Timeless

Timeless
	Autumn crocus ( Colchicum autumnale )
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Lily-like (Liliales)
Family :	Timeless plants (Colchicaceae)
Genre :	Timeless
Scientific name
	Colchicum
	L.

The timeless ( Colchicum ) are a genus of plants within the timeless family (Colchicaceae). The approximately 100 species are distributed over large parts of Eurasia . The autumn crocus ( Colchicum autumnale ) is probably the best-known species of this genus; it is best known for its late flowering period and its toxicity.

description

Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants in lifelike images with brief explanatory text , plate 25: Herbstzeitlose. AB flowering, C fruiting plant in natural Size; 1 tuber in longitudinal section, the like; 2 the part swelling to a new tuber, above with ovary, the like; 3 u. 4 flower bud, the like; 5 expanded flower, the like; 6 upper part of the pen, enlarged; 7 stamens the same; 8 pollen, the like; 9 ripe, cracked capsules, natural Size; 10 capsule in cross section, the like; 11 seed, natural Size and enlarged; 12, 13 the same without shell, enlarged

Capsule fruits and seeds of the mountain timeless ( Colchicum montanum )

Vegetative characteristics

The timeless species are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form a subterranean, brown to dark brown sheathed tuber as a persistence organ. The fiber roots sit at the base of the tuber. The young leaves are enclosed by leaf sheaths .

Generative characteristics

Flower of Colchicum feinbruniae

One to three flowers are formed directly above the tuber or on a short inflorescence stem . The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The six identical bracts are fused at the base and form a more or less pronounced tube. There are two circles with three stamens each. Three carpels are fused together to form an upper, three- chamber ovary. There are three free pens available.

The septicidal capsule fruit contains many seeds .

Blossom of the alpine autumn crocus ( Colchicum alpinum )

Colchicum antilibanoticum

Colchicum bivonae

Spring light flower ( Colchicum bulbocodium )

Colchicum lusitanum

Mountain Timeless Blossom ( Colchicum montanum )

Colchicum ritchii

Colchicum speciosum

Colchicum speciosum var. Bornmuelleri

Colchicum stevenii

Colchicum szovitsii subsp. brachyphyllum

Colchicum troodi

Colchicum tunicatum

Late checkerboard autumn crocus ( Colchicum variegatum )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Colchicum was established by Carl von Linné . The type species is Colchicum autumnale L. The scientific genus name Colchicum is derived from a landscape on the Black Sea, the Colchis in today's Georgia . This is also the home of the legendary poisoner and sorceress Medea . There is probably a connection between the legends about a poisoner in this region and the occurrence of the timeless species Colchicum variegatum there . Synonyms for Colchicum L. are: Bulbocodium L. , Celsia Boehm. nom. illeg., Abandium Adans. , Merendera Ramond , Geophila Bergeret nom. rej ., Monocaryum (R.Br.) Rchb. , Hermodactylum (R.Br.) Bartl. nom. inval., Eudesmis Raf. nom. superfl., Fouha Pomel , Paludana Salisb. nom. illeg., Synsiphon rule .

John Manning, Felix Forest and Annika Vinnersten propose in 2007 that the approximately 60 species of Androcymbium (50 of them in South Africa) should be included in the genus Colchicum sl, since, unlike in the molecular genetic studies, there are no morphological features that separate Androcymbium and Colchicum could be found. The previous species of Merendera are included in Colchisum , while Persson et al. 2011 the Androcymbium species are not incorporated into the genus Colchicum . The extent of the genus Colchicum is still a matter of controversy.

The genus Colchicum is distributed over large parts of Eurasia with around 100 species . The focus of the genus Colchicum is in the Middle East; 48 species occur in Turkey alone and 64 species in Western Asia .

There are around 100 species of Colchicum :

Alpine autumn crocus ( Colchicum alpinum DC. , Syn .: Colchicum parvulum Ten. , Colchicum alpinum var. Parvulum (Ten.) Baker , Colchicum alpinum subsp. Parvulum (Ten.) Nyman , Colchicum merenderoides E.P. Perrier & Songeon , Colchicum alpinum subsp. merenderoides (EPPerrier & Songeon) Rouy , Colchicum pseudoparvulum Lojac. , Colchicum vallis-demonis Lojac. ): It occurs in the French Alps, in Switzerland, in the Appennines and in Sicily .
Colchicum androcymbioides (Valdés) K. Perss. ( Merendera androcymbioides Valdés ): This endemic occurs only in the Serranía de Ronda in Spain.
Colchicum antepense K. Perss. : It wasfirst describedin 2007 from south-central Turkey .
Colchicum antilibanoticum Gomb. : It occurs in Lebanon , Syria and maybe also in northwestern Jordan.
Colchicum arenarium Waldst. & Kit. : It occurs from eastern Central Europe to southwestern Ukraine .
Colchicum arenasii Fridl. : It occurs only in Sardinia and Corsica .
Colchicum asteranthum Vassiliades & KMPerss. : It wasfirst describedin 2002 from southern Greece .
Attic timeless ( Colchicum atticum Spruner ex Tommas. , Syn .: Merendera attica (Spruner ex Tommas.) Boiss. & Spruner ): It occurs in southern Bulgaria and from southern Greece to western and central Turkey.
Autumn crocus ( Colchicum autumnale L. ): It occurs in Europe and is a neophyte in Northern Europe, North America and New Zealand .
Colchicum balansae Planch. : It occurs from Attica and Poros to southern and southwestern Turkey.
Colchicum baytopiorum C.D.Brickell : It occurs in southwestern Turkey.
Bivona timeless ( Colchicum bivonae Guss. ): It occurs from Sicily to western Turkey.
Colchicum boissieri Orph. : It occurs from Greece to western and southwestern Turkey.
Spring light flower ( Colchicum bulbocodium Ker Gawl. ): It occurs from the European mountains to the Caucasus . There are two subspecies and one variety:
- Colchicum bulbocodium Ker Gawl. subsp. bulbocodium : It occurs in the Spanish and French Pyrenees , in the Italian Alps, in Switzerland and in Austria .
- Colchicum bulbocodium var. Edentatum (Schur) K. Perss. : It occurs in Romania .
- Colchicum bulbocodium subsp. versicolor (Ker Gawl.) K. Perss. : It occurs from southern Hungary , from the former Yugoslavia , Romania, from central Italy to Russia , the Ukraine and the northern Caucasus region.
Colchicum burttii Meikle : It occurs from the eastern islands of the Aegean Sea to western and central Turkey.
Colchicum chalcedonicum Azn. : It occurs from eastern Greece to western Turkey. There are two subspecies:
- Colchicum chalcedonicum Azn. subsp. chalcedonicum : It occurs from eastern Greece to western Turkey.
- Colchicum chalcedonicum subsp. punctatum K. Perss. : It occurs in western and southwestern Turkey.
Colchicum chimonanthum K. Perss . : It occurs in northeastern Greece.
Colchicum chlorobasis K. Perss . : It occurs at Konya in Turkey.
Cilician Timeless ( Colchicum cilicicum (Boiss.) Dammer ): It occurs from southern Turkey to northwestern Syria .
Colchicum confusum K. Perss. : It occurs in northern and central Greece.
Corsican timeless ( Colchicum corsicum Baker ): It occurs in Sardinia and Corsica.
Colchicum cretense Greuter : This endemic occurs only in Crete .
Colchicum crocifolium Boiss. : It occurs from southern and central Turkey to western Iran .
Cupanis Timeless ( Colchicum cupanii Guss. ): There are two subspecies:
- Colchicum cupanii cast. subsp. cupanii : It occurs in France , Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Greece, Crete, Algeria and Tunisia .
- Colchicum cupanii subsp. glossophyllum (Heldr.) Rouy : It occurs from southwestern Albania to southwestern Montenegro and to Greece.
Colchicum davisii C.D.Brickell : It occurs in southern Turkey.
Colchicum decaisnei Boiss. : It occurs from southern Turkey to northern Israel .
Villagers Timeless ( Colchicum doerfleri Halácsy ): It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula .
Colchicum dolichantherum K. Perss. : It occurs in southern Turkey and maybe also in northwestern Syria.
Colchicum eichleri (Rule) K. Perss. : It occurs in the central and eastern Caucasus.
Colchicum erdalii Özhatay : The species was first described from Turkey in 2016.
Colchicum euboeum (Boiss.) K. Perss. : It occurs only on Evia and on the Chalkidiki peninsulain Greece.
Colchicum fasciculare (L.) R.Br. : It occurs from Syria to Jordan .
Colchicum feinbruniae K. Perss. : It occurs from southwestern Syria to Lebanon.
Colchicum figlalii (Varol) Parolly & Eren (Syn .: Merendera figlalii Varol ): It occurs in southwestern Turkey.
Colchicum filifolium (Cambess.) Stef. (Syn .: Merendera filifolia Cambess. ): It occurs in the western Mediterranean in Morocco, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, France and on the Balearic Islands.
Colchicum freynii Bornm. : It occurs from southern Transcaucasia to northwestern Iran.
Colchicum gonarei Camarda : It occurs in Sardinia.
Colchicum gracile K. Perss. : It was first described in 2009 from southern Italy.
Colchicum graecum K. Perss. : It occurs in Greece.
Colchicum greuteri (Gabrieljan) K. Perss. : It occurs in the southern Transcaucasia.
Haynalds Timeless ( Colchicum haynaldii Heuff. ): It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
Colchicum heldreichii K. Perss. : It occurs in western and central Turkey.
Colchicum hierosolymitanum Feinbrun : It occurs from Lebanon to Israel.
Colchicum hirsutum Stef. : It occurs in southeastern Turkey.
Hungarian timeless ( Colchicum hungaricum Janka ): It occurs from southern Hungary to Albania .
Colchicum ignescens K. Perss. : It was first described in 2007 from southeastern Turkey.
Colchicum imperatoris-friderici See ex K. Perss. : It occurs in Turkey.
Colchicum inundatum K. Perss. : It occurs in southern Turkey.
Kesselring timeless ( Colchicum kesselringii rule ): It occurs from Central Asia to northwestern Pakistan .
Colchicum kotschyi Boiss. : It occurs from Turkey to western and northern Iran.
Colchicum kurdicum (Bornm.) Stef. : It occurs from southeastern Turkey to northern Iran.
Colchicum laetum Steven : It occurs from southeastern European Russia to the Caucasus.
Colchicum lagotum K. Perss. : It was first described in 2007 from northeastern Turkey.
Colchicum leptanthum K. Perss. : It was first described in 2001 from northeastern Turkey.
Colchicum lingulatum Boiss. & Spruner : It occurs in southeastern Greece and in southwestern Turkey. There are two subspecies:
- Colchicum lingulatum Boiss. & Spruner subsp. lingulatum : It occurs in southeastern Greece.
- Colchicum lingulatum subsp. rigescens K. Perss. : It occurs in southwestern Turkey.
Colchicum longifolium Castagne : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria, on the Balearic Islands , on Corsica and Sardinia and from southern France to northwestern Italy.
Colchicum lusitanum bread. : It occurs in Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia , in Portugal , Spain , on the Balearic Islands and in Italy.
Yellow timeless ( Colchicum luteum Baker ): It is distributed from eastern Afghanistan to Central Asia and the western Himalayas .
Colchicum macedonicum Kosanin : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
Colchicum macrophyllum B.L.Burtt : It occurs from southern Evia and from Crete to southwestern Turkey.
Colchicum manissadjianii (Azn.) K. Perss. : It occurs from northern Turkey to Transcaucasia.
Colchicum maraschicum E. Kaya & Özhatay : It was first described from Turkey in 2014.
Colchicum micaceum K. Perss . : It occurs in western Turkey.
Colchicum micranthum Boiss. : It occurs in northwestern Turkey.
Colchicum minutum K. Perss. : It occurs in southern Turkey.
Colchicum mirzoevae (Gabrieljan) K. Perss . : It occurs in the southern Transcaucasia.

Mountain Timeless ( Colchicum montanum L. ): It occurs from Portugal and Spain to the southern Pyrenees in France.

Colchicum multiflorum bread. : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.

Colchicum munzurense K. Perss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Colchicum nanum K. Perss. : It was first described in 2007 from Corsica and Sardinia.

Colchicum neapolitanum (Ten.) Ten. : It occurs in southern Italy and perhaps also on Mount Etna in Sicily.

Colchicum osmaniyense Özhatay & E. Kaya : The species was first described from Turkey in 2016.

Colchicum parlatoris Orph. : It occurs in southern Greece.

Colchicum parnassicum Sart., Orph. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.

Colchicum paschei K. Perss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Colchicum peloponnesiacum Rech. F. & PHDavis : It occurs in southern Greece.

Colchicum persicum Baker : It occurs from southern and central Turkey to Lebanon and western Iran.

Colchicum polyphyllum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs from southern Turkey to northern Syria.

Colchicum pulchellum K. Perss. : It occurs in southern Greece.

Colchicum pusillum Sieber : It occurs from the Aegean Islands to Cyprus .

Colchicum raddeanum (Rule) K. Perss. : It occurs from eastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.

Colchicum rausii K. Perss . : This endemic occurs only in south-western Thessaly in Greece.

Colchicum ritchii R.Br. : It occurs from Tunisia, Libya , Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula to Western Asia and northern Saudi Arabia .

Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef. : It occurs from Iran to Central Asia and the western Himalayas.

Colchicum sanguicolle K. Perss. : It occurs in southwestern Turkey.

Colchicum schimperi Janka ex Stef. : It occurs in eastern Egypt, on the Sinai Peninsula, in Palestine , in the area of Syria and Lebanon, in Iraq, Iran and in Saudi Arabia.

Colchicum serpentinum Woronow ex Miscz. : It occurs in central and eastern Turkey.

Colchicum sfikasianum Kit Tan & Iatroú : It occurs in southern Greece.

Colchicum see anum Hausskn. ex Stef. : It occurs in southern Turkey.

Sprouting timeless ( Colchicum soboliferum (CAMey.) Stef. ): It occurs from the Balkan Peninsula to Afghanistan .

Colchicum speciosum Steven (Syn .: Colchicum giganteum S.Arn. ): It occurs from northern and eastern Turkey to northern Iran.

Colchicum stevenii Kunth : It occurs from the eastern Aegean Sea, from Turkey and Cyprus to the area of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine.

Early Spring Timeless ( Colchicum szovitsii Fisch. & CAMey. ): It occurs from eastern Bulgaria to northwestern Jordan, Iraq and Iran. There are two subspecies:

Colchicum szovitsii subsp. brachyphyllum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) K. Perss. (Syn .: Colchicum brachyphyllum Boiss. & Hausskn. ): It occurs from southern Turkey to northwestern Jordan.
Colchicum szovitsii subsp. szovitsii : It occurs from eastern Bulgaria to Iran.

Noah's Ark Timeless ( Colchicum trigynum (Steven ex Adam) Stearn ): It occurs from Turkey to northwestern Iran.

Three-leaved timeless ( Colchicum triphyllum Kunze ): The range includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Sicily, the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine and Iran.

Colchicum troodi Kotschy : This endemic occurs only in Cyprus.

Colchicum tunicatum Feinbrun : It occurs from southern Syria to Israel.

Colchicum turcicum Janka : It occurs from southeastern Bulgaria and Greece to northwestern Turkey.

Colchicum tuviae Feinbrun : It occurs only in Israel.

Shadow autumn crocus ( Colchicum umbrosum Steven ): It occurs from southern Ukraine to the Crimea and from northern Turkey to the Caucasus.

Colchicum varians (Freyn & Bornm.) Dyer : It occurs in western Iran.

Late checkerboard autumn crocus ( Colchicum variegatum L. ): It occurs from southeastern Greece and the Aegean Sea to southwestern and southern Turkey.

Colchicum verlaqueae Fridl. : This endemic was first described from Sardinia in 2009.

Colchicum wendelboi K. Perss. : It occurs in western Iran.

Colchicum woronowii Bokeriya : It occurs in the western Caucasus region.

Colchicum zahnii Heldr. : It occurs in southern Greece.

swell

Eugene Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan. 125. Colchicaceae. Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1979, p. 1 (online at efloras.org and at Tropicos ).
Karin Persson: Nomenclatural synopsis of the genus Colchicum (Colchicaceae), with some new species and combinations. In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics, plant history and plant geography. Volume 127, No. 2, 2007, pp. 165-242, DOI: 10.1127 / 0006-8152 / 2007 / 0127-0165 .
Tatyana Shulkina: Ornamental plants from Russia and adjacent states of the former Soviet Union . Rostok, St. Petersburg 2004, ISBN 5-94668-032-3 , Colchicum (English, online ).

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b ^c Eugene Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan. 125. Colchicaceae. Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1979, p. 1 (online at efloras.org and at Tropicos ).
^ Colchicum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 1, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Colchicum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 29, 2018.
↑ Data sheet with photos at pacificbulbsociety.org .
↑ Karin Persson: A new species of Colchicum (Colchicaceae) from southern Italy. , In: Botanische Jahrbücher , Volume 127, Number 3, 2008, pp. 283–288. Abstract.

Web links

Commons : Timeless ( Colchicum ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Colchicum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 1, 2014.