Nemocón: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 05°03′N 73°53′W / 5.050°N 73.883°W / 5.050; -73.883
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Central Savanna Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Central Savanna Province]]
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Renzo Alexander Sánchez Sabio<br><small>(2016-2019)</small>
|leader_name = Julián Alfredo Rodríguez Montaño <br><small>(2020-2023)</small>
|established_title = Founded
|established_title = Founded
|established_date = 26 July 1600
|established_date = 26 July 1600
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}}
}}


'''Nemocón''' is a municipality and town of [[Colombia]] in the [[Central Savanna Province]], part of the [[Departments of Colombia|department]] of [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]]. Nemocón, famous for its [[salt mine]], was an important village in the [[Muisca Confederation]], the country in the central Colombian [[Andes]] before the arrival of the Spanish. The municipality is situated in the northern part of the [[Bogotá savanna]], part of the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] with its urban centre at an altitude of {{convert|2585|m|ft}} and {{convert|65|km|mi}} from the capital [[Bogotá]]. Nemocón is the northeasternmost municipality of the [[Metropolitan Area of Bogotá]] and the [[Bogotá River]] originates close to Nemocón. The median temperature of Nemocón is 12.8 °C. The municipality borders [[Tausa]] in the north, [[Suesca]] in the east, [[Gachancipá]] and [[Zipaquirá]] in the south and in the west the rivers Checua and Neusa and the municipality of [[Cogua]].<ref name=websiteNemocon>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.nemocon-cundinamarca.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Nemocón]</ref>
'''Nemocón''' is a municipality and town of [[Colombia]] in the [[Central Savanna Province]], part of the [[Departments of Colombia|department]] of [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]]. Nemocón, famous for its [[salt mine]], was an important village in the [[Muisca Confederation]], the country in the central Colombian [[Andes]] before the arrival of the Spanish. The municipality is situated in the northern part of the [[Bogotá savanna]], part of the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] with its urban centre at an altitude of {{convert|2585|m|ft}} and {{convert|65|km|mi}} from the capital [[Bogotá]]. Nemocón is the northeasternmost municipality of the [[Metropolitan Area of Bogotá]] and the [[Bogotá River]] originates close to Nemocón. The median temperature of Nemocón is 12.8&nbsp;°C. The municipality borders [[Tausa]] in the north, [[Suesca]] and [[Gachancipá]] in the east, [[Tocancipá]] and [[Zipaquirá]] in the south and in the west the rivers Checua and Neusa and the municipality of [[Cogua]].<ref name="website Nemocon">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.nemocon-cundinamarca.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml Official website Nemocón] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150520070845/http://www.nemocon-cundinamarca.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml |date=2015-05-20 }}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Nemocón is derived from Enemocón and means "The cry or sadness of the warrior" in the [[Chibcha language]].<ref name=websiteNemocon/> Another etymology is that the town is named after ''[[zipa]]'' [[Nemequene]].<ref>Espejo Olaya, 1999, p.1121</ref>
Nemocón is derived from Enemocón and means "The cry or sadness of the warrior" in the [[Chibcha language]].<ref name="website Nemocon" /> Another etymology is that the town is named after ''[[zipa]]'' [[Nemequene]].<ref>Espejo Olaya, 1999, p. 1121</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
=== Prehistory ===
=== Prehistory ===
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence surfaced by [[Gonzalo Correal Urrego]] in 1979 and [[Ana María Groot]] in 1992 has shown that Nemocón was inhabited early in the [[Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense|history of inhabitation]] of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. One of the oldest evidence of human settlement; lithic scraper tools,<ref>Schrimpff, 1985, p.103</ref> bone tools and the remains of [[Muisca cuisine|food]] of the [[hunter-gatherer]]s ([[White-tailed deer|deer]], [[Andean fox|foxes]], [[jaguar]]s and [[rodent]]s) has been dated at 7640 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/prehisp/cp08.htm Colombia prehispánica - V. La Altiplanicie Cundiboyacense]</ref> The inhabitants of the area lived under rock shelters, similar to [[Tequendama]].<ref>Correal Urrego, 1990b, p.71</ref>
[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence surfaced by [[Gonzalo Correal Urrego]] in 1979 and [[Ana María Groot]] in 1992 has shown that Nemocón was inhabited early in the [[Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense|history of inhabitation]] of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. One of the oldest evidence of human settlement; lithic scraper tools,<ref>Schrimpff, 1985, p. 103</ref> bone tools and the remains of [[Muisca cuisine|food]] of the [[hunter-gatherer]]s ([[White-tailed deer|deer]], [[Andean fox|foxes]], [[jaguar]]s and [[rodent]]s) has been dated at 7640 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/prehisp/cp08.htm Colombia prehispánica - V. La Altiplanicie Cundiboyacense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924114153/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/arqueologia/prehisp/cp08.htm |date=2016-09-24 }}</ref> The inhabitants of the area lived under rock shelters, similar to [[Tequendama]].<ref>Correal Urrego, 1990b, p. 71</ref>


=== Herrera Period ===
=== Herrera Period ===
==== Checua ====
==== Checua ====
{{main|Checua}}
{{main|Checua}}
The [[List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites|archaeological site]] [[Checua]], at {{convert|7|km|mi}} north from the urban centre of Nemocón, provided evidence [[carbon dating|carbon dated]] at around 6500 BCE. First [[List of Muisca scholars|researcher]] of Checua is [[List of women anthropologists|female anthropologist and archaeologist]] [[Ana María Groot]].<ref>Groot, 1992, p.8</ref> In later years other archaeological sites have been found.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.icanh.gov.co/?idcategoria=5149 Periodos de los Sitios Arqueológicos]</ref> [[Rock art]] has been discovered at various sites in Nemocón, among others at the border with Suesca.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.icanh.gov.co/?idcategoria=5157 Caracterización de los sitios arqueológicos]</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://rupestreweb.info/policromias.html Murales rupestres policromos en la Sabana de Bogotá]</ref>
The [[List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites|archaeological site]] [[Checua]], at {{convert|7|km|mi}} north from the urban centre of Nemocón, provided evidence [[carbon dating|carbon dated]] at around 6500 BCE. First [[List of Muisca scholars|researcher]] of Checua was Colombian [[List of women anthropologists|anthropologist and archaeologist]] [[Ana María Groot]].<ref>Groot, 1992, p. 8</ref> In later years other archaeological sites have been found.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.icanh.gov.co/?idcategoria=5149 Periodos de los Sitios Arqueológicos]</ref> [[Rock art]] has been discovered at various sites in Nemocón, among others at the border with Suesca.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.icanh.gov.co/?idcategoria=5157 Caracterización de los sitios arqueológicos]</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://rupestreweb.info/policromias.html Murales rupestres policromos en la Sabana de Bogotá]</ref>


This lithic period, part of the [[Andean preceramic]], predates the [[Herrera Period]] of which archaeological evidence has been found by [[Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff]] in 1975, 1976 and the 1980s.<ref>Correal Urrego, 1990a, p.12</ref> Remains of deer, [[guinea pig]]s, [[cottontail rabbit|rabbits]], [[pecari]]s, [[howler monkey]]s and [[armadillo]]s have been discovered in Nemocón and formed an important part of the diet of the people.<ref name=Schrimpff_p116>Schrimpff, 1985, p.116</ref><ref>Rivera Pérez, 2013, p.74</ref><ref>Cooke, 1998, p.187</ref> [[Ceramic]]s of Nemocón date to the 4th century BC and showed that Nemocón in those ages was already important in the extraction of [[halite|salt]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/25842 Ocupaciones humanas en el Altiplano Cundiboyacense - la Etapa Cerámica vista desde Zipaquirá]</ref> Excavations in Nemocón also have revealed the use of needles.<ref name=Schrimpff_p116/>
This lithic period, part of the [[Andean preceramic]], predates the [[Herrera Period]] of which archaeological evidence has been found by [[Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff]] in 1975, 1976 and the 1980s.<ref>Correal Urrego, 1990a, p. 12</ref> Remains of deer, [[guinea pig]]s, [[cottontail rabbit|rabbits]], [[pecari]]s, [[howler monkey]]s and [[armadillo]]s have been discovered in Nemocón and formed an important part of the diet of the people.<ref name="Schrimpff 1985 p116">Schrimpff, 1985, p. 116</ref><ref>Rivera Pérez, 2013, p. 74</ref><ref>Cooke, 1998, p. 187</ref> [[Ceramic]]s of Nemocón date to the 4th century BC and showed that Nemocón in those ages was already important in the extraction of [[halite|salt]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.banrepcultural.org/node/25842 Ocupaciones humanas en el Altiplano Cundiboyacense - la Etapa Cerámica vista desde Zipaquirá]</ref> Excavations in Nemocón also have revealed the use of needles.<ref name="Schrimpff 1985 p116" />


=== Muisca ===
=== Muisca ===
The Herrera Period was followed by the culturally advanced civilisation of the [[Muisca people|Muisca]], organised in their loose [[Muisca Confederation]]. The Muisca Period typically commenced in 800 AD and the people were named ''Pueblo de la Sal''; "Salt People" because of their [[Muisca economy|trading]] in the product.<ref>Daza, 2013, p.21</ref><ref name=Daza_p22/> [[Muisca economy#Ceramics|Ceramics]] of this period found in Nemocón originated from farther away on the Altiplano and ceramics of Nemocón and Zipaquirá found elsewhere on the Bogotá savanna are related to the salt trade.<ref>De Paepe & Schrimpff, 1990, p.102</ref><ref>Argüello García, 2015, p.43</ref> Of the central Colombian indigenous peoples, only the [[Lache people|Lache]] and [[U'wa people|U'wa]] were the other miners of salt. The Muisca exploited halite in various locations in their territories, among others in Nemocón, Zipaquirá, [[Sesquilé]], Tausa, [[Gámeza]], and [[Guachetá]]. Nemocón was a market town where the salt was traded.<ref>Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p.35</ref> A smaller salt mine was located in [[Sopó]].<ref>Schrimpff, 1985, p.114</ref> Early evidence of salt extraction dates back to the end of the first millennium BC.<ref>Schrimpff, 1985, p.117</ref>
The Herrera Period was followed by the culturally advanced civilisation of the [[Muisca people|Muisca]], organised in their loose [[Muisca Confederation]]. The Muisca Period typically commenced in 800 AD and the people were named ''Pueblo de la Sal''; "Salt People" because of their [[Muisca economy|trading]] in the product.<ref>Daza, 2013, p. 21</ref>"Daza 2013 p22" /> [[Muisca economy#Ceramics|Ceramics]] of this period found in Nemocón originated from farther away on the Altiplano and ceramics of Nemocón and Zipaquirá found elsewhere on the Bogotá savanna are related to the salt trade.<ref>De Paepe & Schrimpff, 1990, p. 102</ref><ref>Argüello García, 2015, p. 43</ref> Of the central Colombian indigenous peoples, only the [[Lache people|Lache]] and [[U'wa people|U'wa]] were the other miners of salt. The Muisca exploited halite in various locations in their territories, among others in Nemocón, Zipaquirá, [[Sesquilé]], Tausa, [[Gámeza]], and [[Guachetá]]. Nemocón was a market town where the salt was traded.<ref>Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p. 35</ref> A smaller salt mine was located in [[Sopó]].<ref>Schrimpff, 1985, p. 114</ref> Early evidence of salt extraction dates back to the end of the first millennium BC.<ref>Schrimpff, 1985, p. 117</ref>


The [[Women in Muisca society|Muisca women]] extracted the salt from a brine in large pots.<ref>Zerda, 1882, p.131</ref><ref>Zerda, 1882, p.133</ref><ref>Zerda, 1882, p.140</ref> According to [[List of Muisca scholars|chronicler]] Juan de Santa Gertrudis, used the mineral to dry and preserve their fish and meat.<ref name=Daza_p22>Daza, 2013, p.22</ref>
The [[Women in Muisca society|Muisca women]] extracted the salt from a brine in large pots.<ref>Zerda, 1882, p. 131</ref><ref>Zerda, 1882, p. 133</ref><ref>Zerda, 1882, p. 140</ref> According to [[List of Muisca scholars|chronicler]] Juan de Santa Gertrudis, used the mineral to dry and preserve their fish and meat.<ref name="Daza 2013 p22">Daza, 2013, p. 22</ref>


=== Colonial period ===
=== Colonial period ===
During the [[New Kingdom of Granada|Spanish colonial period]], the salt was exploited by hand labour of the surviving Muisca.<ref>Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p.36</ref>
During the [[New Kingdom of Granada|Spanish colonial period]], the salt was exploited by hand labour of the surviving Muisca.<ref>Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p. 36</ref>


Modern Nemocón was founded on July 26, 1600 by Luis Henríquez.<ref name=websiteNemocon/> As of 1614, [[wheat]] was successfully cultivated in Nemocón.<ref>Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p.62</ref>
Modern Nemocón was founded on July 26, 1600 by Luis Henríquez.<ref name="website Nemocon" /> As of 1614, [[wheat]] was successfully cultivated in Nemocón.<ref>Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p. 62</ref>


=== Nemocón today ===
=== Nemocón today ===
In modern times the extraction of salt continued and the economical activity of the town has expanded to the cultivation of flowers and the extraction of [[kaolin]].<ref name=websiteNemocon/>
In modern times the extraction of salt continued and the economical activity of the town has expanded to the cultivation of flowers and the extraction of [[kaolin]].<ref name="website Nemocon" />


== Tourism ==
== Tourism ==
Famous for its salt mine and museum, Nemocón is a touristic village and linked by train from Bogotá. The salt mine is the second-largest of Colombia, after the [[Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá|Salt Cathedral]] in neighbouring Zipaquirá. Sunday is market day in Nemocón.<ref name=websiteNemocon/>
Famous for its salt mine and museum, Nemocón is a touristic village and linked by train from Bogotá. The salt mine is the second-largest of Colombia, after the [[Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá|Salt Cathedral]] in neighbouring Zipaquirá. Sunday is market day in Nemocón.<ref name="website Nemocon" />


== Ferias ==
== Ferias ==
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== Born in Nemocón ==
== Born in Nemocón ==
* [[Ricardo Moros Urbina]], Painter s.XIX. Founder Colombian History Academy.
* [[Miguel Gutiérrez Nieto]], Bogotá´s National Prefect and Major under Mosquera's presidency, S. XIX
* [[Eustacio Sanz de Santamaría]], Foreign Affairs Secretary under Holguín's presidency. Diplomatic and writer
* [[Felipa Molina Morales and Antonio de Luna]], Commoners revolution indigenous leaders.
* [[Luis Antonio Orjuela Quintero]], Historian,. academic, educator.
* [[Manuel Medardo Espinosa]], romantic poet.
* [[Julio Rubiano]], former professional cyclist
* [[Julio Rubiano]], former professional cyclist


== Trivia ==
== Trivia ==
* Remains of a [[mastodont]] have been found in Nemocón<ref name=PaleoNemocon/>
* Remains of a [[mastodont]] have been found in Nemocón.<ref name="Paleo Nemocon" />
* Scenes of the movie ''[[The 33 (film)|The 33]]'' were filmed in the salt mine of Nemocón<ref name=PaleoNemocon>{{in lang|es}} [http://lapaleontologiaencolombia.blogspot.com.co/2014/05/el-mastodonte-de-nemocon-cundinamarca.html El mastodonte de Nemocón]</ref>
* Scenes of the movie ''[[The 33 (film)|The 33]]'' were filmed in the salt mine of Nemocón.<ref name="Paleo Nemocon">{{in lang|es}} [http://lapaleontologiaencolombia.blogspot.com.co/2014/05/el-mastodonte-de-nemocon-cundinamarca.html El mastodonte de Nemocón]</ref>
* The second leg of ''[[The Amazing Race 32]]'' featured the salt mine of Nemocón and the Templo Parroquial San Francisco de Asís.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvgrapevine.com/2020/10/the-amazing-race-recap-for-10-21-2020-the-top-ten/|title=The Amazing Race Recap for 10/21/2020: The Top Ten|work=TV Grapevine|first=Sammi|last=Turano|date=21 October 2020|access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>


{{clearboth}}
{{clear}}


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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== See also ==
== See also ==
{{portal|Colombia}}
{{Portal|Colombia}}
*[[Muisca economy#Mining|Muisca salt mining]]
*[[Muisca economy#Mining|Muisca salt mining]]
*[[Zipaquirá]], [[Tausa]], [[Women in Muisca society|Muisca women]], [[Nemequene]]
*[[Zipaquirá]], [[Tausa]], [[Women in Muisca society|Muisca women]], [[Nemequene]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}
{{Reflist|20em}}


=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite LSA |last=Argüello García |first=Pedro María |year=2015 |type=PhD |title=Subsistence economy and chiefdom emergence in the Muisca area. A study of the Valle de Tena (PhD) |url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/24491/1/Arguello_P._Subsistence_economy.pdf |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]] |pages=1–193 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Argüello García |first=Pedro María |year=2015 |degree=PhD |title=Subsistence economy and chiefdom emergence in the Muisca area. A study of the Valle de Tena |url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/24491/1/Arguello_P._Subsistence_economy.pdf |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]] |pages=1–193 |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff|Cardale de Schrimpff]] |first=Marianne |year=1985 |title=En busca de los primeros agricultores del Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Searching for the first farmers of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense |location=Bogotá, Colombia |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4862354.pdf | publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |pages=99–125 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite book |last=Caballero Herrera|first=Germán|year=2011|title=Lamento de guerrero-Monografía de Nemocón Alcaldía Municipal |isbn=978-958-99927-0-8}}
* {{cite web|last=Cardale de Schrimpff |author-link=Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff |first=Marianne |year=1985 |title=En busca de los primeros agricultores del Altiplano Cundiboyacense |language=es |trans-title=Searching for the first farmers of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense |location=Bogotá, Colombia |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4862354.pdf | publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |pages=99–125 |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cooke |first=Richard |year=1998 |title=Human settlement of Central America and northernmost South America (14,000-8000 BP) |journal=Quaternary International |volume=49/50 |publisher=Pergamon |pages=177-190 |issn=1040-6182}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Richard |year=1998 |title=Human settlement of Central America and northernmost South America (14,000-8000 BP) |journal=Quaternary International |volume=49/50 |publisher=Pergamon |pages=177-190 |issn=1040-6182}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Gonzalo Correal Urrego|Correal Urrego]] |first=Gonzalo |year=1990 |title=Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges |location=Bogotá, Colombia |publisher=Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales |url=http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/aguazuque_completo_terminado_baja.pdf |pages=1-316 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite web |last=Correal Urrego |author-link=Gonzalo Correal Urrego |first=Gonzalo |year=1990 |title=Aguazuque: Evidence of hunter-gatherers and growers on the high plains of the Eastern Ranges |location=Bogotá, Colombia |publisher=Banco de la República: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales |url=http://admin.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/aguazuque_completo_terminado_baja.pdf |pages=1-316 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Gonzalo Correal Urrego|Correal Urrego]] |first=Gonzalo | year=1990 |title=Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia - Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia |journal=Revista de Arqueología Americana |volume=1 |pages=69–89 |url=http://peru.inka.free.fr/Runapacha/pleiscol.pdf |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite journal |last=Correal Urrego |author-link=Gonzalo Correal Urrego |first=Gonzalo | year=1990 |title=Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia |language=es |trans-title=Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia |journal=Revista de Arqueología Americana |volume=1 |pages=69–89 |url=http://peru.inka.free.fr/Runapacha/pleiscol.pdf |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Daza |first=Blanca Ysabel |type=PhD |year=2013 |title=Historia del proceso de mestizaje alimentario entre Colombia y España - History of the integration process of foods between Colombia and Spain (PhD) |location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=[[Universitat de Barcelona]] |pages=1-494 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Daza |first=Blanca Ysabel |degree=PhD |year=2013 |title=Historia del proceso de mestizaje alimentario entre Colombia y España |language=es |trans-title=History of the integration process of foods between Colombia and Spain |location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=[[Universitat de Barcelona]] |pages=1-494}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Espejo Olaya |first=Maria Bernarda |year=1999 |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/54/TH_54_003_424_0.pdf |title=Notas sobre toponimia en algunas coplas colombianas - Notes about toponomy of some Colombian ballads - Thesaurus |volume=Tomo LIV, Núm. 3. |pages=1102-1157 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite book |last=Espejo Olaya |first=Maria Bernarda |year=1999 |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/54/TH_54_003_424_0.pdf |title=Notas sobre toponimia en algunas coplas colombianas - Notes about toponomy of some Colombian ballads - Thesaurus |volume=LIV |pages=1102–1157 |language=es |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Ana María Groot|Groot de Mahecha]] |first=Ana María |year=2014 (2008) |title=Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá, 1537-1640 |publisher=[[National University of Colombia|Universidad Nacional de Colombia]] |pages=1-174 |isbn=978-958-719-046-5 |language=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Groot de Mahecha |author-link=Ana María Groot |first=Ana María |year=2008 |title=Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá, 1537-1640 |publisher=[[National University of Colombia|Universidad Nacional de Colombia]] |pages=1-174 |isbn=978-958-719-046-5 |language=es}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Ana María Groot|Groot de Mahecha]] |first=Ana María |year=1992 |title=Checua: Una secuencia cultural entre 8500 y 3000 años antes del presente - Checua: a cultural sequence between 8500 and 3000 years before present |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/fian/monografias/checua-una-secuencia-cultural |pages=1-95 |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite web |last=Groot de Mahecha |author-link=Ana María Groot |first=Ana María |year=1992 |title=Checua: Una secuencia cultural entre 8500 y 3000 años antes del presente |language=es |trans-title=Checua: a cultural sequence between 8500 and 3000 years before present |publisher=[[Bank of the Republic (Colombia)|Banco de la República]] |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/fian/monografias/checua-una-secuencia-cultural |pages=1-95 |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Paepe |first=Paul de |last2=[[Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff|Cardale de Schrimpff]] |first2=Marianne |year=1990 |title=Resultados de un estodio petrológico de cerámicas del Periodo Herrera provenientes de la Sabana de Bogotá y sus implicaciones arqueológicas - Results of a petrological study of ceramics form the Herrera Period coming from the Bogotá savanna and its archaeological implications |url=http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/bmo/article/viewFile/7069/7315 |journal=Boletín Museo del Oro |volume=_ |pages=99-119 |publisher=[[Gold Museum, Bogotá|Museo del Oro]] |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite journal |last=Paepe |first=Paul de |last2=Cardale de Schrimpff |author2-link=Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff |first2=Marianne |year=1990 |title=Resultados de un estodio petrológico de cerámicas del Periodo Herrera provenientes de la Sabana de Bogotá y sus implicaciones arqueológicas |language=es |trans-title=Results of a petrological study of ceramics form the Herrera Period coming from the Bogotá savanna and its archaeological implications |url=http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/bmo/article/viewFile/7069/7315 |journal=Boletín Museo del Oro |volume=_ |pages=99-119 |publisher=[[Gold Museum, Bogotá|Museo del Oro]]|access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Restrepo Manrique |first=Cecilia |year=2009 |title=La alimentación en la vida cotidiana del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario: 1653-1773 & 1776-1900 - The food in the daily life of the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario: 1653-1773 & 1776-1900 | publisher=Ministerio de la Cultura |location=Bogotá, Colombia | url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/Sitios/patrimonio/bibliotecas-de-cocinas/tomos/tomo06.pdf |pages=1–352 |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite web |last=Restrepo Manrique |first=Cecilia |year=2009 |title=La alimentación en la vida cotidiana del Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario: 1653-1773 & 1776-1900 |language=es |trans-title=The food in the daily life of the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario: 1653-1773 & 1776-1900 | publisher=Ministerio de la Cultura |location=Bogotá, Colombia | url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/Sitios/patrimonio/bibliotecas-de-cocinas/tomos/tomo06.pdf |pages=1–352 |access-date=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rivera Pérez |first=Pedro Alexander |year=2013 |title=Uso de fauna y espacios rituales en el precerámico de la sabana de Bogotá - Use of fauna and ritual spaces in the preceramic of the Bogotá savanna |journal=Revista ArchaeoBIOS |volume=7-1 |pages=71-86 |issn=1996-5214 |language=es}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rivera Pérez |first=Pedro Alexander |year=2013 |title=Uso de fauna y espacios rituales en el precerámico de la sabana de Bogotá |trans-title=Use of fauna and ritual spaces in the preceramic of the Bogotá savanna |journal=Revista ArchaeoBIOS |volume=7-1 |pages=71-86 |issn=1996-5214 |language=es}}
* {{cite LSA |last=[[Liborio Zerda|Zerda]] |first=Liborio |year=1947 (1883) |title=El Dorado |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/87219/brblaa302323.pdf |language=es |accessdate=2016-07-08}}
* {{cite web |last=Zerda |author-link=Liborio Zerda |first=Liborio |year=1947 |origyear=1883 |title=El Dorado |url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/87219/brblaa302323.pdf |language=es |access-date=2016-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707132242/http://www.banrepcultural.org/sites/default/files/87219/brblaa302323.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-07}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Nemocón}}
{{Commons category|Nemocón}}
* {{in lang|en|es}} [http://www.minadesal.com/ Salt mine of Nemocón - official website]
* {{in lang|en|es}} [http://www.minadesal.com/ Salt mine of Nemocón - official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hu3CtCW05Go Video of Nemocón]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hu3CtCW05Go Video of Nemocón]
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{{Mining in Colombia}}
{{Mining in Colombia}}
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{{Muisca navbox|Topics}}
{{Authority control}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemocon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemocon}}
[[Category:Municipalities of Cundinamarca Department]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Cundinamarca Department]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Cundinamarca Department]]
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[[Category:1600 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
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[[Category:Salt museums]]
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[[Category:Salt mines in Colombia]]
[[Category:Salt mines in Colombia]]
[[Category:Muisca Confederation]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Muisca Confederation]]
[[Category:Muisca and pre-Muisca sites|Checua]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense|Checua]]
[[Category:Muysccubun]]
[[Category:Petroglyphs in South America|Checua]]
[[Category:Petroglyphs in South America|Checua]]

Latest revision as of 04:21, 12 June 2023

Nemocón
Street in Nemocón
Street in Nemocón
Flag of Nemocón
Flag
Location of the town and municipality of Nemocón in the Cundinamarca Department
Location of the town and municipality of Nemocón in the Cundinamarca Department
Nemocón is located in Colombia
Nemocón
Nemocón
Location in Colombia
Coordinates: 5°3′19″N 74°1′17″W / 5.05528°N 74.02139°W / 5.05528; -74.02139
Country Colombia
DepartamentoCundinamarca
ProvinceCentral Savanna Province
Founded26 July 1600
Founded byLuis Henríquez
Government
 • MayorJulián Alfredo Rodríguez Montaño
(2020-2023)
Area
 • City98.1 km2 (37.9 sq mi)
 • Urban
0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi)
Elevation
2,585 m (8,481 ft)
Population
 (2015)
 • City13,488
 • Density140/km2 (360/sq mi)
 • Urban
5,684
DemonymNemoconense
Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)
Area code+1
WebsiteOfficial website

Nemocón is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Central Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. Nemocón, famous for its salt mine, was an important village in the Muisca Confederation, the country in the central Colombian Andes before the arrival of the Spanish. The municipality is situated in the northern part of the Bogotá savanna, part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense with its urban centre at an altitude of 2,585 metres (8,481 ft) and 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the capital Bogotá. Nemocón is the northeasternmost municipality of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá and the Bogotá River originates close to Nemocón. The median temperature of Nemocón is 12.8 °C. The municipality borders Tausa in the north, Suesca and Gachancipá in the east, Tocancipá and Zipaquirá in the south and in the west the rivers Checua and Neusa and the municipality of Cogua.[1]

Etymology[edit]

Nemocón is derived from Enemocón and means "The cry or sadness of the warrior" in the Chibcha language.[1] Another etymology is that the town is named after zipa Nemequene.[2]

History[edit]

Prehistory[edit]

Archaeological evidence surfaced by Gonzalo Correal Urrego in 1979 and Ana María Groot in 1992 has shown that Nemocón was inhabited early in the history of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. One of the oldest evidence of human settlement; lithic scraper tools,[3] bone tools and the remains of food of the hunter-gatherers (deer, foxes, jaguars and rodents) has been dated at 7640 BP.[4] The inhabitants of the area lived under rock shelters, similar to Tequendama.[5]

Herrera Period[edit]

Checua[edit]

Main article: Checua

The archaeological site Checua, at 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north from the urban centre of Nemocón, provided evidence carbon dated at around 6500 BCE. First researcher of Checua was Colombian anthropologist and archaeologist Ana María Groot.[6] In later years other archaeological sites have been found.[7] Rock art has been discovered at various sites in Nemocón, among others at the border with Suesca.[8][9]

This lithic period, part of the Andean preceramic, predates the Herrera Period of which archaeological evidence has been found by Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff in 1975, 1976 and the 1980s.[10] Remains of deer, guinea pigs, rabbits, pecaris, howler monkeys and armadillos have been discovered in Nemocón and formed an important part of the diet of the people.[11][12][13] Ceramics of Nemocón date to the 4th century BC and showed that Nemocón in those ages was already important in the extraction of salt.[14] Excavations in Nemocón also have revealed the use of needles.[11]

Muisca[edit]

The Herrera Period was followed by the culturally advanced civilisation of the Muisca, organised in their loose Muisca Confederation. The Muisca Period typically commenced in 800 AD and the people were named Pueblo de la Sal; "Salt People" because of their trading in the product.[15]"Daza 2013 p22" /> Ceramics of this period found in Nemocón originated from farther away on the Altiplano and ceramics of Nemocón and Zipaquirá found elsewhere on the Bogotá savanna are related to the salt trade.[16][17] Of the central Colombian indigenous peoples, only the Lache and U'wa were the other miners of salt. The Muisca exploited halite in various locations in their territories, among others in Nemocón, Zipaquirá, Sesquilé, Tausa, Gámeza, and Guachetá. Nemocón was a market town where the salt was traded.[18] A smaller salt mine was located in Sopó.[19] Early evidence of salt extraction dates back to the end of the first millennium BC.[20]

The Muisca women extracted the salt from a brine in large pots.[21][22][23] According to chronicler Juan de Santa Gertrudis, used the mineral to dry and preserve their fish and meat.[24]

Colonial period[edit]

During the Spanish colonial period, the salt was exploited by hand labour of the surviving Muisca.[25]

Modern Nemocón was founded on July 26, 1600 by Luis Henríquez.[1] As of 1614, wheat was successfully cultivated in Nemocón.[26]

Nemocón today[edit]

In modern times the extraction of salt continued and the economical activity of the town has expanded to the cultivation of flowers and the extraction of kaolin.[1]

Tourism[edit]

Famous for its salt mine and museum, Nemocón is a touristic village and linked by train from Bogotá. The salt mine is the second-largest of Colombia, after the Salt Cathedral in neighbouring Zipaquirá. Sunday is market day in Nemocón.[1]

Ferias[edit]

  • Festival del floricultor
  • September: Festival de Danzas
  • December: Festival del macramé and Christmas lighting

Born in Nemocón[edit]

Trivia[edit]

  • Remains of a mastodont have been found in Nemocón.[27]
  • Scenes of the movie The 33 were filmed in the salt mine of Nemocón.[27]
  • The second leg of The Amazing Race 32 featured the salt mine of Nemocón and the Templo Parroquial San Francisco de Asís.[28]

Gallery[edit]

Panorama of the central square of Nemocón
  • Central square of Nemocón
    Central square of Nemocón
  • House in Nemocón
    House in Nemocón
  • Rural Nemocón
    Rural Nemocón
  • Greenhouses in rural Nemocón
    Greenhouses in rural Nemocón
  • Statue of Nemequene in Nemocón
    Statue of Nemequene in Nemocón
  • Entrance of the salt mine of Nemocón
    Entrance of the salt mine of Nemocón
  • Salt mine
    Salt mine
  • Salt mine
    Salt mine
  • Salt mine
    Salt mine
  • Salt mine
    Salt mine

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e (in Spanish) Official website Nemocón Archived 2015-05-20 at archive.today
  2. ^ Espejo Olaya, 1999, p. 1121
  3. ^ Schrimpff, 1985, p. 103
  4. ^ (in Spanish) Colombia prehispánica - V. La Altiplanicie Cundiboyacense Archived 2016-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Correal Urrego, 1990b, p. 71
  6. ^ Groot, 1992, p. 8
  7. ^ (in Spanish) Periodos de los Sitios Arqueológicos
  8. ^ (in Spanish) Caracterización de los sitios arqueológicos
  9. ^ (in Spanish) Murales rupestres policromos en la Sabana de Bogotá
  10. ^ Correal Urrego, 1990a, p. 12
  11. ^ a b Schrimpff, 1985, p. 116
  12. ^ Rivera Pérez, 2013, p. 74
  13. ^ Cooke, 1998, p. 187
  14. ^ (in Spanish) Ocupaciones humanas en el Altiplano Cundiboyacense - la Etapa Cerámica vista desde Zipaquirá
  15. ^ Daza, 2013, p. 21
  16. ^ De Paepe & Schrimpff, 1990, p. 102
  17. ^ Argüello García, 2015, p. 43
  18. ^ Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p. 35
  19. ^ Schrimpff, 1985, p. 114
  20. ^ Schrimpff, 1985, p. 117
  21. ^ Zerda, 1882, p. 131
  22. ^ Zerda, 1882, p. 133
  23. ^ Zerda, 1882, p. 140
  24. ^ Daza, 2013, p. 22
  25. ^ Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p. 36
  26. ^ Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p. 62
  27. ^ a b (in Spanish) El mastodonte de Nemocón
  28. ^ Turano, Sammi (21 October 2020). "The Amazing Race Recap for 10/21/2020: The Top Ten". TV Grapevine. Retrieved 22 October 2020.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nemocón.

05°03′N 73°53′W / 5.050°N 73.883°W / 5.050; -73.883

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