Big anemone

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Big anemone
Great Anemone (Anemone sylvestris)

Great Anemone ( Anemone sylvestris )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Anemone ( Anemone )
Type : Big anemone
Scientific name
Anemone sylvestris
L.

The Large Anemone ( Anemone sylvestris ) is a plant of the genus Anemone ( Anemone ) within the family of Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae). It is widespread in Eurasia . It occurs in rather light and dry locations. This previously common plant species has become rare in some areas in recent decades; it is endangered in some countries and is therefore protected.

Common names

The great anemone is also called the grove anemone , forest anemone or forest steppe anemone because of its occurrence . Other common names are or were: Hackelkraut , Windröslein and Wolfswurzel .

description

Illustration: inflorescence stem with the three bracts and flower
The three stalked bracts and above them the stalked flower
Bloom in detail
Fruit cluster with ripe nuts

Vegetative characteristics

The great anemone grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches a height of 15 to 40, rarely up to 50 centimeters. A branched, short rhizome with a diameter of 10 to 15 millimeters serves as a storage and persistence organ . The three to nine basal leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. Their downy, hairy petiole measures 5 to 20 centimeters. It is widened at the base. The fairly coarse leaf blade is 2 to 5 centimeters long and 3 to 8 centimeters wide in outline heart-shaped-pentagonal . The heart-shaped base of the spade is deeply hand-shaped, usually cut into three or sometimes five parts. The underside of the leaf has fine, downy hairs along the veins . The upper side of the leaf is almost bare. The individual leaf sections are seated. The middle leaf segment is rhombic or obovate-rhombic. Its three lobes show a lobed and sparsely toothed edge. The lateral leaf segments are unequal in two parts and obliquely fan-shaped. The basal leaves only fully unfold after the flowering period.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period in Central Europe extends from April to June, depending on the location, in China from May to June. The protruding, finely downy hairy or almost bald, upright, 10 to 20, rarely up to 35 centimeters high inflorescence stem usually has only one terminal flower, in rare cases two flowers. Below the flowers there are three whorled bracts with a 3 to 25 millimeter long stalk. The spread of the bracts is similar to that of the basal leaves, but smaller. Its length varies between 2 and 3 centimeters, and it is about 10 centimeters wide. Its outline is rounded, the base of the strut is heart-shaped. The leaf is three to five times divided with two to three column sections. The sessile leaf sections are narrow obovate and finely hairy. The leaf tips are truncated or rounded.

In contrast to most of the other species of the buttercup family, the flowers of the great anemone flower are fragrant. The fine, downy, hairy flower stalk is 5 to 15, rarely up to 25 centimeters long. The hermaphroditic flower is radial symmetry with a diameter of 4 to 7 centimeters . It has a simple flower cover . The usually five, rarely six free, white bracts are about 15 to 20 millimeters long, their width varies between 10 and 15 millimeters. Their shape can be obovate or elliptical. On their outside, the bracts are densely hairy silky. The numerous short stamens are colored yellow and about 4 millimeters long. They have thread-like stamens with about 1 millimeter long, cylindrical anthers, rounded at the top. Numerous (180 or more), relatively small, free and densely hairy carpels are attached to the cone-shaped flower axis . The relatively short or not recognizable stylus ends with a spherical scar. In their entirety, they form an ingrown ( chorikarpes ) gynoeceum .

In a common nut fruit , many nuts stand together on short stalks on the flower axis (receptaculum) that is up to 4 centimeters high . The 2 to 3 millimeters long and about 2 millimeters wide, spindle-shaped, flat nuts are densely hairy woolly with 7 to 9 millimeters long trichomes . They have a straight, downy, hairy beak about 1 millimeter long (it is the stylus).

The basic chromosome number is x = 8; there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 16.

ecology

The great anemone is a deciduous , mesomorphic, scleromorphic hemicryptophyte and a root-bud geophyte . Typically for a hemicryptophyte, the persistence buds, which are protected by the mulch or dead leaves, are located on the herbaceous stem axis and lie close to the surface of the earth. The great anemone is plurienn-pollakanth, that means a specimen blooms and fruit more than once in its life, so it is persistent.

The fragrant flowers are biologically “pollen disc flowers”. They do not carry nectar , but keep an abundant supply of pollen ready for potential pollinators . Pollinators are insects such as short-nosed bees , flies , hover flies (Syrphidae) and beetles . Spontaneous self-pollination is common.

The fertilized tiny carpels develop into nuts, which are surrounded on all sides by a loose felt felt. As umbrella fliers, they are spread over the wind . As water-like , they can attach themselves to the fur of animals even when it is wet and thus be spread out.

Vegetative propagation occurs through the formation of homorhiz rooted shoots from the roots, which are only a few centimeters deep. So the plant is a root creeper.

The leaves of the great anemone are an important source of food for the caterpillars of the dark brown clematis .

The plant is poisonous.

The great anemone is attacked by the rust fungus Puccinia pulsatillae .

Occurrence

distribution

At the location on a semi-dry lawn in the Taubergrund

The vast distribution area of ​​the great anemone stretches from Europe via Russia to Mongolia and China . In detail, the following distribution was determined: In temperate Asia, occurrences of the Anemone sylvestris in the Caucasus are known from Russia in Ciskaucasia and Dagestan . Stocks are also documented from the western and eastern parts of Siberia , as well as from the Russian Far East . Anemone sylvestris is considered to be occupied in Mongolia. In China, stocks have been identified in northern Hebei , western Heilongjiang , western Jilin , western Liaoning , Inner Mongolia, and northern Tibet provinces . In Northern Europe, populations of the great anemone from southeastern Sweden are documented. Central European occurrences were found in Austria , northern Switzerland , the former Czechoslovakia , Germany , Poland and Hungary . From Eastern Europe, localities in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , the European part of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine have been confirmed. In Southeastern Europe, stocks in Bulgaria , the former Yugoslavia , northwestern Italy and Romania are considered to be occupied. In south-western Europe, the great anemone is represented in France .

It occurs in Austria at suitable locations in Upper Austria and Styria , in Lower Austria and Burgenland it also colonizes dry grassland . In Central Europe it is missing in Switzerland and in the entire lowlands north of the Harz . Overall, it is very rare in Central Europe, but it often forms smaller populations, some of which are rich in individuals, at its locations.

Location

This warmth-loving species occurs mainly in the low mountain ranges of Central and Eastern Europe and in the Caucasus . It is absent in the Alps , in the north and west German flatlands , as well as on the British Isles and parts of the Mediterranean . The great anemone thrives in Europe in the colline to submontane altitude range up to an altitude of 1600 meters.

The Great Anemone growing in Europe in sparse scrub and pine forests , especially in winter heath pine forests and pine forests steppe to semi-dry grasslands and heaths . Oak forest clearings, forest fringes, embankments and sunken paths are among the most popular locations. In Central Europe, in the low mountain ranges with calcareous rock, it populates dry bushes and they are fringes of light dry forests, but it also goes into loosened pine stands.

The big anemone thrives best on calcareous or calcareous , loose, warm and rather dry loam or clay soils . Unlike the wood anemone ( Anemone nemorosa ), it prefers dry, bright locations.

In China, Anemone sylvestris thrives on forest edges, grassy and sandy slopes at altitudes between 1,300 and 3,400 meters.

Plant sociology

The great anemone is a characteristic of the wild anemone fringe ( Geranio-Anemonetum sylvestris ), an association that is assigned to the association Xerophile fringing societies ( Geranion sanguinei ). Together with mountain hairline ( Peucedanum oreoselinum ) and gray scabiosa ( Scabiosa canescens ), it forms a society on deeper soils such as loess or pararendzinen , the locations of which are often influenced by anthropogenic factors. This widespread fringe type extends in the north to the Weser Bergland, isolated occurrences have been found on Öland and Gotland . Warmth-loving bushes, woody pine-rich downy oak forests, subcontinental pine forests and thermophilic beech forests were identified as wood contact societies. In addition, the great anemone is also found in societies of the Erico-Pinion and Cytiso-Pinion associations.

Danger

The intensification of agriculture with land consolidation , increased nutrient input and expansion of the roads destroyed many locations and contributed to an enormous decline in populations , so that the great anemone is considered endangered throughout Germany. It is often not able to cope with the competitive pressure of non-native species that have colonized the Great Anemone Flower, which further exacerbates the population.

Systematics

The first publication of Anemone sylvestris was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, 540, wrote "silvestris" there. A homonym is Anemone sylvestris Vill. in Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné , 3, 1789, p. 726.

use

The great anemone has been in culture since the 16th century. It is used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens with some varieties . Sunny to partially shaded growing areas are recommended as locations.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Large anemone flower. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 30, online.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Federal Agency for Nature Conservation: BiolFlor - database of biological-ecological characteristics on the flora of Germany . ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.ufz.de
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wang Wencai; Svetlana N. Ziman, Bryan E. Dutton: Anemone. : Anemone sylvestris , p. 317 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, December 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 .
  5. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  6. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. 2000. Online (PDF; 1.8 MB)
  7. ↑ Anemone sylvestris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  8. ↑ a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  9. ↑ Heinrich E. Weber: Bushes, hedges, herb edges. , Ulmer Verlag 2003, p. 185 ISBN 3-8001-4163-9 .
  10. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  402 .
  11. ↑ Anemone sylvestris at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  12. ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, p. 136, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8

Web links

Commons : Anemone sylvestris ( Anemone sylvestris )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files