 1099: after building considerable strength, [[David IV of Georgia]] discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
* 1100: On August 5, Henry I is crowned King of England.
* 1100: On December 25, Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

=== Undated ===
*King [[Anawrahta]] of [[Myanmar]] made a pilgrimage to [[Ceylon]], returning to convert his country to [[Theravada]] Buddhism.
*King [[Anawrahta]] of [[Myanmar]] made a pilgrimage to [[Ceylon]], returning to convert his country to [[Theravada]] Buddhism.
* The [[Tuareg]] migrate to the [[Aïr]] region.
* The [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] migrate to the [[Aïr]] region.
* [[Kanem-Bornu]] expands southward into modern [[Nigeria]].
* [[Kanem Empire|Kanem-Bornu]] expands southward into modern [[Nigeria]].
* The first of seven [[Hausa people|Hausa]] [[city-states]] are founded in [[Nigeria]].
* The first of seven [[Hausa people|Hausa]] [[city-states]] are founded in [[Nigeria]].
* The [[Hodh]] region of [[Mauritania]] becomes desert.
* The [[Hodh]] region of [[Mauritania]] becomes desert.
* Fortified Chinese trade bases were established in the [[Philippines]], to gather forest products and distribute imports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritimeasia.ws/topic/chronology.html|title=Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE|website= Maritime Asia}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Significant people==
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
[[Image:Avicenna Persian Physician.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Avicenna]] of [[Persia]].]]
File:AlfonsoVI of Castile.jpg|[[Alfonso VI of Castile]]
* [[Avicenna|Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā al-Balkhī]] (Avicenna), Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist
File:Heinrich III und Agnes Speyer.jpg|[[Empress Agnes]], German Queen who became regent of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]
* [[Ibn al-Haytham|Abū ‘Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham]], Persian scientist
File:Basilios II.jpg|[[Basil II]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], Persian scientist
File:Canute and Ælfgifu.jpg|Angels crowning [[Canute the Great]] as he and his wife [[Ælfgifu of Northampton]] present the Winchester Cross to the church, dated 1031
* [[Empress Agnes]]
File:Telamones Tula.jpg|The ''Atlantes'' – columns in the form of [[Toltec]] warriors in [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|Tula]].
* [[Anawrahta]], ruler of the Pagan Kingdom
File:Li Qingzhao.jpg|Statue of Lady [[Li Qingzhao]] in the Grand Hall of Poets in [[Du Fu Cao Tang]], China
* [[Al-Ghazali]], celebrated Muslim scholar
File:Hugo-v-cluny heinrich-iv mathilde-v-tuszien cod-vat-lat-4922 1115ad.jpg|[[Matilda of Tuscany]] military leader from Italy
* [[Al-Muqtadi]], Abbasid Caliph
File:Shenzong of Song.jpg|[[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] China
* [[Al-Qadir]], Abbasid Caliph
File:B Song Dynasty Cao Empress Sitting with Maids.JPG|Chinese Empress Cao, wife of [[Emperor Renzong of Song]].
* [[Al-Qa'im (caliph)|Al-Qa'im]], Abbasid Caliph
File:Hyakuninisshu 062.jpg|Lady [[Sei Shōnagon]], wrote her ''Pillow Book'' about life in the Japanese court
* [[Alexius I Comnenus]] [[byzantine Emperor]]
File:StatueUrbanII.jpg|[[Pope Urban II]] of Rome
* [[Alp Arslan]], Seljuk ruler
File:William I, Lichfield Cathedral.jpg|Statue of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], holding ''[[Domesday Book]]'' on the West Front of [[Lichfield Cathedral]].
* [[Archbishop Anno II of Cologne]]
File:Empress Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg|11th century mosaic of [[Constantine IX Monomachos]], [[Zoe (empress)|Empress Zoe]], and [[Jesus Christ]] in the [[Hagia Sophia]].
* [[Anselm of Canterbury|Saint Anselm]], reputed founder of scholasticism and creator of the ontological argument
File:Reliquary-box crucifixion Louvre MR349.jpg|An 11th-century [[reliquary]] of [[gold]] and [[cloisonné]] over wood, from the [[Duchy of Brabant]], [[Maastricht]] Cathedral, now housed in the [[The Louvre|Louvre]].
* [[Atisha]], influential Buddhist teacher to Tibet
</gallery>
* [[Basil II]] [[Byzantine Emperor]]

* [[Canute the Great]], ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
==Architecture==
* [[Cheng Yi (philosopher)]]
{{main|11th century in architecture}}
* [[El Cid]] (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar)
[[Image:St-albans-cath.jpg|thumb|upright|[[St Albans Cathedral]] of England, completed in 1089]]
* [[Fan Zhongyan]], Song Chinese chancellor
[[Image:Tour mausolee Gonbad-e Qabus.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)|Gonbad-e Qabus Tower]], built in 1006 during the [[Ziyarid|Ziyarid dynasty]] of [[Iran]] ]]
* [[Fujiwara Michinaga]], powerful regent of Japan
[[Image:The Fugong Temple Wooden Pagoda.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pagoda of Fogong Temple]], built in 1056 in [[Shanxi]], China by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] [[Liao dynasty]] in 1056]]
* [[Emperor Go-Sanjō|Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan]],

* [[Pope Gregory VII|Pope Saint Gregory VII]] (Hildebrand)
*[[Svetitskhoveli Cathedral]], Georgia, is entirely renewed in 1029
* [[Guido of Arezzo]], Italian music theorist
*The [[St Albans Cathedral]] of Norman-era England is completed in 1089.
* [[Emperor Henry III]], of the Holy Roman Empire
*The [[Al-Hakim Mosque]] of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013.
* [[Emperor Henry IV]], of the Holy Roman Empire
*The [[Iron Pagoda]] of [[Kaifeng]], China is built in 1049.
* [[Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani]], a Persian missionary [[Da'i (Islam)|da'i]] to the Fatimid Caliphate
*The [[Byōdō-in|Phoenix Hall]] of [[Byōdō-in]], Japan, is completed in 1053.
* [[Conrad II]], of the Holy Roman Empire,
*The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] of India is completed in 1010 during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].
[[Image:Basil II.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[Basil II]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]].]]
*The [[Fruttuaria]] of [[San Benigno Canavese]], Italy is completed in 1007.
* [[Lanfranc]], archbishop of Canterbury
*The Kedareshwara Temple of [[Balligavi]], India, is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas.
* [[Leif Eriksson]], first European explorer to land in [[North America]]
*Construction work begins in 1059 on the [[Parma Cathedral]] of Italy.
* [[Pope Leo IX]]
*The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod]] is completed in 1052, the oldest existent church in Russia.
* [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]], Fatimid Caliph
*Construction begins on the [[Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev]], Kievan Rus, in 1037.
* [[Macbeth I of Scotland|Macbeth]], ruler of Scotland
*The Byzantine Greek [[Hosios Loukas]] monastery sees the completion of its ''[[Katholikon]]'' (main church), the earliest extant [[dome]]d-[[octagon]] church from 1011 to 1012.
* [[Malik Shah I]], Seljuk ruler
*The [[Lingxiao Pagoda]] of [[Zhengding]], [[Hebei]] province, China, is built in 1045.
* [[Minamoto no Yorimitsu]], a governor and commander loyal to the Fujiwara clan
* [[Minamoto no Yorinobu]], a [[samurai]] of the [[Minamoto clan]]
*The [[Pagoda of Fogong Temple]] of [[Shanxi]] province, China, is completed under the [[Liao dynasty]] in 1056.
*The [[Nikortsminda Cathedral]] of Georgia is completed in 1014.
* [[Murasaki Shikibu]], female Japanese writer
* The [[Speyer Cathedral]] in [[Speyer]], Germany is completed in 1061.
* [[Peter Abelard]], French philosopher and logician
*The Chinese official [[Cai Xiang]] oversaw the construction of the [[Architecture of the Song dynasty|Wanan Bridge]] in [[Fujian]].
* [[Rajaraja Chola I]], ruler of [[Tamil Nadu]] (southern India) and Sri Lanka
*The [[Imam Ali Mosque]] in Iraq is rebuilt by [[Malik Shah I]] in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire.
* [[Rajendra Chola I]], ruler of [[Tamil Nadu]] (southern India), Sri Lanka, Myanmar, [[Srivijaya]], and part of Thailand.
*The [[Pizhi Pagoda]] of [[Lingyan Temple (Jinan)|Lingyan Temple]], [[Shandong]], China is completed in 1063.
* [[Emperor Renzong of Song]], ruler of China
*Reconstruction of the [[San Liberatore a Maiella]] in Italy begins in 1080.
* [[Saint Robert]], founder of the [[Cistercians]]
*[[Westminster Abbey]], [[London]], England, is completed in 1065.
* [[Sei Shōnagon]], female Japanese writer
*The [[Ananda Temple]] of the Myanmar ruler King [[Kyanzittha]] is completed in 1091.
* [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]], ruler of China
*The [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Văn Miếu]], or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070.
* [[Emperor Shirakawa of Japan]]
*Construction of [[Richmond Castle]] in England begins in 1071.
* [[Sima Guang]], Song Chinese chancellor
*The tallest [[pagoda]] tower in China's pre-modern history, the [[Liaodi Pagoda]], is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84&nbsp;m (275&nbsp;ft).
* [[Shen Kuo]], Chinese scientist, author of ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]''
* The [[Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)|Tower of Gonbad-e Qabus]] in Iran is built in 1006.
* [[John Skylitzes]], Byzantine historian
* Construction begins on the [[Sassovivo Abbey]] of [[Foligno]], Italy, in 1070.
* [[Stephen I of Hungary]]
* The Palace of [[Aljafería]] is built in [[Zaragoza]], Spain, during the [[Al-Andalus]] period.
* [[Su Shi]], famous Chinese poet
* The [[Rotonda di San Lorenzo]] is built in [[Mantua]], [[Lombardy]], Italy, during the late 11th century.
* [[Su Song]], Chinese astronomer and mechanical engineer
* Construction of the [[Ponte della Maddalena]] bridge in the [[Province of Lucca]], Italy begins in 1080.
* [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh]], Sixth [[Fatimid|Fātimid]] [[Caliph]]
* The domes of the [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], Iran are built in 1086 to 1087.
* [[Tunka Manin]] ruler of the [[Ghana Empire]]
* 11th–18th century – The courtyard of [[Jamé Mosque of Isfahan]], [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]), is built.
* [[Pope Urban II]]
* The [[Chester Castle]] in England was built in 1069.
* [[Wang Anshi]], Song Chinese chancellor
* Construction begins on the [[Bagrati Cathedral]] in Georgia in 1003.
* [[Wei Pu]], Chinese astronomer
* The [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] in Germany is completed in 1031.
* [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], ruler of Normandy and England
* The [[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]] of [[Lombardy]], Italy is completed in 1095.
* [[Emperor Zhezong of Song]], ruler of China
* Construction begins on the [[Great Zimbabwe National Monument]], sometime in the century.
* Construction begins on the [[San Pietro in Vinculis (Pisa)|San Pietro in Vinculis]] in [[Pisa]], Italy, in 1072.
* The [[Tower of London]] in England is founded in 1078.
* The St. Grigor's Church of [[Kecharis Monastery]] in Armenia is built in 1003.
* The [[Martin-du-Canigou]] monastery on Mount [[Canigou]] in southern France is built in 1009.
* The [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim]] in Germany is completed in 1020.
* The [[One Pillar Pagoda]] in [[Hanoi]], Vietnam, is constructed in 1049.
* The [[St Michael at the Northgate]], [[Oxford]]'s oldest building, is [[Anglo-Saxon architecture|built in Saxon England]] in 1040.
* [[Oxford Castle]] in England is built in 1071.
* The [[Florence Baptistry]] in [[Florence]], Italy is founded in 1059.
* The [[Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] in India is built in 1050.
* [[St Mark's Basilica]] in [[Venice]], Italy is rebuilt in 1063.
* [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in [[Canterbury]], England is completed by 1077.
* Construction begins on the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]] in Spain in 1075.


==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
[[Image:Latin Ibn Haithem's book.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Latin]] translation of the ''[[Book of Optics]]'' (1021), written by the [[Islamic physics|Iraqi physicist]], [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen)]]
:''See also [[1000s in architecture]]''.
[[Image:Konstantinderafrikaner.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Constantine the African]] examines patients' urine; he taught [[ancient Greek medicine]] and [[Islamic medicine]] at the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]].]]
[[Image:St-albans-cath.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[St Albans Cathedral]] of England.]]
[[Image:Clock Tower from Su Song's Book desmear.JPG|thumb|upright|The original diagram of [[Su Song]]'s book ''Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao'' (published 1092) showing the [[Water clock|clepsydra]] tank, [[waterwheel]], [[escapement]] mechanism, [[chain drive]], [[striking clock]] jacks, and [[armillary sphere]] of his [[clock tower]] ]]
* [[Troubadour]]s appear in what is now southern [[France]].
[[Image:Lunar phases al-Biruni.jpg|thumb|upright|Diagram from [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|al-Bīrūnī's]] book ''Kitab al-tafhim'' showing lunar phases and [[lunar eclipse]] ]]
* ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'' by [[Murasaki Shikibu]] is one of the first [[novel]]s in the [[Japanese language]].
[[File:Spherical astrolabe 2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Armillary sphere#History|spherical astrolabe]], long employed in medieval [[Islamic astronomy]], was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later [[Pope Sylvester II]].]]
* The [[tittle]] was created.

* Main body of Aristotle's works rediscovered.
===Science and technology===
*[[St Albans Cathedral]] of Norman-era England is completed in [[1089]].
{{Main|Timeline of historic inventions#11th century}}
*The [[Al-Hakim Mosque]] of Fatimid Egypt is completed in [[1013]] AD.
* Early 11th century – [[Fan Kuan]] paints ''Travelers among Mountains and Streams''. [[Northern Song dynasty]]. It is now kept at [[National Palace Museum]], [[Taipei]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan (Republic of China)]].
*The [[Iron Pagoda]] of [[Kaifeng]], China is built in [[1049]] AD.
*c. 1000 – [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) of [[al-Andalus]] publishes his influential 30-volume [[Islamic medicine|Arabic medical]] encyclopedia, the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]''
*The [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] of India is completed in [[1010]] AD during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].
*c. 1000 – [[Ibn Yunus]] of [[Egypt]] publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir''.
*Construction work begins in [[1059]] AD on the [[Parma Cathedral]] of Italy.
*c. 1000 – [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi)
*The [[Martin-du-Canigou]] monastery is built by 1009 AD, in present day southern France.
*c. 1000 – [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]]
* The Chinese [[mechanical engineer]] and [[astronomer]] [[Su Song]] incorporates the world's first known [[chain drive]] to operate the [[armillary sphere]] of his astronomical [[clock tower]].
*c. 1000 – [[Law of sines]] is discovered by [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematicians]], but it is uncertain who discovers it first between [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], and [[Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī|Abu al-Wafa]].
* Chinese scientist [[Shen Kuo]] creates a theory for land formation, or [[geomorphology]], theorized that [[climate change]] occurred over time, discovers the concept of [[true north]], improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the [[polestar]] indefinitely, hypothesizes the [[retrogradation]] theory of [[planetary motion]], and by observing [[lunar eclipse]] and [[solar eclipse]] he hypothesized that the [[sun]] and [[moon]] were [[spherical]].
*c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
[[Image:Shen Kua.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shen Kuo]] ([[1031]]-[[1095]] AD)]]
*1000–1048 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics.<ref>Kennedy, 152.</ref>
*1001–1100 – the demands of the Chinese [[iron industry]] for [[charcoal]] led to a huge amount of [[deforestation]], which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use [[bituminous coal]] in smelting [[cast iron]] and [[steel]], thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.<ref name="ebrey 2006 158">Ebrey et al. (2006), 158.</ref>
*1003 – [[Pope Sylvester II]], born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century;<ref>Darlington, 474–475.</ref> his works included a book on [[arithmetic]], a study of the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]],<ref>Seife, 77.</ref> a [[hydraulics|hydraulic]]-powered [[organ (music)|organ]],<ref>Darlington, 473.</ref> the reintroduction of the [[abacus]] to Europe,<ref>Tester, 131–132.</ref> and a possible treatise on the [[astrolabe]] that was edited by [[Hermann of Reichenau]] five decades later. The contemporary monk Richer from [[Rheims]] described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing the [[armillary sphere]] that was lost to European science after the [[Greco-Roman]] era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of the [[tropics]] was nearly exact and his placement of the [[equator]] was exact.<ref>Darlington, 467–468.</ref><ref>Tester, 130–131, 156.</ref> He reintroduced the [[liberal arts]] education system of [[trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]], which he had borrowed from the educational institution of Islamic [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref>Salhab, 51.</ref> Gerbert also studied and taught [[Islamic medicine]].<ref>Darlington, 475.</ref><ref>Holmes, 646.</ref>
*1013 – One of the ''[[Four Great Books of Song]]'', the ''[[Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau]]'' compiled by 1013 was the largest of the Song Chinese [[encyclopedia]]s. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written [[Chinese characters]].
*1020 – Ibn Samh of [[Al-Andalus]] builds a [[gear]]ed mechanical [[astrolabe]].
*1021 – [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen) of [[Basra]], [[Iraq]] writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]'' from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under [[house arrest]] in [[Egypt]]),
*1024 – The world's first [[Banknote|paper-printed money]] can be traced back to the year 1024, in [[Sichuan]] province of [[Song dynasty]] China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
*1025 – [[Avicenna]] of Persia publishes his influential treatise, ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', which remains the most influential [[Islamic medicine|medical text]] in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and ''[[The Book of Healing]]'', a scientific [[encyclopedia]].
*1027 – The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical [[compass]]-vehicle of the [[south-pointing chariot]], first invented by [[Ma Jun (mechanical engineer)|Ma Jun]] in the 3rd century.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 291">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291.</ref>
*1028–1087 – [[Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī]] (Arzachel) builds the [[equatorium]] and universal latitude-independent [[astrolabe]].
*1031 – [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] writes ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi''
*1031–1095 – Chinese scientist [[Shen Kuo]] creates a theory for land formation, or [[geomorphology]], theorized that [[Climate variability and change|climate change]] occurred over time, discovers the concept of [[true north]], improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the [[pole star]] indefinitely, hypothesizes the [[retrogradation]] theory of [[planetary motion]], and by observing [[lunar eclipse]] and [[solar eclipse]] he hypothesized that the sun and moon were [[spherical]].<ref>Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.</ref><ref name="sivin III 23">Sivin, III, 23.</ref><ref>Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.</ref><ref name="sivin III 17">Sivin, III, 16–19.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 415 416">Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.</ref> Shen Kuo also experimented with [[camera obscura]] just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with [[Quantitative property|quantitative]] attributes.<ref>Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.</ref><ref name="sivin III 34">Sivin, III, 34.</ref> He also took an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] approach to studies in [[archaeology]].<ref>Fraser & Haber, 227.</ref>
*1041–1048 – Artisan [[Bi Sheng]] of [[Song dynasty]] China invents [[movable type]] printing using individual ceramic characters.<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.</ref>
* Mid-11th century – [[Harbaville Triptych]], is made. It is now kept at [[Musée du Louvre]], [[Paris]].
* Mid-11th century – [[Xu Daoning]] paints ''Fishing in a Mountain Stream''. [[Northern Song dynasty]].
*1068 – First known use of the [[drydock]] in China.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 660">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.</ref>
*1070 – With a team of scholars, the Chinese official [[Su Song]] also published the ''Ben Cao Tu Jing'' in 1070, a treatise on [[pharmacology]], [[botany]], [[zoology]], [[metallurgy]], and [[mineralogy]].<ref name="wu 2005 5">Wu (2005), 5.</ref><ref name="unschuld 60">Unschuld, 60.</ref> Some of the drug concoctions in Su's book included [[ephedrine]], [[Mica|mica minerals]], and [[linaceae]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 446">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.</ref><ref name="needham volume 6 part 1 174 175">Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 648">Needham, Volume 3, 648.</ref>
*1075 – the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th century [[Bessemer process]].<ref>Hartwell, 54.</ref>
*1077 – [[Constantine the African]] introduces [[ancient Greek medicine]] to the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]] in [[Salerno]], Italy.
*c. 1080 – the ''[[Liber pantegni]]'', a compendium of [[Ancient Greek medicine|Hellenistic]] and [[Islamic medicine]], is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian [[Constantine the African]], paraphrasing translated passages from the ''Kitab al-malaki'' of [[Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi]] as well as other Arabic texts.<ref>Prioreschi, 193–195.</ref>
*1088 – As written by [[Shen Kuo]] in his ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'', the earlier 10th-century invention of the [[pound lock]] in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49{{frac|1|2}} [[ton]]s) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 352">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.</ref>
*1094 – The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer [[Su Song]] incorporates an [[escapement]] mechanism and the world's first known [[chain drive]] to operate the [[armillary sphere]], the [[astronomical clock]], and the [[striking clock]] jacks of his [[clock tower]] in [[Kaifeng]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 111 165 445 448">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.</ref>

===Literature===

[[Image:Ostromirovo.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Ostromir Gospels]]'' of [[Novgorod]], 1057]]
*1000 – ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'' is written by [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]].
* c. 1000 – The ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'' is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis).
* c. 1000 – The ''Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' is written by the Egyptian astronomer [[Ibn Yunus]].
*1000–1037 – ''[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]'' is written by [[Ibn Tufail]].
*1008 – The ''[[Leningrad Codex]]'', one of the oldest full manuscripts of the [[Hebrew Bible]], is completed.
*c. 1010 – The oldest known copy of the epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' was written around this year.
*1013 – The ''[[Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau]]'', a Chinese encyclopedia, is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo.
*1020 – The ''[[Bamberg Apocalypse]]'' commissioned by [[Otto III]] is completed.
*1021 – Lady [[Murasaki Shikibu]] writes her [[Japanese literature|Japanese]] novel, ''[[The Tale of Genji]]''.
*1021 – The ''[[Book of Optics]]'' by [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhazen or Alhacen) is completed.
*1025 – ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' by [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) is completed.
*1027 – ''[[The Book of Healing]]'' is published by [[Avicenna]].
*1037 – The ''[[Jiyun]]'', a Chinese [[rime dictionary]], is published by Ding Du and expanded by later scholars.
*1037 – Birth of the Chinese poet [[Su Shi]], one of the renowned poets of the Song dynasty, who also penned works of [[travel literature]].
*1044 – The ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide.
*1048–1100 – The ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]'' is written by [[Omar Khayyam]] sometime after 1048.
*1049 – ''[[The Record of Tea]]'' is written by Chinese official [[Cai Xiang]]
*1052 – The ''[[Uji Dainagon Monogatari]]'', a collection of stories allegedly penned by [[Minamoto-no-Takakuni]], is written sometime between now and 1077.
*1053 – The ''[[New History of the Five Dynasties]]'' by Chinese official [[Ouyang Xiu]] is completed.
*1054 – Russian [[legal code]] of the [[Russkaya Pravda]] is created during the reign of [[Yaroslav I the Wise]].
*1057 – The ''[[Ostromir Gospels]]'' of Novgorod are written.
*1060 – compilation of the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', edited by Chinese official [[Ouyang Xiu]], is complete.
*1060 – the [[Mugni Gospels]] of Armenia are written in illuminated manuscript form.
*1068 – The ''[[Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)|Book of Roads and Kingdoms]]'' is written by [[Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī]].
*1070 – [[William I of England]] commissioned the Norman monk [[William of Jumièges]] to extend the ''[[Gesta Normannorum Ducum]]'' chronicle.
*1078 – The ''[[Proslogion]]'' is written by [[Anselm of Canterbury]].
*1080 – The Chinese poet [[Su Shi]] is exiled from court for [[Su Shi#Poetry|writing poems criticizing]] the various reforms of the [[History of the Song dynasty#Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives|New Policies Group]].
*c. 1080 – the ''[[Liber pantegni]]'' is written by [[Constantine the African]].
*1084 – The ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' history is completed by Chinese official [[Sima Guang]].
*1086 – The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' is initiated by [[William I of England]].
*1088 – The ''[[Dream Pool Essays]]'' is completed by [[Shen Kuo]] of Song China.
*The roots of European [[Scholasticism]] are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and [[Classicism]] in Europe would bring about the [[Renaissance]]. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as [[Anselm of Canterbury]], [[Peter Abelard]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]], [[Peter Lombard]], and [[Gilbert de la Porrée]].
*The roots of European [[Scholasticism]] are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and [[Classicism]] in Europe would bring about the [[Renaissance]]. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as [[Anselm of Canterbury]], [[Peter Abelard]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]], [[Peter Lombard]], and [[Gilbert de la Porrée]].
*[[Bi Sheng]] of [[Song Dynasty]] China invents [[movable type]] printing using individual ceramic characters
*The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass vehicle of the [[South Pointing Chariot]], first invented by [[Ma Jun]] in the 3rd century
*In Europe, the introduction of the horizontal [[loom]] operated by foot-treadles makes [[weaving]] faster and more efficient.
*The Muslim scientist [[Ibn al-Haytham]] is accredited with the discovery of the [[camera obscura]] and [[pinhole camera]] between the years [[1015]] and [[1021]] AD.
*First known use of the [[drydock]] in China.
*The Chinese establish fortified maritime trading bases in the [[Philippines]].


==Notes==
==Decades and years==
{{Reflist}}
{{DecadesAndYears|9|10|11}}


==References==
*Abattouy, Mohammed. (2002), "The Arabic Science of weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project", ''The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies'' 4, pp.&nbsp;109–130:
*Bowman, John S. (2000). ''Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture''. New York: Columbia University Press.
*Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). ''Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine''. Singapore: Singapore University Press. {{ISBN|9971-69-259-7}}
*Darlington, Oscar G. "Gerbert, the Teacher", ''The American Historical Review'' (Volume 52, Number 3, 1947): 456 – 476.
*Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Boston: [[Houghton Mifflin]] Company. {{ISBN|0-618-13384-4}}.
*Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. (1986). ''Time, Science, and Society in China and the West''. Amherst: [[University of Massachusetts Press]]. {{ISBN|0-87023-495-1}}.
*Hartwell, Robert. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry", ''The Journal of Economic History'' (Volume 26, Number 1, 1966): 29–58.
*Holmes, Jr., Urban T. "The Idea of a Twelfth-Century Renaissance", ''Speculum'' (Volume 26, Number 4, 1951): 643 – 651.
*Kennedy, E. S. (1970–80). "Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān al-". ''[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]'' II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. {{ISBN|0-684-10114-9}}.
*Mohn, Peter (2003). ''Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction''. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc. {{ISBN|3-540-43183-7}}.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
*Prioreschi, Plinio. (2003). ''A History of Medicine''. Omaha: Horatius Press. {{ISBN|1-888456-05-1}}.
*{{citation |editor-last=Rashed |editor-first=Roshdi |title=Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-02063-8 }}
*{{cite book|doi=10.1142/9789814503204_0018|chapter=Islam and Science|title=Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam|pages=179–213|year=1987|last1=Salam|first1=Abdus|isbn=978-9971-5-0315-4}}
*Salhab, Walid Amine. (2006). ''The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry''. San Francisco: Red Wheel/Weiser LLC. {{ISBN|1-57863-346-X}}.
*Seife, Charles. (2000) ''[[Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea]]''. New York: Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-670-88457-X}}.
*Sivin, Nathan (1995). ''Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections''. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
*Tester, S. Jim. (1987). ''A History of Western Astrology''. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer Inc. {{ISBN|0-85115-446-8}}.
*Unschuld, Paul U. (2003). ''Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Wu, Jing-nuan (2005). ''An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica''. New York: Oxford University Press.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:11th Century}}
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[[ca:Segle XI]]
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Establishments – Disestablishments
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere in early half of 11th century
Political boundaries in Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 11th century

The 11th century is the period from 1001 (represented by the Roman numerals MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.

In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of Byzantine power and a rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. Christendom experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

In Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature. Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In Korea, the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty (Manchuria).

In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt, the Ghaznavids, and the Chola dynasty in India had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The Western Chalukya Empire (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In Japan, the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state.

In the Americas, the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America. The Tiwanaku Empire centered around Lake Titicaca collapsed in the first half of the century.

Overview[edit]

The Brihadeeswarar Temple of Chola era southern India, completed in 1010, during the reign of Rajaraja I

In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church.

In Germany, the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under the Salians. In Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as classical philosophy.

In Italy, the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at Pavia was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was a golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus.

A Scholar in a Meadow, Chinese Song dynasty, 11th century

In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song dynasty, the Tanguts-led Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture.

In Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during the Heian period. In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.

In the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire of Egypt reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.

In India, the Chola dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and regions of Southeast Asia. The Ghaznavid Empire would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India.

In Southeast Asia, the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power. The Khmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while Srivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the Kingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In Vietnam, the Lý dynasty began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century.

In Nigeria, formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north, and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin in the south.

Events[edit]

1001–1009[edit]

An 11th-century rock crystal ewer of Fatimid Egypt

1010s[edit]

Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes

1020s[edit]

Celadon statue of an imperial guardian lion of the Chinese Song dynasty, 11th or 12th century

1030s[edit]

1040s[edit]

Territories of Zirids and Hammadids after the invasions of Banu Hilal, of Norman incursions and the weakening of the Almoravids

1050s[edit]

A flat casket carved out of ivory from Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain), c. 1050

1060s[edit]

The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066

1070s[edit]

An 11th-century Chola dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara

1080s[edit]

A page of the Domesday Book of England

1090–1100[edit]

Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

Undated[edit]

Gallery[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Main article: 11th century in architecture
St Albans Cathedral of England, completed in 1089
The Gonbad-e Qabus Tower, built in 1006 during the Ziyarid dynasty of Iran
Pagoda of Fogong Temple, built in 1056 in Shanxi, China by the Khitan Liao dynasty in 1056

Inventions, discoveries, introductions[edit]

Latin translation of the Book of Optics (1021), written by the Iraqi physicist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
Constantine the African examines patients' urine; he taught ancient Greek medicine and Islamic medicine at the Schola Medica Salernitana.
The original diagram of Su Song's book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao (published 1092) showing the clepsydra tank, waterwheel, escapement mechanism, chain drive, striking clock jacks, and armillary sphere of his clock tower
Diagram from al-Bīrūnī's book Kitab al-tafhim showing lunar phases and lunar eclipse
The spherical astrolabe, long employed in medieval Islamic astronomy, was introduced to Europe by Gerbert d'Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II.

Science and technology[edit]

Main article: Timeline of historic inventions § 11th century

Literature[edit]

The Ostromir Gospels of Novgorod, 1057

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
  2. ^ "index". www.muslimphilosophy.com.
  3. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.56
  4. ^ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41
  5. ^ Kallner-Amiran, D. H. (1950). "A Revised Earthquake-Catalogue of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 1 (4). Israel Exploration Society: 223–246. JSTOR 27924451.
  6. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 120–124.
  8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84.
  9. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252.
  10. ^ On the Banu Hillal invasion, see Ibn Khaldoun (v.1).
  11. ^ Einar Joranson (1928). "The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065". In Paetow, Louis J. (ed.). The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students. New York: Crofts. pp. 3–43. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  12. ^ Bowman, 599.
  13. ^ Mohn, 1.
  14. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  15. ^ Kennedy, 152.
  16. ^ Ebrey et al. (2006), 158.
  17. ^ Darlington, 474–475.
  18. ^ Seife, 77.
  19. ^ Darlington, 473.
  20. ^ Tester, 131–132.
  21. ^ Darlington, 467–468.
  22. ^ Tester, 130–131, 156.
  23. ^ Salhab, 51.
  24. ^ Darlington, 475.
  25. ^ Holmes, 646.
  26. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291.
  27. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 603 – 604, 614, 618.
  28. ^ Sivin, III, 23.
  29. ^ Chan, Clancey, & Loy, 15.
  30. ^ Sivin, III, 16–19.
  31. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416.
  32. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 98.
  33. ^ Sivin, III, 34.
  34. ^ Fraser & Haber, 227.
  35. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.
  36. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660.
  37. ^ Wu (2005), 5.
  38. ^ Unschuld, 60.
  39. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.
  40. ^ Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.
  41. ^ Needham, Volume 3, 648.
  42. ^ Hartwell, 54.
  43. ^ Prioreschi, 193–195.
  44. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352.
  45. ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.

References[edit]

  • Abattouy, Mohammed. (2002), "The Arabic Science of weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project", The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies 4, pp. 109–130:
  • Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 9971-69-259-7
  • Darlington, Oscar G. "Gerbert, the Teacher", The American Historical Review (Volume 52, Number 3, 1947): 456 – 476.
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
  • Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. (1986). Time, Science, and Society in China and the West. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-495-1.
  • Hartwell, Robert. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry", The Journal of Economic History (Volume 26, Number 1, 1966): 29–58.
  • Holmes, Jr., Urban T. "The Idea of a Twelfth-Century Renaissance", Speculum (Volume 26, Number 4, 1951): 643 – 651.
  • Kennedy, E. S. (1970–80). "Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān al-". Dictionary of Scientific Biography II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
  • Mohn, Peter (2003). Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc. ISBN 3-540-43183-7.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Prioreschi, Plinio. (2003). A History of Medicine. Omaha: Horatius Press. ISBN 1-888456-05-1.
  • Rashed, Roshdi, ed. (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02063-8
  • Salam, Abdus (1987). "Islam and Science". Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam. pp. 179–213. doi:10.1142/9789814503204_0018. ISBN 978-9971-5-0315-4.
  • Salhab, Walid Amine. (2006). The Knights Templar of the Middle East: The Hidden History of the Islamic Origins of Freemasonry. San Francisco: Red Wheel/Weiser LLC. ISBN 1-57863-346-X.
  • Seife, Charles. (2000) Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88457-X.
  • Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
  • Tester, S. Jim. (1987). A History of Western Astrology. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer Inc. ISBN 0-85115-446-8.
  • Unschuld, Paul U. (2003). Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wu, Jing-nuan (2005). An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. New York: Oxford University Press.
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