Carrouges Castle

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Carrouges Castle, view from the north

The Carrouges Castle ( French Château de Carrouges ) is a moated castle in the French department of Orne . The complex is located in the Udon valley south of Carrouges and is one of the largest castles in Normandy . Together with its park , it has been listed as a Monument historique since December 6, 1927 .

A previous installation to secure the border between the Duchy of Normandy and neighboring Maine was replaced by the current complex between the 14th century and the end of the 16th century. First a donjon surrounded by a curtain wall was extended by a residential building ( logis ) in the 15th century and these buildings were supplemented by two more wings in the second half of the 16th century. The castle is thus the result of various renovations and changes in different epochs, but its exterior still offers an astonishingly uniform appearance.

By marrying an heir's daughter, the complex came to the Blosset family in 1438 and from them to the Le Veneur family by marriage in 1540. This remained the owner for almost 400 years before she sold the castle with a large part of the furniture to the French state in 1936. He made the facility accessible to the public as a museum and began its restoration , which continues to this day.

history

Beginnings

The first fortification was built as a hilltop castle above a Norman settlement. It served as an outpost for the Norman dukes to secure their border with neighboring Maine, which had been ruled by the Counts of Anjou since the early 12th century . According to a legend, the complex got its name from an adultery of the lord of the castle. His pregnant wife is said to have killed her husband's lover out of jealousy, not knowing that she was a fairy. The dying fairy swore vengeance, and the next morning the lady of the castle found her husband dead. At the same time, a blood-red mark appeared on the widow's forehead. Her son Karl (Carle), who was born shortly afterwards, was also marked with such a mark, which is why he was called Carle le Rouge ( German  Karl the Red ). The name Carrouges is said to have developed from this. The Norman oppidum was first mentioned in writing in the Historia Ecclesiastica des Ordericus Vitalis , when Count Gottfried V of Anjou besieged Carrouges to take possession of it for himself. After the death of the Norman Duke Heinrich Beauclerk through his marriage to his heir Matilda, Gottfried was officially Heinrich's successor. However, Matilda's cousin Stephan had seized Normandy with the support of many Norman barons, and Gottfried therefore tried to enforce his rights by military means.

Late Middle Ages

Jean IV. De Carrouges was a descendant of Roger, the first named Seigneur von Carrouges in a document from 1150 . He fought in the Hundred Years War on the side of the French King Charles VI. against the English. But when they managed to take Lower Normandy under Henry V of England , Jean's successor Robert lost his property because the English king had it confiscated . Only when the lord of Carrouges recognized Henry V as his sovereign did he get his castle back. This was probably replaced by Jean IV in the 14th century with a new building at the current location. In order to rehabilitate himself against the French crown, Robert put troops he had paid into the service of the future French king Charles VII. When he died in 1424 at the Battle of Verneuil , he left his heir, Jeanne, a castle complex, which consisted of a donjon with a curtain wall and adjoining other buildings existed. The area at that time probably had a rectangular floor plan and covered about half of the current area.

Gradual expansion into a castle

Cardinal Jean Le Veneur had the gate built (posthumous portrait of the 17th century)

Jeanne's marriage to Robert de Cagny resulted in a daughter who Carrouges brought to his family in 1438 through her marriage to Guillaume Blosset. Her son Jean was the Seneschal of Normandy and councilor and chamberlain to the French King Louis XI. Together with his wife Marie de Derval, he expanded the existing complex by adding accommodation to the donjon. This wing is also called the Blosset wing ( French aile des Blosset ). They also changed the appearance of the medieval residential tower . On August 11, 1473 , the couple received their monarch at their extended residence, surrounded by moats , who was then on a pilgrimage to the Mont-Saint-Michel monastery . A room named after him still reminds of this visit today. Because Jean and Marie had no children, Jean transferred his property to his sister Marie while he was still alive. In 1540 she married Philippe Le Veneur, Lord of Tillières-sur-Avre , and took the property to her husband.

The couple's heir was their son Jean Le Veneur , who embarked on a career in the church. He was first abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, then from 1505 Bishop of Lisieux . In 1526 he became the king's grand almsman under Francis I , whose confidante and advisor he was , before he was given the cardinal title in 1533 . Between 1505 and 1533 he had a three-storey gate ( châtelet in French ) built on the north side of the complex , which is one of the earliest Renaissance buildings in Normandy. On his death on August 7, 1543, he left Carrouges to his nephew Jean (IX), a son of his brother François, who died in 1502, from his marriage to Marie de Hellande in 1482. Presumably he built the short connecting wing between Donjon and Logis using the remains of the former curtain wall.

Jean's eldest son succeeded his father as Seigneur von Carrouges, but left the castle and rule to his younger brother Tanneguy I, Lieutenant General of Normandy and Baillie of Rouen. Under him, Carrouges was promoted to county in 1565 . In 1570 Tanneguy I received Catherine de Medici and the French court at his castle. Around 1575 he probably began to expand the complex by building the so-called gallery wing ( French aile de la galerie ) in the south-west and the wing of the large apartments ( French aile des grands appartements ) on the south-east side. François Gabriel, ancestor of the famous architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel , was commissioned with the designs . At the same time, the courtyard facade of the Logis was slightly redesigned to adapt it to the new wings. Two new, monumental staircases in the east and south corners of the palace were completed in 1579 and connected the new wings. The stairs were the first of their kind in northern France.

Early modern age

Carrouges Castle on a map from 1711

Tanneguy’s marriage to Madelaine de Pompadour gave birth to the heir Jacques, through which the castle and county passed to his eldest son Tanneguy II. This was under the French King Louis XIII. Ambassador to the English royal court and negotiated the marriage of Ludwig's sister Henrietta with the English king Karl I. In 1608 he had married Catherine de Bassompierre, sister of the Marshal of France François de Bassompierre . This was his undoing when the Marshal was arrested for his opposition to the powerful Cardinal Richelieu . With him, Tanneguy II also fell out of favor and had to retreat to his castle in Tillières. This began the gradual decline of the le Veneur family. In 1643 at the latest, Tanneguy II handed the castle over to his brother Jacques, the Commendatarabbot of Silly-en-Gouffern . Between 1637 and 1653, he had the interior completely redesigned according to plans by Maurice Gabriel, the grandson of François Gabriel, and furnished with valuable furniture and paintings. The works of art he acquired included paintings by Guido Reni and Giovanni Francesco Barbieri . But Jacques also had the external appearance of the complex changed by creating lawns and a large garden terrace . In addition, he initiated the construction of a private chapel , which was added to the nearby church and completed in February 1647. He hired Maurice Gabriel for the planning. The contract for this dates from October 4, 1642. The modernization and renovation work on Carrouges Castle continued until Jacques death in 1653. His nephew and heir Henry Le Veneur did not continue the work, but left the facility - like his son and successor François - completely unchanged. Under François Le Veneur, the family's finances were anything but good. The lord of the castle was even unable to provide his six daughters with an appropriate dowry, so he sent them all to a monastery in Alençon .

New bloom

Under François' son Tanneguy III. The family's reputation gradually rose again, and his daughter Anne Gabrielle married Alexis de Châtillon in 1725, a couple from France .

Alexis Le Veneur had Carrouges completely changed; Portrait around 1830

Tanneguys III's son, Jacques Tanneguy IV, married Michelle Julie Françoise Bouchard dʼEsparbès de Lussan. The couple did not use the Carrouges Castle, as they either lived in their Hôtel particulier in Paris or in the family castle in Tillières. The marriage had two sons. The eldest, Tanneguy V., inherited the county of Tillières, while Carrouges passed to the younger Alexis Paul Michel in 1777 . He had embarked on a military career and was promoted to Maréchal de camp in 1788 . He had the castle changed extensively. The main portal was rebuilt in the classical style and after 1808 the old drawbridge was replaced by a brick arched bridge. In addition, Alexis had the second floor of the southwest wing with the eponymous gallery demolished in order to set up a high ballroom on the first floor. In addition, the general planned to change the lodging wing and to transform its outer facade into a magnificent show facade. A new monumental main entrance was planned there, for which in 1793 a previously existing small tower with a chapel was placed in the middle. The surroundings of the palace were also redesigned: Alexis had the house pond in the southwest drained in 1778 and a landscaped garden laid out around the palace . All of this was only possible because he escaped the guillotine during the French Revolution thanks to the intercession of his bourgeois adjutant Lazare Hoche, the son of a hunting warden from the county of Tillières . At his death in 1833 he left the property to his son Alexis Louis Jacques Tanneguy VI. Ten years earlier, a lot of furniture and numerous paintings had been brought from Tillières Castle to Carrouges before the Tillières facility was sold to the Bande noire , a group of real estate speculators. Tanneguy VI. lived with his wife Alexandrine Bibienne Felicité de Jupilles, their six children and his wife's family in Schloss, which resulted in numerous internal changes. Above all, many small rooms were set up on the top floors. When the first-born of the couple, Alexandre Charles Michel Tanneguy VII, became lord of the castle, the large salon in the wing of the large apartments took on its current appearance.

State property

The last owner of the castle from the Le Veneur family was the grandson Alexandre Charles Michels, Marie Gaston Tanneguy IX. Since he was childless and could not raise the financial means to maintain the large castle, he sold the then dilapidated complex on April 23, 1936 for 200,000  francs to the French state. He opened the lock to visitors and began repair work. The first immediate measure was to waterproof the roofs, but it would take until 1978 before all the roof sections were repaired. By 1939, the work had progressed so far that in September the valuable ceramic and book collections of the museums in Rouen could be relocated there. Glass paintings were also kept in the castle. During the Second World War , on August 13, 1944, German soldiers withdrew into the gate building with an ammunition transporter, which was shot at as American soldiers advanced. During the battle, the ammunition wagon caught fire, which spread to the gate building and destroyed the upper floors. After the end of the war, however , the gate was restored and the destroyed parts rebuilt.

Extensive restoration work began in the 1950s. Not only the actual castle, but also the farm buildings and the castle park were repaired. In the 1960s, followed by restoration of drained under Alexis Le Veneur trenches which were then refilled with water. The restoration of the palace park included the reconstruction of the small parterre ( French petit parterre ) based on a view from 1711 and the erection of aviaries that were copies of originals from the beginning of the 18th century. The restoration work on the large garden area based on the historical model continues to this day.

The palace complex has been managed by the Center des monuments nationaux ( German  Center for State Historical Monuments ) since 1995 and is open to visitors all year round. In addition to the palace gardens and gardens, numerous interiors can be viewed as part of a tour, which have retained their original furnishings and furniture from a period from the Renaissance to the restoration . Changing, temporary exhibitions take place on the second floor of the Logis. In addition, Carrouges Castle is regularly used for cultural events such as concerts and park festivals.

description

architecture

Schematic site plan of the palace complex

Carrouges Castle is one of the largest castles in Normandy. The wings of the closed four-wing complex are grouped around a square inner courtyard. At the corners of the facility, which is around 300 meters in circumference, there are protruding, tower-like pavilions . The western corner pavilion from the 16th century stands on the foundations of a former bastion from the time of the Huguenot Wars and imitates the defensive strength of the donjon. The masonry of the complex consists of red and black bricks that form zigzag and diamond patterns on three palace wings. The roofs with an area of ​​about one hectare are covered with slate . The castle is surrounded by moats that are bordered by stone balustrades . On the northeast side, a brick ramp leads into the ditch. It was built when the moats were being drained and animals were grazing there.

Before the visitor reaches the actual castle, he encounters a building with a basket arched gate, to which, coming from the northeast, a 430 meter long straight access road leads. The habitable gatehouse is a two-storey, square cube with slender round towers at the corners . Its three storeys are closed off by conical roofs . The high hipped roof of the building makes up more than half of the total height. The masonry is made up of red and black bricks that form an even diamond pattern. In addition, there is a representation of a bishop's cap in some places, which dates the building to the period between 1505 and 1533. At that time, the builder Jean Le Veneur was already bishop, but had not yet received the cardinal dignity, as otherwise he would have chosen the cardinal's hat as a pattern in the masonry instead of the bishop's cap. The windows of the building are framed by granite . The highest of them are dormer windows in the style of Flamboyants crowned that the richest sculpture decoration show the entire castle. They bear the coat of arms of Jean Le Veneurs and a bishop's cross .

The main portal of the castle is on its northwest side. It received its current appearance with flanking pilasters and a crowning triangular gable at the beginning of the 19th century. To the north of the portal - roughly in the middle of the wing - is the three-storey donjon. The square tower with its machicolations on granite console stones is the only structure that remains of the medieval castle from the 14th century. A smaller square tower is attached to it on the outside, the Logis Tower ( French tour-logis ) is called. Like the Donjon, it has corner blocks. These are made of the same gray stone as the frames of the cross- frame windows . Earlier, the upper storeys of the donjon were only accessible via a spiral staircase in an attached tower on the south corner of the tower. This stair tower is no longer preserved, but its former location is still clearly visible in the masonry of the south corner. The former defensive plate of the tower is now covered with a hipped roof.

The donjon is connected to the Blosset wing via a short connecting wing . This consists of the logis, which was built in the 15th century, with the lower part of the former curtain wall serving as the foundation for the new, rectangular structure. Two short, sloping side wings protrude outward into the moat on the north and east corners. In the corner of the north-west wing facing the courtyard with the logis there is a large stair tower called the archive tower ( French tour du chartrier ). It is named after the room on its top floor that used to be an archive. Today's access to the logis is located on the ground floor. This is in the Renaissance style and is flanked by Ionic pilasters. However, it is not the original entrance to the Logis. The original access to the residential building is the pointed arch portal to the right of the stair tower, which leads into the hall of the guards ( French salle des gardes ).

The two wings of the castle in the south-west and south-east date from the second half of the 16th century and house the lord's private living quarters and a large ballroom. On the outer facade of the south-east wing, three slabs of white limestone can be seen, which probably used to show the coats of arms of the three families who owned Carrouges. The reliefs were destroyed during the French Revolution.

  • Gate construction

  • Courtyard view of the donjon (left), Blosset wing (right) and archive tower (center)

  • External facade of the Blosset wing

  • South view of the gallery wing (left) and wing of the large apartments (right)

inside rooms

Floor plan of the first floor

The same applies to the location of their rooms for all wings of the palace: utility rooms are on the ground floor, living rooms and state apartments on the upper floors. The furnishings and furnishings in the rooms are almost all original from the Le Veneur family. Exceptions to this are some pieces of furniture that are copies of items that were formerly in the castle, and some tapestries that were bought in 1986 specifically for the castle museum. Various paneling dates from the middle of the 17th century and was manufactured and painted according to designs by Maurice Gabriel.

A large servant room and kitchen are located on the ground floor of the donjon. This can be seen, among other things, from the water spout in the courtyard wall. One of the kitchen windows still has an alcove with benches. A cube-shaped measuring stone from the 15th century is on display in the kitchen. Depressions of different sizes are embedded in four of its sides and served as a reference measure for liquids, grain, fat and salt. The stone is a reminder of the time when weights and measures could still differ from seigneurie to seigneurie, because only the widespread introduction of the metric system put an end to the countless different local units of measurement. The upper floor of the tower was initially occupied by a single large room, from which an adjoining room and toilet in the logis tower is accessible. In the 19th century, the first floor was divided into several smaller rooms, as these were easier to heat.

A second kitchen with an adjoining cleaning and scullery can be found on the ground floor of the Logis. It can be reached via the large adjacent hall of the guards and was established there in the 18th century. At the same time, the guards' room was divided into two rooms, one of which then served as a dining room for the staff. The partition has now been removed. The upper floor of the logistics are two symmetrical apartments , both of a large central space, the North Salon ( French salon north ) are achievable. This served as a reception room and anteroom and was also used as an anteroom for the palace chapel . The room has a wooden beam ceiling and a floor covering made of terracotta tiles . Under Alexis Le Veneur, it was divided into two smaller rooms and a corridor by partition walls. Its fireplace dates back to the Middle Ages, but - like the entire room - was restored in the 1980s. Today's furniture is from the 18th century. The north salon is adjoined on both sides by a further salon and an associated suite of rooms, located in the corner of the side wing of the lodge, consisting of a private room, dressing room and latrine. The main room of the north-western apartment is Ludwig XI's room. ( French chambre Louis XI ), which commemorates the king's stay in the castle in 1473. The furnishings and decor date from the 17th century, for example the beamed ceiling and the paneling, which is decorated with decorative carvings. They show tendrils and bay leaves . The painted and gilded wood paneling of the fireplace also dates from that time. Such a decor was common in the 1650s. The fireplace itself dates back to the 15th century. The furniture in the room, such as the four-poster bed, are copies of pieces that have been handed down for this room. Main room of southeastern Apartments is the so-called honor hall ( french antichambre d'honneur ) with a floor covering made of dark red Tomette Tiles and a beamed ceiling, painted the cross beams and gilded cartridges have from the year 1649th These crossbeams, decorated with carvings, are, besides two panels, the only remnants of a richly decorated and painted coffered ceiling that was installed in this room in the 17th century. The large Gothic granite fireplace still has the remains of a tendril painting on the lintel . His print shows a badly damaged fresco painting with a hunting scene that was installed there in the 16th century. A tapestry from the 17th century and Renaissance furniture complete the furnishings of this room.

  • Kitchen in the lodging

  • North Salon

  • Room of Louis XI.

  • Honorary antechamber

The logis is connected to the private living rooms on the upper floor of the wing of the large apartments via the east staircase . The stairwell measures 5 × 5 meters. The staircase is made of brickwork that rests on granite pillars . This was also used for the handrails. The masonry is plastered and painted to imitate limestone and bricks.

The first room in the enfilade suite in the Large Apartments is the dining room, which was furnished around 1787 under Alexis Le Veneur. The furniture consists of chairs from the Restoration period and Louis-quatorze style sideboards . A tapestry and double portraits of members of the Le Veneur family hang on the walls. The lower part of the walls has been painted to simulate a red marble panel. The most striking feature of the room, however, is a Renaissance chimney made of limestone and marble of different colors from the end of the 16th century, which is framed by Corinthian columns made of polished granite. The summer salon ( French Salon dʼéte ) follows the dining room . It is the smallest room on this floor and got its name because it does not have a fireplace and therefore could not be heated. On the walls hang wallpaper with arabesque painting and a pastel portrait of Queen Maria Leszczyńska by Jean-Marc Nattier . The furniture in the salon, which includes a game table for three different games, dates from the 18th century. Next room is the living room of portraits ( French salon of portraits ) with a parquet that in Fischgrättechnik was moved, a monumental granite fireplace from the 17th century and a 18th century paneling. The room was used as a state hall for a long time before it served as his private room under General Alexis Le Veneur. Today, portraits of members of the Le Veneur family from 14 generations hang on the walls. The collection was put together in the early 1950s. The Louis Treize- style chairs are reproductions from the 19th century. The adjoining large room is called the large salon ( French grand salon ) and was only created in the 19th century when two adjacent rooms were merged, which can still be recognized today by the two different types of parquet. Half of the salon occupies the south pavilion of the palace. The white painted paneling gives the room a light touch. To his furniture from the 17th and 18th centuries include table games and three Regency - dressers . On one of the front sides is a large granite fireplace with a portrait of Louis XVI. On the opposite front side hangs a portrait of Cardinal Jean Le Veneur.

  • dining room

  • Summer salon

  • Salon of Portraits

  • Big salon

The large salon is connected to the south-west wing via the monumental, 6 × 7 meter staircase of honor. The staircase construction consists of square brick pillars that support brick vaults with granite steps. Like the east staircase, the grand staircase was plastered and painted earlier, but the painting was removed in the 1960s. The 20 × 7 meter ballroom on the first floor of the southwest wing can be reached from the grand staircase. In the 18th century there was still a picture gallery, but it was completely redesigned under Alexis Le Veneur. Originally conceived for theater performances, the hall is the largest room in the palace and, together with the staircase of honor, takes up the area of ​​the entire wing. In addition, the hall is two storeys high and, in addition to the first floor, also occupies the attic, whose roof beams are clad with wood. The musician's platform is located on a gallery on the northwestern front . Below - already located in the west pavilion - is the Pompadour Salon ( French salon de Pompadour ), which was established there in the 18th century. It bears his name in honor of the wife of Tanneguys I. Le Veneur, Madelaine de Pompadour, and previously served as the foyer for the ballroom. The castle's bakery is located below him on the ground floor.

  • Grand staircase

  • Ballroom

Castle park and garden

The castle is surrounded by a park and garden area of ​​ten hectares. The first gardens in the complex were probably laid out in the 16th century under Tanneyguy I. Le Veneur and converted into a landscape garden in the 19th century under Alexis Le Veneur. On a map from 1711 several courtyards, terraces, hedges, broderie parterres, fruit and vegetable gardens and a pheasantry can be seen around the castle building . Since the entire area had hardly been cared for and maintained since the end of the 19th century, it was correspondingly overgrown and overgrown when the French state took over the palace complex.

The palace park has been gradually being restored since the 1950s, including the reconstruction of the baroque gardens based on the models from 1711. Basically, the so-called Great Parterre ( French grand parterre ) southeast of the castle has been restored. On the other hand, the so-called small ground floor on a terrace southwest of the castle has been completely reconstructed . This was the time in the drained pond house and is surrounded by a stone balusters - parapet surrounded. Roses are planted between their symmetrically laid out lawn beds. Access to the terrace provides a two-leaf gate in a wrought iron fence with baroque scrolls , which was made in 1641 by Isaac Geslin designed by Jacques CROISIL. In the course of the garden restoration in 1998/1999, many of the old chestnuts in the castle park had to be felled because they were old and sick.

An orchard with apple trees was planted northeast of the castle in 1988. It is joined to the north by the pheasant garden, where the flowers for the arrangements and bouquets in the castle rooms are grown today.

literature

  • Patrick Birée: Loisirs et distractions au château de Carrouges aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. In: Société Historique et Archéologique de l'Orne (ed.): Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de l'Orne. Vol. 124, 2005, No. 4, ISSN  0154-0505 , pp. 69-111.
  • Josyane Cassaigne, Alain Cassaigne: Guide des châteaux de France. Ponts, Paris 2011, ISBN 978-2-36394-045-2 , pp. 220-223.
  • Éléonore-Aglaé-Marie Despierres: Le château de Carrouges (Orne), sa chapelle, ses sculptures au dix-spetième siècle. In: Réunion des sociétés des beaux-arts des départements. E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, Paris 1893, pp. 237-246 ( digitized version ).
  • Claude Frégnac: Merveilles des châteaux de Normandie. Hachette, Paris 1966, pp. 78-83.
  • Louis-Jean Lagrange, Jean Taralon: Le château de Carrouges. In: Congrès archéologique de France. 111e session tenue dans lʼOrne en 1953. Paris 1954, pp. 317–349.
  • Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. In: Bernard Beck, Pierre Bouet (eds.): L'architecture de la Renaissance en Normandie. Volume 2. Presses universitaires de Caen, Caen 2004, ISBN 2-84133-196-2 , pp. 59-64.
  • Cathrin Rummel: France's most beautiful palaces and castles. 1st edition. Travel House Media, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-8342-8944-5 , pp. 159-160.
  • Philippe Seydoux: Châteaux du Perche et du Bocage Normand. Éditions de la Morande, Paris 1992, ISBN 2-902091-15-X , pp. 20-24.
  • Philippe Siguret: Le Château de Carrouges. In: Les monuments historiques de la France. 1975, No. 6, ISSN  0027-0768 , pp. 49-64.
  • Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. Éditions du Patrimoine, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-85822-388-6 .

Web links

Commons : Carrouges Castle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Entry of the castle in the Base Mérimée of the French Ministry of Culture (French)
  2. ^ Cathrin Rummel: France's most beautiful palaces and castles. 2012, p. 159.
  3. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 8.
  4. ^ Claude Frégnac: Merveilles des châteaux de Normandie. 1966, p. 78.
  5. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 6.
  6. ^ A b c Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 7.
  7. ^ A b Philippe Seydoux: Châteaux du Perche et du Bocage Normand. 1992, p. 20.
  8. ↑ a b c Claude Frégnac: Merveilles des châteaux de Normandie. 1966, p. 82.
  9. ^ A b c Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 15.
  10. ↑ Center des monuments nationaux (ed.): Dossier pédagogique. Monum, o. O. o. J., p. 3 ( PDF ; 1.6 MB).
  11. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 5.
  12. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 16.
  13. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 19.
  14. ↑ a b c Marie-Hélène Since: Les escaliers de Carrouges. In: Revue de l'Art. Vol. 102, 1993, No. 1, doi: 10.3406 / rvart.1993.348079 .
  15. ↑ Éléonore-Aglaé-Marie Despierres: Le château de Carrouges (Orne), sa chapelle, ses sculptures au dix-spetième siècle. 1893, p. 239.
  16. ^ Philippe Seydoux: Châteaux du Perche et du Bocage Normand. 1992, p. 21.
  17. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 23.
  18. ↑ Éléonore-Aglaé-Marie Despierres: Le château de Carrouges (Orne), sa chapelle, ses sculptures au dix-spetième siècle. 1893, p. 240.
  19. ↑ a b Éléonore-Aglaé-Marie Despierres: Le château de Carrouges (Orne), sa chapelle, ses sculptures au dix-spetième siècle. 1893, p. 242.
  20. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 26.
  21. ↑ a b c d e Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 39.
  22. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 11.
  23. ^ C. Macé: Le Château de Carrouges. In: La Normandie monumentale et pittoresque. Orne. Part 1. Lemale & Cie., Havre 1896, p. 153 ( digitized version ).
  24. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 30.
  25. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 32.
  26. ↑ a b c d Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 34.
  27. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 1.
  28. ↑ Information according to the cadastral map available online at geoportail.gouv.fr
  29. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 54.
  30. ^ A b Philippe Seydoux: Châteaux du Perche et du Bocage Normand. 1992, p. 22.
  31. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 42.
  32. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 44.
  33. ↑ a b c d Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 43.
  34. ^ Claude Frégnac: Merveilles des châteaux de Normandie. 1966, p. 80.
  35. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 45.
  36. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 47.
  37. ↑ a b c d Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 49.
  38. ^ Philippe Seydoux: Châteaux du Perche et du Bocage Normand. 1992, p. 23.
  39. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 52.
  40. ↑ Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 51.
  41. ^ A b Claude Catherine Terrier, Olivier Renaudeau: Le château de Carrouges. 2009, p. 53.
  42. ↑ a b Information on the palace gardens on culture.fr ( Memento from December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

Coordinates: 48 ° 33 ′ 36.5 ″  N , 0 ° 9 ′ 15.5 ″  W.

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on March 15, 2016 .