Mikhail Borissowitsch Khodorkovsky

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Mikhail Khodorkovsky (2001)

Mikhail Borissowitsch Khodorkovsky ( Russian Михаил Борисович Ходорковский , scientific transliteration Michail Borisovič Khodorkovskij ; born June 26, 1963 in Moscow ) is a Russian entrepreneur, former oligarch and former CEO of the now insolvent oil company Yukos . From October 2003 to December 20, 2013, he was (like his colleague Platon Lebedev ) in custody on charges of tax evasion and planned fraud .

Amnesty International held Khodorkovsky's conviction for politically motivated and called him a prisoner of conscience (dt. Conscience prisoner ); In September 2011 the European Court of Human Rights classified his conviction as "not politically motivated".

Shortly before Christmas 2013, Khodorkovsky was surprisingly pardoned and released after his pardon. On December 25, 2013, it became known that the Russian Supreme Court is reviewing two sentences passed against Khodorkovsky.

Khodorkovsky now lives with his family in London . The Russian judiciary has been looking for him again since December 2015, now for the 1998 murder of the former mayor of Nefteyugansk .

Life

Youth and advancement

Khodorkovsky was born the son of a Russian-Jewish chemist and a Russian chemist. In 1981 he began studying chemistry at the Mendeleev Institute of Chemical Technology in Moscow, and while he was studying, he worked at the same time as a member of a brigade of the Komsomol (the youth organization of the CPSU ) in a Moscow housing combine. In 1986 he graduated from the university with a degree in chemistry, in 1988 he graduated as an economist at the Moscow Plekhanov Institute . From 1986 to 1987 he was deputy Komsomol secretary of the Mendeleev Institute. He then took over the management of the Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth Foundation for Youth Initiative (NTTM), a Komsomol company based on market economy principles. The founding of NTTM was made possible in 1987 by a law that allowed private sector activity in the form of cooperatives. At that time, Khodorkovsky imported computers, jeans and brandy from abroad and exported matryoshka dolls , for example .

Originally Khodorkovsky wanted to enter the arms industry , but because of his Jewish origins on his father's side, he was unable to realize this wish. Instead he became a functionary in the CPSU youth organization Komsomol.

In 1989 Khodorkovsky took over the chairmanship of the Commercial Innovation Bank for Scientific and Technological Progress , which was founded with the aim of raising funds for NTTM. It was one of the first private banks in Russia. In 1990, the Commercial Innovation Bank bought NTTM from the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet and renamed it Menatep-Invest. Khodorkovsky was now General Director of Menatep and from 1991 Chairman of the Board. In the founding phase after the collapse of the Soviet Union , the Menatep Bank quickly gained in importance, which in turn helped Khodorkovsky to establish political relations in government circles and around the first Russian President Yeltsin . In 1992 Khodorkovsky became a member of the advisory staff of the Russian Prime Minister and in March 1993 Deputy Minister for Fuel and Energy . From 1993 to 1994 he was also a member of the Industrial Policy Council of the Russian government ; In 1993 he took part in the financing and organization of the election campaign for President Yeltsin during the parliamentary elections on December 12, 1993 .

On March 30, 1995, Khodorkovsky took part in the cabinet meeting at which the "loans for shares" program was proposed for the first time. As part of this privatization program, some large oil companies were subsequently privatized. The Menatep Bank was able to buy 45% of the shares in the oil company Yukos at the 1995/1996 auctions .

The Menatep-Bank succeeded in the most important transaction through its subsidiary for share management Rosprom in 1995: Under the leadership of Platon Lebedew , Rosprom secured the majority of shares in the vertically integrated oil company Yukos for 309 million dollars, which is well below the market value of the Company. Since the Menatep-Bank was already the house bank of Yukos and also carried out the auction itself, it had optimal starting conditions for the acquisition of the shares and insider knowledge . Objections from unsuccessful bidders were not taken into account.

In April 1996, Khodorkovsky gave up the chairmanship of Bank Menatep and switched to the management of Yukos, the second largest Russian oil company at the time. In the presidential elections in mid-1996 , he and other large entrepreneurs campaigned heavily for Yeltsin's re-election. In October 1996 he became a member of the 'Banking Consultative Council' of the Russian government . When Rosprom and Yukos merged into a holding company in 1997 , Khodorkovsky took over as CEO. Another merger with the Sibneft oil company failed in 1998.

In November 1998 Khodorkovsky was appointed a member of the College of the Ministry of Energy. With the latter, which reorganized the distribution of the oil export quota, he came into conflict in October 1999. After he declared in the newspaper Vedomosti that the creation of a reserve fund for the oil export quota would encourage theft and also allow export rights to be distributed without control, the ministry sued him for libel .

As Yukos CEO, Khodorkovsky, who had survived the ruble crisis of 1998 , ensured greater transparency at Yukos and disclosed the shareholders . He introduced western accounting standards and declared "honesty, openness and responsibility" to be the guiding principle. With these reforms, he reduced production costs by two-thirds, achieving a lower cost-per-barrel ratio than any other Russian oil company. Soon after, he was considered the richest man in Russia. Under Khodorkovsky, Yukos became one of the leading Russian raw materials companies. Khodorkovsky increasingly relied on corporate governance , urged Russian entrepreneurs to take on more responsibility, and also financed social projects.

Conflict with state power

Khodorkovsky during a reception with Putin (2002)

Khodorkovsky always tried to expand the great influence he had on Russian domestic politics since the time of Semibankirschina . He financed opposition parties, such as the liberal Yabloko party in 1999 for the Duma election , but also the Communist Party and the ruling party United Russia . Support for such ideologically diverse parties could be explained by the following statement from former member of the Yabloko Party's Central Council, Ivan Grachev: “Oil lobbyists basically bought Yabloko, but that doesn't mean they share the party's ideology. The goal is to get seats in the Duma through Yabloko and to smuggle our own people there who will represent the interests of big industry. ”Finally, he publicly suspected the government of corruption . Khodorkovsky stylized himself more and more clearly as a man of the West. He tried to invest US companies in Yukos: He negotiated with the US oil companies ExxonMobil and Chevron Texas about a possible participation. In 2002/2003 he again achieved an increase in Yukos' funding services and now brought about the merger with Sibneft .

In the run-up to the investigation against Yukos, as probably the richest man in Russia, in view of the upcoming Duma and presidential elections, he had announced several times that he could not only buy parliaments but also election results.

Khodorkovsky was a critic of managed democracy (and thus of Russian President Vladimir Putin ): He compared it to Singapore , where the media are free but self-censored. Courts are not independent and human rights only exist on paper.

Open Russia Khodorkovsky founded the Open Russia Foundation in London in 2001 . The foundation's aim was to promote openness and integration among people in Russia and around the world. ("The motivation for the establishment of the Open Russia Foundation is the wish to foster enhanced openness, understanding and integration between the people of Russia and the rest of the world.") The foundation promoted teacher training and cultural activities. The foundation in Russia was closed in 2006 by the Russian state. Khodorkovsky campaigned for educational projects in regions where Yukos worked.

Open Russia has been reporting on the state of Russia since Khodorkovsky's release. Furthermore, she is looking for volunteers to work and promote free elections or support the search for Russians who have fallen in Ukraine.

Arrested and convicted, 2003–2005

On February 19, 2003, Khodorkovsky and Putin clashed over the issue of corruption in front of the television cameras. It was with this exchange of blows that Khodorkovsky's drama began. On October 25, 2003, Khodorkovsky was arrested while stopping in his private jet in Novosibirsk and detained in Moscow. A short time later, an arrest warrant was issued, according to which Khodorkovsky is said to have caused total damage to the Russian state of over a billion US dollars through embezzlement and tax evasion.

In Western media, his arrest was linked to his pro-Western political engagement; Khodorkovsky came into conflict with the government under President Vladimir Putin. The latter had more or less officially assured the oligarchs that their previous violations of the law during the “robber baron phase” of the Yeltsin era would not be prosecuted - but only if they represented Russia's political interests.

The prosecutor subsequently demanded a ten-year prison sentence. Nine years imprisonment in a penal camp for Khodorkovsky and his business partner Lebedev was the verdict in May 2005, among other things for serious fraud and tax evasion . In September 2005, an appeals court reduced the sentence to eight years in prison.

Complaint to the European Court of Human Rights As early as 2004, Khodorkovsky's lawyers had filed a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. They accused Russia of wanting to settle accounts with Khodorkovsky for political reasons. The complaint, which the Court of Justice admitted almost in full, was partially successful in connection with arrest, pre-trial detention and judicial review because of various violations of the prohibition of degrading treatment and the right to liberty; In its judgment of May 31, 2011, the Court of Justice denied the abuse of criminal proceedings for political purposes. Khodorkovsky received compensation of 10,000 euros and reimbursement of legal costs of 14,500 euros. Russia announced an appeal against the judgment.

Detained in a prison camp in 2005

After his conviction, Khodorkovsky was detained in October 2005 in the Siberian prison camp JaG 14/10 (Исправительное учреждение общего режима ЯГ-14/10) in Krasnokamensk , in the eastern triangle of Russia-China-Mongolia. In December 2006 he was transferred to a detention center in Chita .

Khodorkovsky went on a hunger strike at the end of January / beginning of February 2008 , which, after eleven days, reached his goal on February 8, 2008, to provide the seriously ill remand prisoner Vasily Alexanjan , who was most recently Deputy Chairman of Khodorkovsky's board of directors, with the necessary medical treatment. Alexanyan died in October 2011 at the age of 40, three years after he had been released from prison of complications from his AIDS illness in his home in Moscow.

Khodorkovsky's applications for early release were rejected by the courts in August and October 2008.

Detention in Moscow in 2009 and second trial

In February 2009, Khodorkovsky was transferred from his prison in Siberia to Moscow to face further trials. One of the lawsuits - filed by his former cellmate Alexander Kuchma for sexual harassment - was rejected by a Moscow city court. In the second trial, which began at the beginning of March 2009, the public prosecutor's office accused Khodorkovsky and again Lebedev of having embezzled revenues equivalent to around 20 billion euros between 1998 and 2003. The Moscow Khamovniki court found the two guilty of embezzlement of 218 million tons of oil and money laundering in December 2010. They were each sentenced to six more years in prison. The defense has appealed the verdict.

The trial of Khodorkovsky and Lebedev and the verdict aroused loud international criticism.

At the beginning of February 2011, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced expert legal examinations for various cases that had received a lot of public attention. This also includes the controversial second judgment against Khodorkovsky. A body set up by the government for the promotion of human rights and civil society should prepare an opinion after the entry into force of the judgment on the criticized procedure.

An interview on February 14, 2011 caused a sensation. Natalja Wassiljewa, an assistant to judge Viktor Danilkin who served as the court spokeswoman during the trial, alleged that Danilkin was forced to pass the sentence by the Russian authorities. According to Vasilyeva, the verdict prepared by Danilkin at the city court did not meet expectations. That is why the Moscow Central Court presented him with a different judgment, which he had to read out. Wassiljewa describes in detail in the interview what the political influence should have looked like. Judge Danilkin called the statements slander . The Moscow City Court rejected the allegations that the verdict did not come from Danilkin.

A statement by Prime Minister Putin caused a stir in the run-up to the verdict. On December 16, 2010, before the verdict was pronounced, Putin said in Question Time on a television program that it can be assumed that "Mr. Khodorkovsky's crimes have been proven in the court". “Every thief has to go to prison,” said Putin. Khodorkovsky's lawyer Yuri Schmidt criticized Putin's “direct interference” in the process, which exerted pressure on the judge. "This is forbidden under Article 17 of the European Convention on Human Rights ," said Schmidt and announced that he would bring this up in a lawsuit before the European Court of Human Rights, should Khodorkovsky be convicted. Russian President Medvedev indirectly criticized Putin for his remarks on television: "Neither the president nor any other official has the right to express his position in this case or in any other proceedings before the verdict."

Appeal hearing 2011

On May 24, 2011, a Moscow appeals court upheld the lower court's judgment, but reduced the total sentence by one year. So Khodorkovsky and Lebedev should have remained in custody until 2016. As a justification for the reduction of the sentence, the court assumed a much smaller amount of oil that had been withheld.

Amnesty International declared Khodorkovsky and Lebedev to be prisoners of conscience after the appeal process was completed .

Application for early release and transfer to Karelia in 2011

At the end of May 2011, Khodorkovsky and Lebedev applied for early release on the grounds that they had served more than half of their sentences. This application was rejected as formally inadequate, whereupon the two detainees submitted a second one. Before a decision was made, Khodorkovsky was transferred to prison camp number 7 in the Segescha district in the Russian republic of Karelia .

Possibility of a pardon in the 2012 presidency of Medvedev

In the run-up to the end of Medvedev's presidency at the beginning of May 2012, it was suspected that the resigning president could pardon Khodorkovsky . However, the initiative must come from Khodorkovsky, Medvedev said in an interview. However, Khodorkovsky made no such request. In May 2012, the outgoing head of state ordered the judiciary to review the judgments against Khodorkovsky and 31 other convicts.

Reduced prison sentence in 2012 and pardoned in 2013

Under a new law, a Moscow district court, at the request of the public prosecutor, reduced the terms of both Khodorkovsky and Lebedev by two years. The charge of theft of billions was no longer raised. Khodorkovsky was scheduled to be released from prison in August 2014.

On December 18, 2013, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Russian constitution , the Russian parliament passed an amnesty law introduced by the Kremlin. After President Vladimir Putin independently announced Khodorkovsky's pardon after the press conference on December 19, 2013, he was released the following day after a petition for pardon suggested to him and left for Germany. The former German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher played an important role as mediator in the negotiations that lasted several months ; He also named Chancellor Angela Merkel , Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle , who was in office until December 2013 , the Director of the Wall Museum , Alexandra Hildebrandt and the German Ambassador in Moscow Ulrich Brandenburg .

exile

On December 30, 2013, the Swiss Foreign Ministry (FDFA) confirmed that Khodorkovsky's application for a three-month Schengen visa for Switzerland , submitted on December 24, had been approved. He arrived in Switzerland on January 5, 2014. His wife and twin sons live in Switzerland, where they go to school. After applying to the canton of St. Gallen , he was granted a one-year residence permit due to the exceptional provisions there. The Federal Office for Migration confirmed the permit on March 30, 2014. The family settled in Rapperswil-Jona , and in 2015 they moved on to London.

Appearances after the pardon

Khodorkovsky at the Euromaidan in Kiev (2014)

On March 9, 2014, Khodorkovsky was in Kiev , where he called on Russians and Ukrainians to give in to the Crimean crisis . At the Euromaidan , Khodorkovsky declared that he supported the new pro-Western leadership of Ukraine.

When the guidelines of his newly established Open Russia Foundation were announced in Berlin in September 2014, Khodorkovsky advocated a fundamental change in power in Russia: “It's not about replacing Vladimir Putin, but the system that, to my deep regret, is in my home country emerged. ”He ruled out his own candidacy for president.

In June 2015 he appeared at the Swiss Economic Forum and described Putin as convinced that he was “the messiah whose personal success applies to the whole country”.

At a conference in the Estonian capital Tallinn in April 2017, Khodorkovsky called on Russian citizens to vote for the government critic Alexei Navalny in the 2018 presidential election. At the same time, he announced that he would give up the leadership of Open Russia . According to Khodorkovsky, Russian society is “ripe for a model without a leadership figure”.

He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Boris Nemtsov Foundation for Freedom .

Prison portraits

Between 2010 and 2013, when the end of his ten-year imprisonment was not yet in sight, Khodorkovsky wrote three- to five-page prison portraits that were published in the opposition newspaper The Moscow Times and in German in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung . In 2014, 21 of these were published in his book Meine Mitgefangenen . The book is a panorama of Russia "or at least that part of Russia to which - as it says in the introduction - 'most normal people usually have no access'", says Erich Klein in Ö1 . Khodorkovsky had matured into a skilled writer through correspondence from prison with authors such as Boris Akunin and Lyudmila Ulitskaya . "The story of the neglected radio technician Valentin, who found his way back to life while repairing the television in his cell, or the conversation with a young Russian neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier are downright literary masterpieces."

Complaint and reversal of the judgment by the European Court of Human Rights 2020

The judges of the European Court of Human Rights unanimously decided in January 2020 that Russia had "violated the human right of applicants to a fair trial". The court found that Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were convicted of acts that were not criminal offenses. Recognition of such a violation of Article 7 of the Convention means that the judgment would be void. The author of the report in Novaya Gazeta was astonished that the court did not recognize this as politically motivated by President Putin, despite the statement "We must assume that Mr. Khodorkovsky's crime has been proven in court".

criticism

In the Soviet Union, Khodorkovsky was one of those young party cadres who were able to use the beginning privatization phase to their own advantage. “The law of the jungle prevailed here in the transition times after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Nobody knew exactly which regulations were still in force - I took advantage of it, ”said the billionaire in 2002, calling himself a“ robber baron ”. As recently as 2004, a British newspaper wrote that Khodorkovsky was trailing “a trail of deceived Western investors and suspicious deaths” and had bought into the Western elite.

Others

Khodorkovsky is a second marriage and has four children. In 2004, Forbes Magazine estimated Khodorkovsky's net worth at $ 15.2 billion. That made him the 16th richest person in the world and the richest person in Russia.

The Estonian composer Arvo Pärt dedicated his Symphony No. 4 to Khodorkovsky in 2008 in Los Angeles . Since 2011 it has been possible to order a stamp showing Khodorkovsky and Lebedev from the Estonian Post Office .

Kristine Tornquist and Periklis Liakakis wrote a biographical opera on the story of Michail Khodorkovsky and Vladimir Putin on behalf of the Sirene Opera Theater in 2015, which premiered in Vienna in November 2015. Despite the very controversial recording, the Greek State Opera in Athens also showed this production in February 2020.

Awards

Publications

  • With Leonid Nevzlin : Человек с рублем. (German: The man with the ruble. ) Menatep-Inform, Moscow 1992, ISBN 5-7043-0575-X .
  • Статьи. Диалоги. Интервью. (German: Articles. Dialogues. Interviews. ) Eksmo Publishing House, Moscow 2010.
  • Letters from prison. Translated from the Russian by Birgit Veit and Ganna-Maria Braungardt, with an essay by Erich Follath . Knaus, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-8135-0449-1 .
  • Mikhail Khodorkovsky [interviewed by] Natalija Geworkjan: My way: A political commitment. From the Russian by Steffen Beilich. DVA, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-421-04510-2 .
  • My fellow prisoners. Translated from the Russian by Vlada Phillip and Anselm Bühling. Galiani, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86971-089-1 .

literature

  • David Lane, Iskander Seifulmulukov: Structure and Ownership. In: David Lane (Ed.): The Political Economy of Russian Oil. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham et al. 1999, ISBN 0-8476-9508-5 , pp. 15-45.
  • Valerij A. Krjukov, Arild Moe: Banks and the Financial Sector. In: David Lane (Ed.): The Political Economy of Russian Oil. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham et al. 1999, ISBN 0-8476-9508-5 , pp. 47-74.
  • Kirsten Westphal: Russian energy policy. Disengagement or re-entanglement of state and economy? (= Nomos-Universitätsschriften, Politik. Vol. 112). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2000, ISBN 3-7890-6838-1 (also: Gießen, Univ., Diss., 1999).
  • Gernot Erler : The Khodorkovsky case. On the tomography of a political conflict. In: Gabriele Gorzka, Peter W. Schulze (ed.): Where is Russia heading under Putin? The authoritarian way to democracy. Campus, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2004, ISBN 3-593-37585-0 , pp. 301-325 ( PDF file; 182 kB ).
  • Marshall I. Goldman: Putin and the Oligarchs. In: Foreign Affairs . Vol. 83, H. 6 (November / December 2004).
  • Angela Rustemeyer: Putin's oligarch campaign and Russia's democracy. The JUKOS affair and its environment in the eyes of the politically liberal opposition and the population (= Political Information Eastern Europe. Vol. 121). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-89892-319-3 ( PDF file; 234 kB ).
  • Heiko Pleines, Hans-Henning Schröder (Ed.): The Jukos affair. Russia's energy industry and politics (= working papers and materials. ISSN  1616-7384 , No. 64). 2nd updated edition. Research Center for Eastern Europe / Publication Unit, Bremen 2005 ( PDF file, 397 kB ).
  • Valery V. Panjuschkin: Mikhail Khodorkovsky. From the Yukos executive chair to the Siberian labor camp. The rise and fall of the Russian oil billionaire. Translated from the Russian by Vera Baumgartner. Heyne, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-453-64028-4 .
  • Viktor Timchenko : Khodorkovsky. Legends, myths and other truths. Herbig, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7766-2680-3 .

Documentary film Khodorkovsky

The documentary film Khodorkovsky by Cyril Tuschi was shown for the first time at the 2011 Berlin International Film Festival . The German director with Russian ancestors had worked on this portrait of Khodorkovsky for five years and collected 180 hours of interview material in discussions with more than 70 contemporary witnesses . According to Tuschis, the film cost 400,000 euros and was financed by various state film grants and by the Bavarian radio . The highlight of the film is an interview with Khodorkovsky, which Tuschi was able to conduct on the sidelines of the court hearing. Even before the premiere, the film made headlines because Tuschi's production facilities in Berlin were broken into and four computers with the final version of the film were stolen. Even earlier, at the beginning of January 2011, according to Tuschi, unknown persons had stolen a hard drive with parts of the documentary in Bali .

Khodorkovsky opera

The Sirene Opera Theater premiered an opera about Khodorkovsky in Vienna in November 2015. Kristine Tornquist's libretto not only encompasses the royal drama between Khodorkovsky and Putin, but also the complex historical background from 1989 to 2013. Over time, the changing relationships between the economy and the state also change the relationship between the protagonists, who at the beginning were each other are not entirely dissimilar - two young, ambitious men with big plans who have nothing to lose. The music for chamber orchestra and 16 soloists comes from the Greek composer Periklis Liakakis. The production was awarded the Austrian Music Theater Prize 2017 and will be resumed in 2020 by the Greek State Opera in Athens.

Web links

Commons : Mikhail Khodorkovsky  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Russian businessmen declared prisoners of conscience after convictions are upheld , Amnesty International , May 24, 2011
  2. ↑ CASE OF KHODORKOVSKIY v. RUSSIA (Application no. 5829/04) , JUDGMENT, STRASBOURG, May 31, 2011
  3. ↑ Stern: Yukos Trial: European Court of Justice Gives Russia Law , September 20, 2011
  4. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: Russian court has the Yukos proceedings examined
  5. ↑ a b Pascal Büsser: Rapperswil-Jona loses its most famous inhabitant. In: Die Südostschweiz from December 11, 2015.
  6. ^ Proceedings against Putin opponents: Russian judiciary officially accuses Khodorkovsky of murder , spiegel.de of December 11, 2015
  7. ↑ Keith Gessen, Cell Block four , Review by Richard Sakwa: The Quality of Freedom: Khodorkovsky, Putin and the Yukos Affair, London Review of Books
  8. ↑ Gernot Erler : The case of Khodorkovsky. On the tomography of a political conflict. (PDF; 182 kB) Article for Gabriele Gorzka, Peter W. Schulze (ed.): Where is Russia heading under Putin? - The authoritarian way to democracy. Campus, Frankfurt am Main, New York 2004, ISBN 3-593-37585-0
  9. ↑ a b c Michail Khodorkowskij in the Munzinger archive , accessed on December 29, 2010 ( beginning of article freely accessible)
  10. ^ Cell Block Four in: London Review of Books, February 25, 2010
  11. ^ Andrew Wilson: "Political technology": why is it alive and flourishing in the former USSR?
  12. ↑ Александр Сергеев. Скушай "Яблочко" - депутатом станешь. Российская газета, No. 141, July 16, 2003
  13. ↑ Viktor Timchenko: Khodorkovsky. Legends, myths and other truths. Herbig, Munich 2012, ISBN 3-7766-2680-1 , page 262
  14. ↑ Fischer Weltalmanach 2005, page 355
  15. ↑ What do Julian Assange and Mikhail Khodorkovsky have in common? , Digital Journal , December 11, 2010
  16. ^ Vision for Russia , Khodorkovsky.com
  17. ↑ Russia Effectively Closes a Political Opponent's Rights Group , The New York Times, March 18, 2006
  18. ↑ The YUKOS Affair , American Institute for Public Policy Research, October 2003
  19. ↑ Open Russia is launching its open elections project , Khodorkovsky, June 4, 2015
  20. ↑ Open Russia is looking for the identity of the victims “Cargo-200” ; Open Russia, April 2015
  21. ↑ Margareta Mommsen , Angelika Nussberger : The Putin system. Guided democracy and political justice in Russia CH Beck, 2007, p. 132, ISBN 3-406-54790-7
  22. ↑ Stern : Russian Oil Czar Behind Bars ( Memento from November 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), October 27, 2003
  23. ^ WG Peace Research: Yukos founder Michail Khodorkovsky sentenced to nine years in prison and in a prison camp. A comment
  24. ↑ dw-world.de: Eight Years of Labor Camp for Khodorkovsky , September 23, 2005
  25. ↑ Der Bund : Michail Chodorkowski's complaint approved , May 23, 2009; Admission decision of May 7, 2009 in procedure 5829/04 (English)
  26. ↑ Case of Khodorkovskiy v. Russia (Application no. 5829/04): Judgment. Judgment of 31 May 2011 (English)
  27. ↑ Khodorkovsky fails in Strasbourg in: Hamburger Abendblatt from June 1, 2011
  28. ^ Only partial success for Kremlin critics in: RP Online from June 1, 2011
  29. ^ Prison visit to the public enemy: With Khodorkovsky's wife in Siberia in: Welt Online from April 25, 2006
  30. ↑ Khodorkovsky transferred to the remand prison in: Russland-Aktuell from December 22, 2006
  31. ↑ Spiegel Online : Khodorkovsky settles on hunger strike with Putin , February 7, 2008
  32. ↑ tagesschau.de: The oil mogul who became a prisoner, April 9, 2009; Archive ( Memento from January 21, 2011 on WebCite )
  33. ↑ Death at the age of 40: ex-Yukos vice-Vice-President Alexanjan has died. In: Russia News from October 4, 2011
  34. ↑ Russian lawyer denied prison medical leave dies The Gurdian, October 4, 2011 (in English), viewed December 24, 2015
  35. ↑ NZZ Online : Khodorkovsky on charges of “sexual harassment” in court , February 24, 2009
  36. ^ Inmate number one in: Frankfurter Rundschau of August 20, 2008
  37. ↑ stern.de: Moscow court rejects sex lawsuit , February 25, 2009
  38. ↑ dw-world.de: Ex-oil magnate Khodorkovsky threatens a new conviction , March 3, 2009
  39. ↑ Another six years imprisonment for Khodorkovsky ( memento of December 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) at tagesschau.de, December 30, 2010; Archive ( Memento from December 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ↑ Khodorkovsky sentenced to a further six years in prison , Spiegel Online from December 30, 2010
  41. ↑ Yukos Trial: Defense of Khodorkovsky goes against judgment , RIA Novosti, December 31, 2010
  42. ↑ "That was not a fair trial" ( Memento from December 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) at tagesschau.de, December 30, 2010; Archive ( Memento from December 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  43. ↑ Medvedev's mandate: the Yukos case will be scrutinized after the judgment has come into force in: RIA Novosti of February 2, 2011
  44. ↑ The Khodorkovsky case is reviewed in: 20 minutes from February 1, 2011
  45. ↑ Yukos case: judge was employed when the judgment was drawn up in: RIA Novosti of February 14, 2011
  46. ↑ Judge is said to have been forced to judge in: Spiegel Online from February 14, 2011
  47. ^ Telephone justice in the Khodorkovsky case in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from February 15, 2011
  48. ↑ Putin pronounces Khodorkovsky guilty on TV show in: Spiegel Online from December 16, 2010
  49. ↑ Medvedev distances himself from Putin in: Spiegel Online from December 24, 2010
  50. ↑ imprisonment for Kremlin critic Khodorkovsky "cosmetically" reduced in: Swiss television of 24 May 2011
  51. ↑ Russian businessmen declared prisoners of conscience after convictions are upheld May 24, 2011
  52. ↑ Khodorkovsky's application for early release in court received by RIA Novosti on May 31, 2011
  53. ↑ Khodorkovsky documents on dismissal “incomplete” in: NZZ Online from 6 June 2011
  54. ↑ Khodorkovsky takes a second attempt at release in: Russia News from June 7, 2011
  55. ↑ Khodorkovsky in the North Russian prison camp published in: DiePresse.com from June 15, 2011
  56. ↑ Medvedev's last interview as President: There are no more taboos on RIA Novosti on April 27, 2012
  57. ↑ tagesschau.de: Medvedev's order: Justice should review Khodorkovsky judgment ( memento of March 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), March 5, 2012
  58. ↑ Tagesschau.de from December 20, 2012 ( Memento from December 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  59. ↑ Russia: Parliament passes Putin's amnesty law , spiegel.de, accessed on December 25, 2013
  60. ↑ Freedom for Russia's number one public enemy SZ Online, December 19, 2013
  61. ↑ Khodorkovsky free - Confusion about pardon SZ Online, December 20, 2013
  62. ↑ Freed Kremlin opponent: Khodorkovsky on the way to Germany. Spiegel-Online, December 20, 2013.
  63. ↑ reuters.com
  64. ^ Matthias Gebauer and Lisa Schnell: Khodorkovsky release: How Genscher negotiated the deal with Putin .
  65. ↑ www.sueddeutsche.de
  66. ^ NZZ Online : Switzerland approves Khodorkovsky's application , accessed on December 30, 2013
  67. ↑ Peter Gysling: Khodorkovsky is in Switzerland. In: SRF 1 from January 5, 2014
  68. ↑ nzz.ch
  69. ↑ handelszeitung.ch
  70. ↑ Khodorkovsky applies to the Swiss authorities . Day indicator . March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  71. ↑ Khodorkovsky crisis in Ukraine: Khodorkovsky visits the Maidan . Spiegel Online . March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  72. ↑ Nik Afanasjew: The trainer of the national-chauvinistic animal. September 23, 2014, accessed November 14, 2017 .
  73. ↑ Surprise guest Michail Chodorkowski , NZZ, June 4, 2015
  74. ↑ Russia: Ex-oligarch Khodorkovsky supports Navalny in the presidential election . In: The time . April 15, 2017, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed November 14, 2017]).
  75. ↑ Board of Trustees . In: Boris Nemtsov Foundation for Freedom . ( nemtsovfund.org [accessed June 15, 2018]).
  76. ↑ Khodorkovsky writes for the opposition newspaper in: NZZ Online from August 29, 2011
  77. ^ Sieglinde Geisel: Report from a forbidden zone. ( Memento from June 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: NZZ am Sonntag from June 15, 2014
  78. ↑ Erich Klein: My fellow prisoners. Mikhail Khodorkovsky's portraits , in: Context - Non-fiction and Topics, Oe1, July 11, 2014
  79. ↑ ECJ: Trial of Kremlin critic Khodorkovsky was “unfair” , mdr, January 14, 2020
  80. ↑ Neither justice nor politics , Novaya Gazeta, January 14, 2020
  81. ↑ Erich Follath: Who is Mikhail Khodorkovsky? In: Michail Khodorkovsky (ed.): Letters from prison . With an essay by Erich Follath. Knaus, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-8135-0449-1 , pp. 23-58, 31 ff . ( Excerpt from Google Books [accessed on February 18, 2015] Russian: Stat'i, dialogi, interv'ju . Translated by Birgit Veit and Ganna-Maria Braungardt).
  82. ↑ The roublemaker. In: telegraph.co.uk. The Sunday Telegraph, July 25, 2004, accessed February 18, 2015 : "As Khodorkovsky got richer and richer, he left a longer and longer trail of defrauded Western investors, and the odd dead body, in his wake."
  83. ↑ Mikhail Khodorkovsky ( July 15, 2006 memento in the Internet Archive ) in: Forbes Magazine , accessed December 30, 2010
  84. ↑ Online score - UE Vienna
  85. ↑ Estonia provokes Putin with stamps from his enemy in: Welt Online from February 14, 2011
  86. ^ Siren Opera Theater, Khodorkovsky
  87. ↑ Jailed Russian tycoon Khodorkovsky launches book in: Reuters of January 21, 2011
  88. ^ Letters from prison in: Hamburger Abendblatt, May 27, 2011
  89. ↑ Who is this man? in: taz.de from February 14, 2011
  90. ↑ Khodorkovsky has an unearthly aura Interview with director Cyril Tuschi in: Spiegel Online from February 14, 2011
  91. ^ A journalistic coup in: Tages-Anzeiger from February 15, 2011
  92. ^ Film about Putin opponent Khodorkovsky stolen in: Spiegel Online from February 4, 2011
  93. ↑ Glamor and crime in: faz.net from February 15, 2011
personal data
SURNAME Khodorkovsky, Mikhail Borissovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Chodorkovskij, Michail Borisovič (scientific transliteration); Ходорковский, Михаил Борисович (Russian spelling)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH June 26, 1963
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow