(136472) Makemake

Makemake is a redirect to this article. Further meanings are listed under Makemake (disambiguation) .

Dwarf planet (136472) Makemake
Makemake (center) and its moon (top) through the Hubble Space Telescope (2015).
Properties of the orbit ( animation )
Major semi-axis	45.561  AU (6,815.8 million km)
Perihelion - aphelion	38,360-52,761 AU
eccentricity	0.158
Inclination of the orbit plane	28.980 °
Sidereal period	307 a 6 M
Mean orbital velocity	4.377 km / s
Physical Properties
Equatorial diameter *	${\displaystyle 1434_{-18}^{+48}\mathrm {km} }$ ${\displaystyle 1502_{-45}^{+45}\mathrm {km} }$  km
Pole diameter *	${\displaystyle 1420_{-24}^{+18}\mathrm {km} }$ ${\displaystyle 1430_{-9}^{+9}\mathrm {km} }$  km
Dimensions	3.1  x  10 21  kg
Medium density	1.4-3.2 g / cm 3
Rotation period	7.771 ± 0.003 hr
Geometric albedo	${\displaystyle 0{,}81_{-0,02}^{+0,01}\mathrm {} }$ ${\displaystyle 0{,}77_{-0,03}^{+0,03}\mathrm {} }$
* based on the zero level of the dwarf planet
Others
Moons	S / 2015 (136472) 1
Explorer	M. Brown , C. Trujillo D. Rabinowitz
Date of discovery	March 31, 2005
Size comparison of the 10 largest TNOs

(136472) Makemake ([ ˈmakeˈmake ], earlier, provisional name 2005 FY ₉ ) is a dwarf planet of the subclass of the Plutoids and is one of the largest known objects in the Kuiper Belt . It is named after Makemake , the creator deity in the mythology of Easter Island .

discovery

The celestial body was on 31 March 2005 by Michael E. Brown ( CalTech ), Chadwick A. Trujillo ( Gemini Observatory ) and David L. Rabinowitz ( Yale University ) with the Oschin Schmidt telescope at Mount Palomar Observatory discovered . The object was given the unofficial working name "Easterbunny" ( Easter bunny ) by the discovery team .

Makemake's discovery was announced on July 29, 2005. On the same day, the great Transneptunes Haumea and Eris were also made known to the public. As far as we know, these three objects together with Pluto represent the four brightest known Kuiper belt objects . The mean diameter of Makemake is about 1477 kilometers (about 62% of the diameter of Pluto). Its apparent brightness is around 17 mag, which makes it the second brightest object after Pluto in the Kuiper Belt. On September 7, 2006, Makemake received the asteroid number 136472 from the IAU .

After its discovery, Makemake could be found in photos going back to 1955 and so its orbit could be calculated more precisely. Since then, the dwarf planet has been observed through various telescopes such as the Hubble , Herschel and Spitzer Space Telescopes, as well as Earth-based telescopes. In May 2018, 1592 observations were available over a period of 64 years.

Surname

In July 2008 he was named Makemake after the creator deity of the culture of Easter Island .

Unlike Pluto or Ceres , Makemake does not have an official astronomical symbol or one that is commonly used. Makemake symbols circulating on the Internet (e.g. ) are designs by private individuals. Official recognition is not in sight, as astronomical symbols only play a subordinate role in modern astronomy.

properties

Orbit

Makemake's orbit (blue) compared to the orbits of Pluto (red), Haumea (green) and Neptune (gray)

Makemake moves in an elliptical orbit at a distance between 38.4  AU ( perihelion ) and 52.8 AU (aphelion) around the sun . It is currently about 52.5 AU from the Sun, near its aphelion, which it will reach around the turn of the year 2033/2034. The last passage of the perihelion occurred in 1879. The orbit is inclined about 29 ° to the ecliptic . The dwarf planet needs around 309 years and 1 month for one orbit around the sun. Because of the perihelion, which lies far outside the orbit of Neptune, it is one of the classic KBOs (CKBO) , as it cannot have come too close to any large planet during the previous period of existence of the solar system. The (almost) 11: 6 resonance with Neptune is apparently accidental.

size

Makemake is considerably larger than Ceres. Due to its size, known from a star cover, it is almost certainly in hydrostatic equilibrium and almost spherical ( Maclaurin ellipsoid ). It measures 1502 kilometers on the longitudinal axis and 1430 kilometers on the shorter axis. However, a new analysis of the data in 2013 only showed dimensions of 1435   ⁺⁴⁸₋₁₈ km × 1420   ⁺¹⁸₋₂₄ km - assuming a pole of Makemakes faces the earth. After the decision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in July 2008, it was assigned to the category of dwarf planets and, due to its great distance from the sun, at the same time to the subcategory of plutoids.

Provisions of the diameter for Makemake

year	Dimensions km	source
2007	1500.0   +400.0−200.0	Stansberry et al. a.
2010	1500.0	Tancredi
2010	1420.0 ± 60.0	Lim u. a.
2012	1465.6 ± 20.0 (1502.0 ± 45.0 × 1430.0 ± 9.0)	Ortiz et al. a.
2013	1430.0 ± 14.0 (1434.0   +48.0−18.0× 1420.0  +18.0−24.0)	Brown
2013	2148.0	Mommert et al. a.
2018	1426.0	Brown
The most precise determination is marked in bold .

surface

Similar to Pluto, Makemake's surface appears red in the visible spectrum, significantly redder than the surface of Eris. The near-infrared spectrum is characterized by the presence of the broad methane ice absorption bands. Methane is also observed on Pluto and Eris, but its spectral signature is much weaker there. There is also likely to be nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and / or argon ice on the surface. In contrast to previous studies, which were falsified by the extremely dark moon, Makemake's surface appears to be homogeneous.

the atmosphere

On the occasion of an occultation on April 23, 2011, the sudden eclipse of the covered star 18th magnitude made it clear that Makemake currently has no noteworthy atmosphere. According to Ortiz and colleagues, the pressure on the surface cannot be more than 4–12 nanobars . Since it is currently at its greatest distance from the Sun, it is assumed that the atmosphere that exists when it is closer to the Sun has now frozen out as nitrogen and methane snow. That would also explain the high albedo makemakes.

moon

→ Main article : S / 2015 (136472) 1

On April 26, 2016, the discovery of a moon around Makemake was announced. The discovery is based on images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 , which were taken in April 2015. The moon was given the provisional designation S / 2015 (136472) 1 and the nickname MK 2 . It orbits the dwarf planet at an altitude of at least 21,000 kilometers and has a diameter of approximately 175 to 250 kilometers. According to initial studies, in contrast to Makemake, the moon is coal black with an albedo of around 0.01.

The fact that the orbital plane is currently oriented towards earth calls into question the previous assumption that Makemake is turning one of its poles towards us. The tidal forces of the rapidly rotating dwarf planet should force the moon on an orbit that is not very inclined compared to the equatorial plane of Makemakes.

The Makemake system at a glance:

Components	Physical parameters			Path parameters				discovery
Surname	Throughput diameter (km)	Relative size %	Mass (kg)	Major semi-axis (km)	Orbital time (d)	eccentricity	Inclination to Makemake's equator	Date of discovery Date of publication
(120347) Makemake	1430.0	100.00	3.10 · 10 21	-	-	-	-	March 31, 2005 July 29, 2005
S / 2015 (136472) 1 (Makemake I)	175.0	12.20	?	21100	12.4	?	? °	April 27, 2015 April 26, 2016

Trivia

The Austrian band The Makemakes derived their name from that of the dwarf planet.

See also

• List of trans-Neptunian objects
• List of dwarf planets of the solar system

Web links

Commons : 136472 Makemake  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Michael E. Brown: The dwarf planet that gets no respect. In: mikebrownsplanets.com. April 3, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2017 . 
• ESO: Dwarf Planet Makemake Has No Atmosphere November 21, 2012

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} (136472) Makemake in the Small-Body Database of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (English).
2. ↑ v ≈ π * a / period (1 + sqrt (1-e²))
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} M.E. Brown: On the size, shape, and density of dwarf planet Makemake . In: The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 767, No. 1, March 25, 2013, p. L7. arxiv : 1304.1041 . bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 767L ... 7B . doi : 10.1088 / 2041-8205 / 767/1 / L7 .
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} JL Ortiz, B. Sicardy, F. Braga-Ribas, A. Alvarez-Candal, E. Lellouch, R. Duffard, N. Pinilla-Alonso, VD Ivanov, SP Littlefair, JIB Camargo, M Assafin, E. Unda-Sanzana, E. Jehin, N. Morales, G. Tancredi, R. Gil-Hutton, I. De La Cueva, JP Colque, DN Da Silva Neto, J. Manfroid, A. Thirouin, PJ Gutiérrez, J. Lecacheux, M. Gillon, A. Maury, F. Colas, J. Licandro, T. Mueller, C. Jacques, D. Weaver: Albedo and atmospheric constraints of dwarf planet Makemake from a stellar occultation . In: Nature . 491, No. 7425, 2012, pp. 566-569. bibcode : 2012Natur.491..566O . doi : 10.1038 / nature11597 . PMID 23172214 . (ESO November 21, 2012 press release: Dwarf Planet Makemake Lacks Atmosphere )
5. ↑ Alex Parker et al .: The Mass, Density, and Figure of the Kuiper Belt Dwarf Planet Makemake . In: American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting # 50, id . 509.02 . October 2018. bibcode : 2018DPS .... 5050902P .
6. ↑ TO Heinze, Daniel deLahunta: The rotation period and light-curve amplitude of Kuiper belt dwarf planet 136472 Makemake (2005 FY ₉ ) . In: Astronomical Journal . 138, No. 2, June 23, 2009, pp. 428-438. bibcode : 2009AJ .... 138..428H . doi : 10.1088 / 0004-6256 / 138/2/428 .
7. ^ ^{A b} M. E. Brown: Mike Brown's Planets: What's in a name? (part 2). California Institute of Technology, July 13, 2008, accessed November 2, 2017 . 
8. ↑ (136472) Makemake at the IAU Minor Planet Center (English)
9. ^ ^{A b} Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake. iau0806 - News Release, July 19, 2008.
10. ↑ AstDyS-2. Universita di Pisa, accessed December 25, 2017 . 
11. ↑ Jane X. Luu, David C. Jewitt: Kuiper Belt Objects: Relics from the accretion disk of the Sun . In: Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. . 40, No. 1, 2002, pp. 63-101. bibcode : 2002ARA & A..40 ... 63L . doi : 10.1146 / annurev.astro.40.060401.093818 .
12. ↑ J. Stansberry et al. a .: Physical properties of Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs: Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope (February 2007)
13. ^ G. Tancredi: Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy “dwarf planets” (plutoids) . IAU. April 1, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
14. ↑ T. Lim et al. a .: TNOs are Cool : A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. III. Thermophysical properties of 90482 Orcus and 136472 Makemake (July 2010)
15. ↑ M. Mommert et al. a .: Remnant planetesimals and their collisional fragments: Physical characterization from thermal-infrared observations (2013)
16. ↑ Mike Brown : How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (November 2018)
17. ^ J. Licandro, N. Pinilla-Alonso, M. Pedani, E. Oliva, GP Tozzi, WM Grundy: The methane ice rich surface of large TNO 2005 FY ₉ : a Pluto-twin in the trans-neptunian belt? . In: Astronomy & Astrophysics . 445, No. 3, Jan 3, 2006, pp. L35-L38. doi : 10.1051 / 0004-6361: 200500219 .
18. ^ SC Tegler, WM Grundy, W. Romanishin, GJ Consolmagno, K. Mogren, F. Vilas: Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY ₉ ) and 136108 (2003 EL ₆₁ ) . In: Astronomical Journal . 133, No. 2, 2007, pp. 526-530. arxiv : astro-ph / 0611135 . bibcode : 2007AJ .... 133..526T . doi : 10.1086 / 510134 .
19. ↑ D. Perna, T. Hromakina, F. Merlin, S. Ieva, S. Fornasier, I. Belskaya, E. Mazzotta Epifani: The very homogeneous surface of the dwarf planet Makemake . In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 466, No. 3, April 21, 2017, ISSN  0035-8711 , pp. 3594-3599. bibcode : 2017MNRAS.466.3594P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stw3272 .
20. ↑ NASA - Hubble Discovers Moon Orbiting the Dwarf Planet Makemake (English, April 26, 2016)
21. ^ AH Parker, MW Buie, WM Grundy, KS Noll: Discovery of a Makemakean Moon . In: The Astrophysical Journal Letters . 825, No. 1, April 25, 2016, p. L9. arxiv : 1604.07461 . doi : 10.3847 / 2041-8205 / 825/1 / L9 .
22. ↑ Alex H. Parker: A Moon for Makemake. May 2, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2017 .